A comparative study on effectiveness of closed reduction and internal fixation of intertrochanteric fracture assisted with skeletal tractor and traction table / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness and advantages of skeletal tractor in closed reduction and proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) internal fixation of intertrochanteric fracture compared with traction table. Methods: The clinical data of 86 patients with intertrochanteric fractures, who were treated with closed reduction and PFNA internal fixation between October 2016 and March 2018 and met the selection criteria, was retrospectively analysed. Among them, 44 cases were treated with skeletal tractor (trial group) and 42 cases were treated with traction table (control group). There was no significant difference between the two groups in gender, age, cause of injury, fracture side, AO classification, and degree of osteoporosis ( P>0.05). The preoperative position time, operation time, intraoperative fluoroscopy times, intraoperative blood loss, fracture healing time, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and postoperative Harris score were compared between the two groups. Results: The operation was successfully completed in both groups. Compared with the control group, the patients in the trial group had shorter preoperative position time and operation time, fewer intraoperative fluoroscopy times, and less intraoperative blood loss ( P<0.05). The patients were followed up 12-21 months in trial group (mean, 14.2 months) and 12-22 months in control group (mean, 14.3 months). Venous thrombosis of lower extremity occurred in 8 patients (3 cases of trial group and 5 cases of control group) after operation. Internal fixation failure occurred in 5 patients (2 cases of trial group and 3 cases of control group) during 1 year after operation. All fractures healed except for those with internal fixation failure, the fracture healing time was (11.6±2.9) weeks in trial group and (12.4±3.6) weeks in control group; and there was no significant difference between the two groups ( t=1.250, P=0.214). At 1 year after operation, Harris score of the trial group was 86.2±5.9 and that of the control group was 84.1±6.1. There was no significant difference between the two groups ( t=1.768, P=0.080). Conclusion: Compared with traction table, skeletal tractor in closed reduction and PFNA internal fixation of intertrochanteric fracture can significantly shorten the preoperative position time and operation time, reduce the intraoperative fluoroscopy times, improve the operation efficiency, and have similar effectiveness.

The research of nipple ischemia after the corrective surgery of congenitally inverted nipples using a tractor / 中华整形外科杂志

Objective@#This research studied the clinical manifestation, classification and countermeasure of nipple ischemia after the corrective surgery of congenitally inverted nipples using a tractor.@*Methods@#From October 2014 to October 2016, the symptoms, treatments and outcomes of postsurgical nipple ischemia (n=81) of 43 patients were collected and analyzed to propose a clinical classification theory.@*Results@#This theory divided nipple ischemia into 3 categories of incidence: Grade Ⅰ at 13.58% (11/81), Grade Ⅱ at 11.11% (9/81), and Grade Ⅲ at 2.47% (2/81). After changing dressing for 7-34 days (the average of 15 days), all GradeⅡand Ⅲ wounds healed eventually.@*Conclusions@#The clinical classification theory of nipple ischemia can provide significant guidance for clinical observations, treatments and prognosis.

Air and fuel supercharge in the performance of a diesel cycle engine / Sobrealimentação de ar e combustível no desempenho de um motor ciclo Diesel

ABSTRACT: This paper aimed to evaluate the performance of a Diesel cycle engine, changing the configurations for the air and fuel supply system. Variables analyzed were torque, power, specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency in four different engine configurations (aspirated, aspirated + service, turbocharged + service and turbocharged). For that, there were dynamometer experiments by power take-off of an agricultural tractor. The experimental outline used was entirely randomized, in a bifatorial design with three repetitions. Results indicated that the engine supercharge, compared to its original configuration, provided a significant increase of torque and power. Only the addition of turbo does not caused a significant effect in the engine performance. Application of turbocharger provides an improvement in the burning of the air/fuel mixture, which favors the increase of engine power and; consequently, reduced the specific fuel consumption.

