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1.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 52(4): 121-130, dic. 2020. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1340927

ABSTRACT

Abstract Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungal species that mainly belong to Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Alternaria, which can grow in a variety of crops including cereals, oilseeds and fruits. Consequently, their prevalence in foods and by-products not only affects human and animal health but also causes important losses in both domestic and international markets. This review provides data about toxigenic fungal species and mycotoxin occurrence in different crops commonly grown in Argentina. This information will be relevant to establish adequate management strategies to reduce the impact of mycotoxins on human food and animal feed chains and to implement future legislation on the maximum permitted levels of these fungal metabolites.


Resumen Las micotoxinas son metabolitos secundarios producidos por diferentes especies fúngicas pertenecientes, principalmente, a los géneros Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium y Alternaria. Dichos microorganismos pueden crecer en una gran variedad de cultivos, entre los que se incluyen cereales, oleaginosas y frutas. La presencia de micotoxinas en alimentos y subproductos no sólo afecta la salud humana y animal, sino que también causa pérdidas importantes en los mercados nacionales e internacionales. Esta revisión proporciona datos sobre la prevalencia de especies fúngicas toxigénicas y de micotoxinas en diferentes cultivos y productos cosechados en Argentina. Dicha información será relevante para establecer estrategias de manejo adecuadas para reducir la entrada de las micotoxinas en las cadenas alimentarias del hombre y de los animales, así como para establecer futuras legislaciones sobre los niveles máximos permitidos de dichos metabolitos.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Fusarium , Mycotoxins , Argentina , Food Contamination/analysis , Fungi
2.
Article | IMSEAR | ID: sea-189627

ABSTRACT

The maize value chain in the Kogi State and most parts of the country from where maize is purchased into the State lacks mechanisms that ensure grain quality and safety. Against the above-backdrop, this study was designed to evaluate toxigenic fungi and associated mycotoxins in maize produced within different agro-zones of Kogi State. Harvested and stored maize seeds under different storage conditions were collected from three different zones (Zone B Bassa, Zone C Lokoja, and Zone D Idah) and cultured. Different fungal species were isolated by culturing using the spread plate technique on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and identified microscopically. Mycotoxin production by isolated fungi was subsequently evaluated for Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination using the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography technique (HPLC). The outcome of the study was statistically analysed using simple frequencies and percentages. Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. were the fungi found to be associated with the stored seeds in Kogi, while Fusarium spp. Mucor spp. and Rhizopus spp. were the field fungi identified. Of the thirteen samples collected, the most common genera were Aspergillus (isolated from 41.67% of the evaluated samples), Fusarium (27%) and in a lesser extent Rhizopus spp. (8.33%). The result also shows DON was detected in 92.3% of the stored maize samples, making it one of the widespread mycotoxin contaminants of maize grain. Implications of this study for human and animal health and economic development were discussed and appropriate recommendations made especially for adoption of proper storage technology among small-scale farmers for improved maize quality and safety.

3.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 49(4): 339-346, Dec. 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-958016

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of paprika produced in Catamarca, Argentina. Microbiological analyses were carried out for the enumeration of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, coliforms, yeasts and molds, and the detection of Salmonella in samples obtained from different local producers during three consecutive years. The mycobiota was identified paying special attention to the mycotoxigenic molds. Standard plate counts of aerobic mesophilic bacteria ranged from 2.7 x 10(5) to 3.7 x 10(7)CFU/g. Coliform counts ranged from <10 to 8.1 x 10(4) CFU/g. Salmonella was not detected in any of the samples tested. Fungal counts (including yeasts and molds) ranged between 2 x 10² and 1.9 x 10(5) CFU/g. These results showed a high level of microbial contamination, exceeding in several samples the maximum limits set in international food regulations. The study of the mycobiota demonstrated that Aspergillus was the predominant genus and Aspergillus niger (potential producer of ochratoxin A) the most frequently isolated species, followed by Aspergillus flavus (potential producer of aflatoxins). Other species of potential toxigenic fungi such as Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus westerdijkiae, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium crustosum, Penicillium commune, Penicillium expansum and Alternaria tenuissima species group were encountered as part of the mycobiota of the paprika samples indicating a risk of mycotoxin contamination. A. westerdijkiae was isolated for the first time in Argentina.


