ABSTRACT
The objective of this work was to explore the content and composition of aristolochic acid compounds in Chinese medicinal materials containing toxic aristolochic chemicals, so as to ensure the safety of these medicinal materials and their related products. Nine Chinese medicinal materials were selected for study, including the tuber of Aristolochia cinnabarina, the herbs of Asarum forbesii, the stems of Aristolochia manshuriensis., the fruits of Aristolochia debilis, the roots of Aristolochia debilis, the stems and leaf of Aristolochia debilis, the herbs of Aristolochia mollissima, the roots of Aristolochia fangchi, and the roots of Asarum heterotropoides var. mandshuricum. The aristolochic acid components in the nine Chinese medicinal materials were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS) combined with high performance liquid chromatography diode-array detection. The separation was performed on an Agilent ZORBAX SB-Aq column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) with gradient elution using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.2% acetic acid. ESI positive ion mode MS was used to investigate the ionization pathways of aristolochic acid Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲa, Ⅳa, Ⅶa, and aristololactam Ⅰ, Ⅱ using seven reference standards, and the structures of the components with UV spectrasimilar to those of the seven reference standards in the selected medicinal materials were qualitatively analyzed by following the investigated ionization pathways. The identified aristolochic acid components were quantified using an external standard method by HPLC-UV with detection at 254 nm. Twenty-two aristolochic acid components including 11 aristolochic acids and 11 aristololactams were identified from the nine selected medicinal materials; 15 aristolochic acids were found in the tuber of Aristolochia cinnabarina and the roots of Aristolochia debilis, followed by 14 aristolochic acids in the fruits of Aristolochia debilis and the stems of Aristolochia manshuriensis. The greatest content of aristolochia components was found in the tuber of Aristolochia cinnabarina and the stems of Aristolochia manshuriensis, ranging from 8.91 mg·g-1 to 13.40 mg·g-1, and the least amount was in the herbs of Asarum forbesii, at less than 0.10 mg·g-1 and containing only two aristolochia components. This study systematically explored the quantity and composition of aristolochic acid components in selected Chinese medicinal materials believed to contain toxic aristolochic compounds, providing a basis for follow-up studies on the toxicity of these substances that can lead to safety standards for their use.
ABSTRACT
Xanthii Fructus (XF) is one of important drugs for the treatment of sinusitis and headache.It is commonly used in the treatment of diseases relating to immune abnormalities,such as rheumatoid arthritis,acute and chronic rhinitis,allergic rhinitis,and skin diseases,with a high medicinal value.Modern pharmacological studies have showed a wide range of pharmacological effect and a high medicinal value in XF.However,due to long-term or excessive intake,and improper processing of medicinal materials,toxic reactions have often occurred.Toxicological studies have shown that XF poisoning can cause substantial damage to organs,such as the liver,heart and kidney,especially to liver.This paper reviews the pharmacological action,toxic substances and hepatotoxicity mechanism of XF by systematically reviewing and summarizing relevant literatures on XF both at home and abroad.It is concluded that XF has anti-hypertension,anti-allergic,anti-bacterial,anti-inflammatory,analgesic,anti-tumor and lipid-decreasing effects.The toxic components are mainly atractyloside,carboxy atractyloside and 4'-desulphate-atractyloside.The mechanism of hepatotoxicity induced by XF is closely related to lipid peroxidation,bile cholestasis and hepatocyte energy metabolism.Meanwhile,the discovery of novel biomarkers of hepatotoxicity,such as miRNA-122,also provides new ideals for medical research.Toxic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important part of TCM.Compatibility or processing can reduce or eliminate toxicity and preserve or increase efficacy.At present,there are few reports on the principle of attenuating the production of XF.The author suggests further strengthening the study on the principle of attenuation of XF,giving full play to the unique curative effect of XF and developing its greater medicinal value.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: identificar a presença e as ações de adultos no local da ocorrência de acidentes toxicológicos infantis e os primeiros socorros realizados. Método: estudo transversal, com análise retrospectiva de fichas de ocorrência toxicológica de crianças de zero a 4 anos, arquivadas em um centro de assistência toxicológica. Resultados: analisaram-se 1.012 fichas. O perfil era: sexo masculino (54,9%), com idade de 1 a 2 anos (64,3%) e medicamentos como principais agentes (39,6%). A maioria dos acidentes aconteceu na residência (94,8%), com crianças acompanhadas dos pais ou outro responsável adulto. Imediatamente após o reconhecimento do episódio de intoxicação, 229 (22,6%) adultos realizaram socorros domiciliares e as principais ações informadas foram realização de descontaminação do local afetado por lavagem e por meio mecânico (49,3%); administração de líquidos para diluição do agente (32,8%); e indução de vômito/êmese (16,6%). Conclusão: a maioria dos socorros domiciliares realizados não teve evidência científica e estava ligada a crenças familiares.
Objetivo: identificar la presencia y las acciones de adultos en el lugar de la ocurrencia de accidentes toxicológicos infantiles y los primeros auxilios realizados. Método: estudio transversal, con análisis retrospectivo de fichas de ocurrencia toxicológica de niños de cero a 4 años, archivadas en un centro de asistencia toxicológica. Resultados: se analizaron 1.012 fichas. El perfil era: sexo masculino (54,9%), con edad de 1 a 2 años (64,3%) y medicamentos como principales agentes (39,6%). La mayoría de los accidentes ocurrió en la residencia (94,8%), con niños acompañados de los padres u otro responsable adulto. Inmediatamente después del reconocimiento del episodio de intoxicación, 229 (22,6%) adultos realizaron socorros domiciliarios y las principales acciones informadas fueron la realización de descontaminación del local afectado por lavado y por medio mecánico (49,3%); administración de líquidos para dilución del agente (32,8%); y la inducción de vómito (16,6%). Conclusión: la mayoría de los socorros domiciliarios realizados no tuvieron evidencia científica y estaban vinculados a creencias familiares.
Objective: to identify the presence and the actions of adults in the site where toxicological accidents with children occurred and the first aids were performed. Method: cross-sectional study, with retrospective analysis of toxicological incidents files involving children from zero to 4 years of age, filed in a toxicological assistance center. Results: 1,012 files were analyzed. The profile was: male (54.9%), aged between 1 to 2 years old (64.3%) and medicines as the main agents (39.6%). Most of the accidents happened in the residence (94.8%), with children accompanied by their parents or other responsible adult. Immediately after acknowledging an intoxication episode, 229 (22.6%) adults performed first aid at home and the main actions informed were the decontamination of the affected area by flushing water and by mechanical mean (49.3%); administration of liquids for diluting the agent (32.8%); and inducing vomit/emesis (16.6%). Conclusion: most of first aids performed at home had no scientific evidence and were related to the family beliefs.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Pediatric Nursing , Poisoning , Accidents, Home , Child Health , Retrospective Studies , Toxic SubstancesABSTRACT
Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema, a fin de profundizar en las características físico-químicas, manifestaciones clínicas y la conducta a seguir ante los daños ocasionados por sustancias neuroparalizantes, así como las alternativas terapéuticas con el empleo de medicina tradicional. Además, se elaboraron algoritmos para contribuir a la mejor comprensión del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje.
A literature survey on the subject was conducted in order to deepen into the physicochemical characteristics, clinical manifestations and action to take in damages caused by neuroparalyzing substances and therapeutic alternatives with the use of traditional medicine as well. Furthermore, algorithms to contribute to a better understanding of the teaching-learning process were developed.