RESUMO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de um motor ciclo Diesel, alterando a configuração do sistema de alimentação de ar e de combustível. As variáveis analisadas foram torque, potência, consumo específico de combustível e eficiência térmica em quatro diferentes configurações do motor (aspirado, aspirado + serviço, turboalimentado + serviço e turboalimentado). Para isso, foram realizados experimentos dinamométricos por meio da tomada de potência de um trator agrícola. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em desenho bifatorial com três repetições. Os resultados indicam que, a sobrealimentação do motor, em relação à configuração original, proporciona aumento significativo do torque e potência. Somente a adição de turbo não causa efeito significativo no desempenho do motor. A aplicação do turbocompressor proporciona melhoria na queima da mistura ar/combustível, o que favorece o aumento da potência do motor e, consequentemente, reduz o consumo específico de combustível.

Fuel consumption efficiency of an agricultural tractor equipped with continuously variable transmission / Eficiência no consumo de combustível de um trator agrícola equipado com transmissão continuamente variável

ABSTRACT: The correct choice of modern power transmissions can help farmers decrease production costs. The following research aimed to assess fuel consumption efficiency of an agricultural tractor equipped with continuously variable transmission, at different travel speed and load levels applied on the tractor drawbar. Standard procedure has been applied considering six load levels (30; 40; 50; 60; 70 and 80% of Q0) by means of breaking with a dynamometer car instrumented in a concrete test track, at three travel speeds (5.16; 7.29 and 10.48km h-1). Throughout the experiment, engine speed, traction force and hourly fuel consumption were monitored. The results indicated that there was an average increase of 2.67; 2.82; and 2.61L h-1 in the hourly fuel consumption for each 10% increase in the load level on the tractor, for travel speed of 5.16; 7.29 and 10.48km h-1, respectively. In general, the specific fuel consumption of the tractor decreased as the load levels and the travel speeds were increased.

RESUMO: A escolha correta de modernas transmissões de potência pode auxiliar os agricultores a diminuírem os custos de produção. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de consumo de combustível de um trator agrícola equipado com transmissão continuamente variável, em diferentes velocidades de deslocamento e cargas parciais impostas à barra de tração do trator. Para a avaliação utilizou-se procedimento normalizado, com aplicação de seis cargas parciais (30; 40; 50; 60; 70 e 80% de Q0), por meio da frenagem com um carro dinamométrico instrumentado, em pista de concreto, em três velocidades de deslocamento (5,16; 7,29 e 10,58km h-1). Durante a condução do experimento, monitoraram-se a rotação do motor, a força de tração e o consumo horário de combustível. Os resultados indicaram que houve acréscimo, médio, de 2,67; 2,82; e 2,61L h-1 no consumo horário de combustível para o aumento de cada 10% na carga imposta ao trator, para as velocidades de 5,16; 7,29 e 10,48km h-1, respectivamente. Ao considerar o consumo específico do trator, de forma geral, diminuiu à medida que as cargas parciais e as velocidades de deslocamento foram incrementadas.

Review on applications of electric ehicles in the countryside / Revisão de aplicações de veículos elétricos no meio rural

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the main applications of electric vehicles in rural areas, pointing out the trends and challenges for the future. Technological conditions and difficulties faced by the industry for a wide dissemination of this technology are discussed. The paper described the main researches with proposals to overcome the problems of implementing electric tractors, as supply and electricity storage. Technical and economic comparisons between conventional internal combustion tractors and electric tractors are also presented and discussed. The paper showed the existence of barriers to the implementation of electric vehicles in rural areas, as well as the need for batteries technological evolution, which have high costs and for that reason they are very heavy for these purposes, but there are already systems that can be applied to minimize dependence of fossil fuels in this sector and increase the use of sustainable energy.