El pimentón es considerado una de las especias más proclives a contaminarse con diversos tipos de microorganismos, incluyendo patógenos como Salmonella y hongos capaces de producir micotoxinas. Existen muy pocos datos acerca de la contaminación microbiana del pimentón producido en nuestro país. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la calidad microbiológica del pimentón (Capsicum annum L.) producido en la provincia de Catamarca, una de las principales zonas productoras del norte argentino. Se realizó el recuento de bacterias aerobias mesófilas, coliformes totales y mohos y levaduras, y la búsqueda de Salmonella en muestras obtenidas de diferentes establecimientos productores locales durante 3 años consecutivos. Se identificaron todas las cepas fúngicas (1.622 aislamientos) a nivel de género y se determinaron las especies pertenecientes a los géneros potencialmente toxinógenos. Los recuentos totales de bacterias aerobias mesófilas variaron entre 2,7 x 10(5)y3,7 x 10(7)UFC/g. Los coliformes totales estuvieron en el rango de < 10 a 8,1 x 10(4) UFC/g. Salmonella no fue detectada en ninguna de las muestras analizadas. Los resultados obtenidos muestran un alto nivel de contaminación, que excede en varias de las muestras los límites máximos establecidos en las regulaciones alimentarias internacionales. El estudio de la micobiota demostró que Aspergillus fue el género predominante. Otros géneros encontrados fueron Cladosporium, Rhizopus, Alternaría y Penicillium. Aspergillus niger (potencial productor de ocratoxina A) fue la especie aislada con mayor frecuencia, seguida de Aspergillus flavus (potencial productor de aflatoxinas). También se encontraron otras especies toxinógenas, lo que indica un riesgo potencial de contaminación con micotoxinas. Aspergillus westerdijkiae fue aislado por primera vez en Argentina.


Subject(s)
Penicillium , Capsicum , Food Contamination , Fungi , Penicillium/isolation & purification , Argentina , Capsicum/microbiology , Fungi/isolation & purification , Mycotoxins
4.
Hig. aliment ; 31(266/267): 85-90, 30/04/2017.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-833331

ABSTRACT

Avaliou-se a contaminação por fungos potencialmente toxigênicos em amendoim in natura disponível para consumo humano e comercializado em supermercados de Juiz de Fora, MG. Foram adquiridas 31 amostras de sete diferentes marcas de amendoim em grãos cru; amendoim torrado em grãos e amendoim torrado e triturado (moído), em embalagens originais e invioladas, em cinco estabelecimentos comerciais. A análise da presença de fungos potencialmente toxigênicos nos grãos de amendoim foi realizada por meio da técnica de plaqueamento direto em placas de Petri, contendo os meios de cultura Ágar Batata Dextrose (ABD) e Ágar Dicloran Rosa de Bengala Cloranfenicol (ADRBC). Das 31 amostras analisadas, 17 (54,84%) estavam contaminadas por fungos potencialmente toxigênicos (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus e/ou Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus fumigatus e Penicillium spp) além de outros não toxigênicos (Rhizopus spp. e leveduras). O índice de contaminação nas diferentes amostras de amendoim avaliadas foi expressivo, sendo que as espécies encontradas foram de fungos potencialmente toxigênicos produtores de micotoxinas importantes como as aflatoxinas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Arachis/microbiology , Food Contamination/analysis , Foods Containing Peanuts , Food Microbiology , Aspergillus/isolation & purification , Food Samples , Fungi/isolation & purification
5.
Ciênc. rural ; 45(8): 1466-1471, 08/2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-753071

ABSTRACT

Some species of filamentous fungi that infest agricultural commodities are able to produce mycotoxins, contaminating feed and animal products. The aim of this research was to identify the mycoflora present in the feed and forage for dairy goat and to isolate and characterize the Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus strains based on a morphological and molecular characterization and mycotoxigenic ability. The goat dairy diets were collected monthly from 11 goat milk farms, totaling 129 and 106 samples of concentrate and forage, respectively. For the isolation of the mycobiota the surface plating method was used. Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium were the main fungi producing mycotoxins isolated. The morphological and molecular characterization and mycotoxigenic ability were used for A. flavus and A. parasiticus identification. The Aspergillus spp. from feed 39% produced aflatoxins B1 and B2, 17% produced cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), 18% produced both toxins, and 42% had no toxigenic ability. Only 2.0% of the strains produced aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, but no CPA. The strains from forage were producers of aflatoxins B1 and B2 (37%), CPA (14%), 14% of both mycotoxins, whereas 49% have shown no toxigenic ability. The aflD and aflR genes were used by PCR and PCR-RFLP, respectively. The presence of toxigenic species in samples of feed for lactating goats indicates a potential risk of contamination of dairy products, if they are exposed to environmental conditions favorable to fungal growth and mycotoxin production.


Algumas espécies de fungos filamentosos que infestam os produtos agrícolas e ração são capazes de produzir micotoxinas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a micoflora presente nos concentrados e volumosos utilizados na dieta de cabras leiteiras e isolar as espécies Aspergillus flavus e A. parasiticus, com base em uma caracterização morfológica e molecular e capacidade micotoxigênica. Os alimentos foram coletados mensalmente em 11 fazendas produtoras de leite de cabra, totalizando 129 e 106 amostras de concentrado e volumoso, respectivamente. Para o isolamento da micobiota, foi utilizado o método de plaqueamento de superfície. Aspergillus, Penicillium e Fusarium foram os principais gêneros de fungos produtores de micotoxinas isolados das amostras. A caracterização morfológica e molecular e capacidade micotoxigênica foram utilizadas para identificação de A. flavus e A. parasiticus. Das cepas Aspergillus spp isoladas do concentrado, 39% produziram aflatoxinas B1 e B2, 17% produziram ácido ciclopiazônico (ACP), 18% produziram ambas as toxinas e 42% não tinham capacidade toxigênica. Apenas 2,0% das cepas produziram aflatoxinas B1, B2, G1 e G2. As cepas de Aspergillus spp. isoladas do volumoso foram produtores de aflatoxinas B1 e B2 (37%), ACP (14%), sendo que 14% produziram ambas toxinas e 49% não foram produtoras. Os genes aflD e aflR foram utilizados para a PCR e a PCR-RFLP, respectivamente. A presença de espécies toxigênicas em amostras de alimentos destinados a caprinos em lactação indica um risco potencial de contaminação dos produtos lácteos por aflatoxinas e ACP, caso estes sejam expostos a condições ambientais favoráveis ao crescimento de fungos e produção de micotoxinas.

6.
Ciênc. rural ; 45(6): 1021-1026, 06/2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-747088

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to identify the toxigenic mycobiota and the occurrence of aflatoxins in shrimp feed products intended for shrimp cultivated in the coastal area of the state of Piauí, Brazil, in three farms ("A", "B" and "C"). The toxigenic capacity of the fungal species isolated was tested for aflatoxins (AF) and ochratoxin A production. The fungal counts of shrimp feed were similar for the "A" and "B" farms at all cultivation phases, collection sites, in closed and opened packages (1.33 to 2.66CFU g-1 log10 -1). The lowest fungal counts were found in feed from "C" farm (0.65CFU g-1 log10 -1) from closed packages. Thirty-four strains of Aspergillus were detected with a greater prevalence of A. flavus. Two strains produced B1, B2, G1 and G2 aflatoxins at concentrations from 0.39 to 0.42ng g-1; 0.18 to 0.27ng g-1; 1.78ng g-1 and 0.09ng g-1 respectively and were classified as atypical A. flavus. Two strains of A. niger aggregate were OTA producers. Fifteen samples (13.88%) presented AFB1 contamination at levels ranging from 0.25ng to 360ng g-1. This study demonstrates the presence of toxigenic fungi in shrimp feed used at different phases of cultivation and farms. Atypical strains of A. flavus were isolated which produced AF B1, B2, G1 and G2 in shrimp feeds. Only AFB1 was detected in the analyzed feed.