RESUMO: Este artigo apresenta as principais aplicações de veículos elétricos no meio rural, apontanto as tendências e mudanças futuras. O trabalho discute também as condições tecnológicas e dificuldades enfrentadas pelo setor industrial para a inserção do veículo elétrico no mercado. São apresentados os principais pesquisadores da área com propostas para superar os problemas da implementação dos tratores elétricos, tais como abastecimento e armazenamento de energia elétrica. As comparações técnicas e econômicas entre tratores convencionais, a combustão interna, e tratores elétricos são apresentadas e discutidas. A revisão mostra a existência de barreiras para a implantação dos veículos elétricos no meio rural, como a necessidade de evolução tecnológica das baterias, que apresentam alto custo e ainda são pesadas para este propósito, mas mostra também que já existem sistemas que podem minimizar a dependência de compubstíveis fóceis do setor e aumentar o uso de energia sustentável.

Performance of an agricultural engine using blends of diesel and ethanol / Desempenho de um motor agrícola utilizando misturas de óleo diesel e etanol

ABSTRACT: This research evaluated the performance of a diesel engine in an agricultural tractor, using Diesel S500 (B5) and mixture with 3% (ED3), 6% (ED6), 9% (ED9), 12% (ED12) and 15% (ED15) of hydrous ethanol. Variables evaluated were the power, torque, specific fuel consumption, torque reserve, speed reserve and elasticity index of engine. Results indicated that using B5 and ED3 the values of torque and engine power not differ, in addition, with the ED3 the fuel consumption was lower than 5.92%. Using ED12, power has reduced in 2.97%, compared with B5, while their fuel consumption had no difference. With ED15, the power was lower 6.30% and the fuel consumption increase 3.77%, both compared with B5. Torque reserve value was increased with increasing the ethanol content in B5, reducing the speed reserve and elasticity index of engine. Ethanol in Diesel S500 (B5) can be used as an alternative fuel in agricultural tractor engines without presenting high changes in the performance, since the ethanol content is at low percentages, up to 12%.

RESUMO: Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o desempenho de um motor ciclo Diesel de um trator agrícola, utilizando óleo Diesel S500 (B5) e sua mistura com 3% (ED3), 6% (ED6), 9% (ED9), 12% (ED12) e 15% (ED15) de etanol hidratado. As variáveis estudadas foram: potência, torque, consumo específico de combustível, reserva de torque, reserva de rotação e índice de elasticidade do motor. Os resultados indicam que, utilizando B5 e ED3, os valores de torque e potência do motor não diferiram, além disso, com o ED3, o consumo de combustível foi 5,92% menor. Utilizando ED12, a potência, em relação ao B5, teve uma redução de 2,97%, sem diferença para o consumo de combustível. Já com o ED15, a potência diminuiu 6,30% e o consumo aumentou 3,77%, em comparação com o B5. Os valores de reserva de torque foram incrementados conforme aumentou o conteúdo de etanol, reduzindo a reserva de rotação e o índice de elasticidade do motor. A mistura de etanol no óleo Diesel B5 pode ser utilizada como combustível alternativo em motores agrícolas, sem apresentar alterações significativas no seu desempenho, desde que seja utilizado até 12% de etanol.

Acelerações eficazes na interface assento-operador de um trator / Effective accelerations in the seat-interface operator of an tractor

Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar as magnitudes das acelerações eficazes na interface assento-operador, utilizando três posições de regulagem do assento, duas profundidades de escarificação, duas velocidades de deslocamento e três configurações de lastros. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria com delineamento experimental de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições, totalizando 144 unidades experimentais. Utilizou-se um trator agrícola, com potência no motor de 63kW (85cv), tendo um escarificador acoplado. Os dados foram registrados através de um acelerômetro triaxial posicionado na interface assento-operador. Concluiu-se que as magnitudes das acelerações eficazes obtidas, na interface assento-operador, em todos os 36 tratamentos, ficaram acima do limite de conforto na frequência de 1 a 80Hz, estabelecidas pela norma (International Organization for Standardization 2631-1: 1997) para exposição de oito horas diárias do operador.