O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a micobiota toxigênica e a incidência de aflatoxinas em rações comerciais para camarão cultivado no litoral do Estado do Piauí, Brasil, em três fazendas ("A", "B" e "C"). Foi realizada a capacidade toxigênica das espécies de fungos isolados e a produção de aflatoxinas (AF) e ocratoxina A (OTA). As contagens fúngicas da ração foram semelhantes nas fazendas "A" e "B" e em todas as fases de cultivo, locais de coleta e de embalagens fechadas e abertas (1,33-2,66UFC g-1 log10 -1). As mais baixas contagens de fungos foram encontradas nas rações de embalagens fechadas da fazenda "C" (0,65UFC g-1 log10 -1). Foram isoladas trinta e quatro cepas de Aspergillus com maior prevalência de A. flavus e duas linhagens eram produtoras de aflatoxinas B1, B2, G1 e G2 em concentrações 0,39-0,42ng g-1; 0,18-0,27ng g-1; 1,78ng g-1, e 0,09ng g-1, respectivamente, e foi classificado como A. flavus atípico, sendo necessária posteriormente a classificação filogenética desta cepa. Duas cepas de A. niger agregados eram produtoras de OTA. Quinze amostras de ração (13,88%) apresentaram contaminação AFB1 em níveis que variam de 0,25ng a 360ng g-1. Este estudo demonstra a presença de fungos toxigênicos em rações de camarão nas fazendas analisadas e nas diferentes fases de cultivo. Foram isoladas, em rações de camarões, cepas atípicas de A. flavus, produzindo AF B1, B2, G1 e G2. Apenas AFB1 foi detectada na ração analisada.

7.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 46(1): 293-299, 05/2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-748267

ABSTRACT

The effect of fludioxonil + metalaxyl-M on the mycelial morphology, sporulation and fumonisin B1 production by Fusarium verticillioides 103 F was evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the fungicide caused inhibition of hyphal growth and defects on hyphae morphology such as cell wall disruption, withered hyphae, and excessive septation. In addition, extracellular material around the hyphae was rarely observed in the presence of fludioxonil + metalaxyl-M. While promoting the reduction of mycelial growth, the fungicide increased sporulation of F. verticillioides compared to the control, and the highest production occurred on the 14th day in the treatments and on the 10th day in the control cultures. Fumonisin B1 production in the culture media containing the fungicide (treatment) was detected from the 7th day incubation, whereas in cultures without fungicide (control) it was detected on the 10th day. The highest fumonisin B1 production occurred on the 14th day, both for the control and for the treatment. Fludioxonil + metalaxyl - M can interfere in F. verticillioides mycelial morphology and sporulation and increase fumonisin B1 levels. These data indicate the importance of understanding the effects of fungicide to minimize the occurrence of toxigenic fungi and fumonisins.


Subject(s)
Fumonisins/metabolism , Fungicides, Industrial/pharmacology , Fusarium/drug effects , Fusarium/metabolism , Hyphae/drug effects , Hyphae/ultrastructure , Alanine/analogs & derivatives , Alanine/pharmacology , Dioxoles/pharmacology , Fusarium/growth & development , Fusarium/ultrastructure , Hyphae/growth & development , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Pyrroles/pharmacology , Spores, Fungal/growth & development
8.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 45(1): 43-47, 2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-709477

ABSTRACT

Microorganisms are a source of many high-value compounds which are useful to every living being, such as humans, plants and animals. Since the process of isolating and improving a microorganism can be lengthy and expensive, preserving the obtained characteristic is of paramount importance, so the process does not need to be repeated. Fungi are eukaryotic, achlorophyllous, heterotrophic organisms, usually filamentous, absorb their food, can be either macro or microscopic, propagate themselves by means of spores and store glycogen as a source of storage. Fungi, while infesting food, may produce toxic substances such as mycotoxins. The great genetic diversity of the Kingdom Fungi renders the preservation of fungal cultures for many years relevant. Several international reference mycological culture collections are maintained in many countries. The methodologies that are most fit for preserving microorganisms for extended periods are based on lowering the metabolism until it reaches a stage of artificial dormancy . The goal of this study was to analyze three methods for potentially toxigenic fungal conservation (Castellani's, continuous subculture and lyophilization) and to identify the best among them.


Subject(s)
Fungi/isolation & purification , Fungi/physiology , Microbiological Techniques/methods , Preservation, Biological/methods
9.
Arq. Inst. Biol ; 80(3): 312-317, 20130000.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1462244

ABSTRACT

Aspergillus flavus is a filamentous fungus that can produce aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid, and the presence of these mycotoxins in food and feed can lead to a toxic effect on humans and animals. Strains of A. flavus producing aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid are often isolated from peanuts, indicating the the co-occcurrence of these toxins in the natural substrate. In this study, we isolated 47 strains of A. flavus on peanut kernels and hulls during different stages of fruit ripening and its storage. Of the isolated strains, we assessed the potential for aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid production, in which 91.5% could produce aflatoxins and 70% produced cyclopiazonic acid; 63.8% produced both toxins and 2.1% produced no toxin. The presence of toxigenic A. flavus strains in peanut samples indicate a potential risk of contamination of these products, if they are exposed to environmental conditions that are favorable to fungal growth and mycotoxin production.


Aspergillus flavus é um fungo filamentoso que pode produzir aflatoxinas e لcido ciclopiazônico, sendo que a presença dessas micotoxinas em alimentos e raçُes pode levar a um efeito tَxico no homem e em animais. Cepas de A. flavus produtoras de aflatoxinas e لcido ciclopiazônico sمo frequentemente isoladas do amendoim, indicando a natural co-ocorrência dessas toxinas neste substrato. Neste estudo, foram isoladas 47 cepas de Aspergillus flavus em grمos e cascas de amendoim durante diferentes fases de maturaçمo do fruto e também durante seu armazenamento. Das cepas isoladas, foram avaliados os potenciais para produçمo de aflatoxinas e لcido ciclopiazônico, em que 91,5% foram produtoras de aflatoxinas e 70% produziram لcido ciclopiazônico, sendo que 63,8% produziram ambas as toxinas e 2,1% nمo produziu nenhuma. A presença de cepas toxigênicas de A. flavus nas amostras de amendoim analisadas indica um risco potencial da contaminaçمo deste produto, caso seja exposto a condiçُes ambientais favorلveis ao crescimento do fungo e produçمo de micotoxinas.


Subject(s)
Aflatoxins , Arachis , Aspergillus flavus , Mycotoxins , Food Contamination , Fungi
10.
Braz. arch. biol. technol ; 52(spe): 241-248, Nov. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-539872

ABSTRACT

We analyzed the genetic relationships between 51 fungal isolates previously identified as A. niger aggregate, obtained from dried fruit samples from worldwide origin and 7 A. tubingensis obtained from Brazilian coffee beans samples. Greater fungal diversity was found in black sultanas. Aspergillus niger sensu stricto was the most prevalent species. It was found in all fruit substrates of all geographical origins. Based on Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and β-tubulin sequences data two groups of A. niger were found. In spite of the small number of isolates from Group IV an association between extrolite patterns and molecular clustering is speculated. A. tubingensis were the second most frequent species and this species were clearly subdivided into two groups. The finding of two groups for A. tubingensis strains could not yet explain the contradictions found in the literature about the capability this species for ochratoxin production, because both of them were formed by only non-ochratoxin-producing strains.


Neste trabalho foi analisada a relação genética entre 51 isolados obtidos de amostras de frutas secas provenientes de diferentes regiões do previamente identificados como pertencentes ao agregado A. niger e 7 isolados de Aspergillus tubingensis obtidos de amostras de café do Brasil. Maior diversidade fúngica foi encontrada em uvas passas escuras. Aspergillus niger sensu stricto foi a espécie mais frequente. Esta espécie foi encontrada em todos os substratos e origens geográficas analisadas. Baseando-se nos dados de Polimorfismo de DNA Amplificado ao Acaso (RAPD) e sequências de nucleotídeos do gene da β-tubulina, dois grupos de A. niger foram observados. Apesar do pequeno número de isolados do grupo IV uma associação entre padrão de extrólitos e agrupamento molecular foi encontrada. A. tubingensis foi a segunda espécie mais frequente e foi claramente subdivida em dois grupos. Como os grupos de A. tubingensis são formados somente por linhagens não produtoras de ocratoxina A, a identificação destes grupos não explica a controvérsia encontrada na literatura sobre a capacidade desta espécie em produzir a referida toxina.

11.
Ciênc. agrotec., (Impr.) ; 33(5): 1372-1378, set.-out. 2009. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-531553

ABSTRACT

O aumento do consumo de produtos de origem natural tem ocasionado problemas de saúde pública devido ao risco da contaminação fúngica e a possível presença de micotoxinas. Objetivou-se, neste estudo, identificar as espécies fúngicas com potencial micotoxigênico e avaliar o efeito da irradiação gama (60Co) na destruição da microbiota fúngica natural de cinco plantas medicinais: Alcachofra (Cynara scolymus L.), Boldo (Peumusboldus Molina), Camomila (Matricaria recutita L.), Chapéu de couro (Echinodorusgrandiflorus Micheli) e Sene (Cassia acutifolia Delile). A quantificação de fungos filamentosos e leveduras foi efetuada pela Técnica de Diluição Seriada em meio DRBC. Em Camomila foram identificados 8 isolados de Aspergillus flavus, sendo 2 (25 por cento) produtores de aflatoxina B1 e B2 e 5 isolados de Aspergillus ochraceus, sendo 2 (40 por cento) produtores de ocratoxina A. Em Alcachofra foi identificado 1 isolado de Aspergillus ostianus produtor de ocratoxina A. Observou-se redução total da contagem de fungos em Boldo a partir de 3 kGy e em Chapéu de couro e Sene a partir de 5 kGy. Em Alcachofra, a contagem inicial de 5,0 x 10(6) UFC/g foi reduzida para 3,5 x 10² UFC com dose de 10 kGy. Nessa mesma dose a contagem fúngica em Camomila foi reduzida de 3,0 x 10(5) UFC/g para 2,2 x 10³ UFC/g.


The increasing consumption of natural products has brought about problems related to public health due to the risk of fungi contamination and the considerable possibility of mycotoxin presence. The aim of this work was to identify the fungi species with mycotoxigenic potential and to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation (60Co) on killing the natural fungi microbiota of five medicinal plants: artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.), boldo (Peumusboldus Molina), chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.), burhead (Echinodorusgrandiflorus Micheli), and senna (Cassia acutifolia Delile). The qualification of filamentous fungi and yeast was carried out utilizing the Technique of Serial Dilutions on DRBC medium. Eight isolates of Aspergillus flavus were identified onchamomile, two (25 percent) beingproducers of aflatoxins B1 and B2 as well as five isolates of Aspergillus ochraceus, two (40 percent) being producers of ocratoxin. On artichoke, one isolate of Aspergillus ostianus was identified as ocratoxin A producer. A reduction on the total counting of fungi was observed in boldo with irradiation higher than 3 kGy, and in both burhead and senna with irradiation higher than 5 kGy. The initial counting on artichoke of 5.0 x 10(6) CFU/g experienced a reduction to 3.5 x 10² with doses of 10 kGy. With this same dose the fungi counting on chamomile was reduced from 3.0 x 10(5) CFU/g to 2.2 x 10³ CFU/g.

12.
Braz. j. microbiol ; 39(3): 521-526, July-Sept. 2008. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-494544

ABSTRACT

The objective of this work was to isolate and characterize filamentous fungi present in different stages of harvest, fermentation, drying and storage of coffee beans processed by natural method. The cherries were hand-picked and then placed on a cement drying platform where they remained until reached 11 percent of humidity. Microbial counts were found in all samples during fermentation and drying of the coffee beans. Counts of fungi in the coffee cherries collected from the tree (time 0) were around 1.5 x 10³ CFU/g. This number increased slowly during the fermentation and drying reaching values of 2 x 10(5) CFU/g within 22 days of processing. Two hundred and sixty three isolates of filamentous fungi were identified. The distribution of species during fermentation and drying was very varied while there was a predominance of Aspergillus species during storage period. The genera found were Pestalotia (4), Paecelomyces (4), Cladosporium (26), Fusarium (34), Penicillium (81) and Aspergillus (112) and comprised 38 different species.


O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar e caracterizar fungos filamentosos presentes em diferentes estágios de beneficiamento de café processado pelo método natural, incluindo: colheita, fermentação, secagem e armazenamento. O café cereja foi colhido manualmente e então colocado em uma plataforma de cimento, onde permaneceu até atingir 11 por cento de umidade. A contagem microbiana foi realizada em todas as amostras durante a fermentação e secagem do café. A população de fungos filamentosos no café cereja ainda nos pés (tempo 0) foi em torno de 1,5 x 10³ UFC/g. Este número aumentou vagarosamente durante a fermentação e secagem, alcançando valores de 2 x 10(5) UFC/g em 22 dias do processamento. Duzentos e sessenta e três isolados de fungos filamentosos foram identificados. A distribuição das espécies durante fermentação e secagem foi bastante variada, mas no armazenamento dos grãos ocorreu o predomínio de espécies de Aspergillus. Foram encontradas 38 espécies de fungos distribuídas nos seguintes gêneros: Pestalotia (4), Paecelomyces (4), Cladosporium (26), Fusarium (34), Penicillium (81) e Aspergillus (112).


Subject(s)
Coffea Cruda/analysis , Coffea Cruda/toxicity , Food Handling , Fungi/isolation & purification , In Vitro Techniques , Coffee , Fermentation , Food Samples
13.
São Paulo; s.n; abr. 3, 2007. 96 p. ilus, mapas, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-464442

ABSTRACT

Dentre os perigos relacionados com a produção de café verde, a ocratoxina A (OTA) é considerada significativa nesse produto. Com o objetivo de estudar a origem da OTA no processamento de café verde e avaliar os possíveis fatores de risco (região, etapas do processamento, fungos, insetos e ácaros) que poderiam contribuir na presença de OTA, foram amostradas três fazendas nos seguintes municípios: Bom Jardim (RJ), Espírito Santo do Pinhal (SP) e Cornélio Procópio (PR), onde havia a produção de café verde pela via seca e úmida. Foram coletadas 109 amostras de grãos de café, em diversas etapas do processamento, no período de maio a agosto de 2002. As amostras foram colhidas de acordo com fluxograma estabelecido e as etapas estudadas foram: cereja (campo), via seca, via úmida, armazém e café de varrição. Dessas amostras, 10 apresentaram OTA, que variou na sua quantificação de 3 a 101 ng.g –1. A maior prevalência de OTA foi a do café de varrição 57%, a via úmida apresentou uma prevalência de 10,3% e a via seca 7%. Na etapa cereja o fungo potencialmente toxigênico mais encontrado foi Penicillium spp, e quanto aos insetos, as larvas de Diptera e os Homoptera; na via úmida foram encontradas linhagens do Aspergillus seção Nigri e Circundatti e Penicillium spp, a infestação predominante foi a broca do café e os ácaros da família Acaridae; na etapa via seca registrou-se o isolamento de fungos do gênero Penicillium spp e Asperigillus seção Nigri, a broca do cadê foi a infestação predominante junto com os ácaros da família Acaridae, na etapa de armazém foram isolados Penicillium spp e Aspergillus seção Nigri, o inseto predominante foi a boca do café e os ácaros da família Acaridae; no café de varrição foram isolados Penicillium spp e Asperigillus seção Nigri e a broca do café estava presente junto com insetos da Ordem Díptera...


The ochratoxin A (OTA) is considered to be among the most significant coffee contaminants with related hazards. With the purpose to study the origin of the OTA in the processing of green coffee and to evaluate the possible risk factors (region, step of processing, fungi, insects and mites) that could contribute in the OTA presence, had been selected three regions (states) of Brazil: Bom Jardim/RJ, Espírito Santo do Pinhal/SP and Cornélio Procópio/PR. A total of 109 samples of coffee beans were collected in conformity with flow chart established at different stages of ripening and processing: cherry (field), dry method, wet method, and warehouse and varrição coffee, from May to August of 2002. Of these samples 10 had presented OTA, which varied in its quantification from 3 to 101 ng.g-1. The biggest prevalence of OTA was the varrição coffee 57%, the wet method presented a prevalence of 10,3% and dry way 7%. In the stage cherry fungi potentially toxigenic was more found Penicillium spp, the insects had been the larvae of Diptera and the Homoptera; in the wet way it was found Aspergillus section Nigri and Circundatti and Penicillium spp, the predominant infestation was the coffee berry borer and the mite of the Acaridae family; in the stage wet methods spp was registered the isolation the Penicillium spp and Aspergillus section Nigri, the predominant infestation was the coffee berry borer together with the mites of the Acaridae family; in the stage of warehouse had been isolated Penicillium spp and Aspergillus section Nigri, and the predominant insect was the coffee berry borer and mites of the family Acaridae; in the varrição coffee had been isolated Penicillium spp and Aspergillus section Nigri the coffee berry borer was the most present insects together of Diptera. The results of each step had been with compared by Analysis of Variance. In the analysis of risk factors the varrição coffee" was the factor most strongly related to the risk of the presence of OTA (p<0,001 ).


Subject(s)
Mites/microbiology , Aspergillus niger/isolation & purification , Coffee , Food Handling , Insecta/microbiology , Penicillium/isolation & purification , Analysis of Variance , Fungi , Risk Factors
14.
Semina ciênc. agrar ; 27(4): 617-628, out.-dez. 2006. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-464864

ABSTRACT

O monitoramento constante da contaminação fúngica é imprescindível para assegurar a qualidade e segurança dos alimentos, reduzindo as perdas econômicas, assim como os riscos à saúde humana e animal. Os métodos tradicionais de identificação e detecção de fungos (cultivo em diversos meios, exame microscópico e análises bioquímicas) geralmente consomem muito tempo e exigem pessoal com experiência. Os imunoensaios, particularmente os ensaios imunoenzimáticos, constituem uma alternativa promissora aos métodos tradicionais devido à alta sensibilidade, especificidade, reprodutibilidade e potencial como método rápido de controle de qualidade. Dentre os ensaios imunoenzimáticos, aqueles baseados em exoantígenos são os mais empregados na resolução de problemas taxonômicos, detecção e identificação de fungos toxigênicos. Nesta revisão serão abordados conceitos básicos de imunoensaios, métodos de detecção de fungos, assim como diversos ensaios imunoenzimáticos para a detecção de fungos toxigênicos em alimentos.


Constant monitoring of mould contamination is essential in order to assure the food quality and safetyand reduce the economic losses, as well as to minimize the potential hazards to human and animal health.The traditional methods for mould identification and detection (culture in several media, microscopicexamination and chemical analysis) are usually time-consuming and require trained staff. Immunoassays,particularly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) could be a promising alternative to the traditionalmethods due to high sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility and potential for use in rapid quality control.Among ELISAs, those based on exoantigens are the most employed in the resolution of taxonomicproblems, detection and identification of toxigenic fungi. This review discusses the basic principles ofimmunoassays, methods of mould detection and the several ELISAs developed for toxigenic fungidetection in food


Subject(s)
Fungi , Immunoassay
15.
Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz ; 61(1): e35009, 2002. tab
Article in English | LILACS, ColecionaSUS, SES-SP, CONASS, SESSP-ACVSES, SESSP-IALACERVO | ID: lil-341457

ABSTRACT

Screening tests for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, ochratoxin A and sterigmatocystin production were performed in 13 strains of Aspergillus spp, isolated from the terrestrial environment in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest (São Paulo State/Brazil). Coconut agar medium and moistened corn were employed as substrates. The fungal extracts obtained from both media were submitted to thin-layer chromatography and the toxins were estimated according to the intensity of their fluorescence observed under UV light. None of the tested strains presented any of the mentioned mycotoxins. Because many unknown fluorescente spots were present, it was necessary to proceed a confirmation step using multiple chromatography, two dimensional chromatography and derivatization. In view of the accuracy of the employed methods and the presence of many unknown fluorescent spots, the need of further studies on the production of others mycotoxins of fungi isolated under tropical conditions is justified. (AU)


Testes de triagem para verificar a produção de aflatoxinas B1, B2, G1 e G2, ocratoxina A eesterigmatocistina foram conduzidos em 13 linhagens de Aspergillus spp, isoladas do ambiente terrestreda Mata Atlântica Brasileira (SP/Brasil). Os meios de agar côco e milho umidificado foram os substratostestados neste estudo. Os extratos dos fungos obtidos a partir dos dois substratos foram submetidos àcromatografia em camada delgada e as micotoxinas estimadas de acordo com as fluorescências apresentadassob luz ultravioleta. Nenhuma das linhagens testadas apresentou produção das micotoxinas mencionadas. Foi necessário acrescentar uma etapa de confirmação, usando múltipla cromatografia, cromatografia bidimensional e derivação. Tendo em vista a eficiência da metodologia aqui empregada e da presença de muitos pontos fluorescentes desconhecidos, justifica-se a necessidade da ampliação dos estudos sobrea produção de outras micotoxinas em fungos isolados de ambientes tropicais. (AU)


Subject(s)
Aspergillus , Cocos , Zea mays , Aflatoxins , Mycotoxins , Ochratoxins , Fungi
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