This research has the main objective to analyze the magnitude of efficient accelerations on the seat-operator interface, using three adjustment knob positions, two scarification depths, two displacement speeds and three different ballast settings. The experiment was held at the Federal University of Santa Maria through a subdivided portion experimental design, with four repetitions and 144 experimental units. A agricultural tractor was used with 63kW of power on the engine (63kW) attached to the chisel plow. The information was recorded by the accelerometers that were installed on the seat-operator interface. It was concluded that the magnitude of efficient accelerations obtained on the seat-operator interface in all the 36 individual tests stayed above the comfort limit on the frequency of 1 to 80Hz, established by the standard (International Organization for Standardization 2631-1: 1997) for daily eight hour exposure.

Comparison between two methods of congenital inverted nipple surgery / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To investigate the difference between simple continued traction and areola dermal flap filling in inverted nipple correction surgery.Methods There were 60 nipples of 32 patients in simple continuous traction group and 62 nipples of 32 patients in dermal flap filling group.Follow-up was conducted for 12 months.The surgical results were compared with statistical analysis.Results Wound healing,nipple shape,blood supply,feeling and breast-feeding function in simple continuous traction group were better than those of the dermal flap filling group.There was no statistically significant difference in diameter and height of nipple,nipple retraction and relapse rate between the two groups.Conclusions Simple continuous traction is superior to dermal flap filling.Both methods are safe and effective for the treatment of various types of inverted nipple and two groups of patients have improved in symptoms and appearance.

Sistema de controle de velocidade sincronizada entre dois veículos agrícolas / Synchronized speed control system between two agricultural vehicles

Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para o controle automático de velocidade entre dois veículos que necessitam trafegar em paralelo durante operações agrícolas. É descrito o desenvolvimento e os testes de campo de um sistema de controle de velocidade para um trator escravo baseado na velocidade de um trator mestre, utilizando um controlador desenvolvido em lógica fuzzy. Para esses testes, os tratores foram instrumentados com GPS, encoder, computador e transmissor de radiofrequência, sendo instalado ainda no trator escravo um motor de passo para o controle da velocidade de deslocamento. Para avaliar o sistema, realizaram-se dois testes: no primeiro, a resposta do trator escravo à variação de velocidade foi avaliada a partir de simulações de variação na velocidade de entrada; no segundo, foram utilizados dois tratores variando a velocidade do trator mestre e observando a resposta do trator escravo. No primeiro teste, o trator escravo acompanhou a simulação da variação da velocidade com um erro quadrático médio (EQM) não significativo e erro médio percentual (EMP) máximo de 1,3 por cento. No segundo teste, o trator escravo acompanhou a variação de velocidade do trator mestre com o (EMP) de deslocamento variando em módulo de 0,2 por cento a 2,9 por cento.

This paper presents a proposal for automatic speed control of vehicles that requires working in synchronism with each other during agricultural operations. It describes the development and field tests of a control system for a slave tractor based on the master tractor speed, using a fuzzy controller. For the tests the master tractor was instrumented with GPS, encoders, computer and radio transmitter. The slave tractor was instrumented in the same way, and included also a stepper motor to act on the tractor throttle. To evaluate the system two tests were conducted. In the first, the master tractor speed was simulated using only the slave tractor. In the second test, two tractors were used varying the master tractor speed and registering the slave tractor response. In the first test the slave tractor followed the speed variation simulated with a mean square error (MSE) non-significant and a maximum mean percentage error (MPE) of 1.3 percent. In the second test the slave tractor followed the master tractor speed variation with a displacement (MPE) ranging in magnitude from 0.2 percent to 2.9 percent.

Atributos físicos do solo e intervalo hídrico ótimo de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico sob controle de tráfego agrícola / Soil physical attributes and least limiting water range of a Distrofic Red Latossol under agricultural traffic control

Com a adoção da colheita mecanizada no sistema de manejo da cana-de-açúcar, surge a preocupação da compactação do solo e seus efeitos danosos na disponibilidade de água às plantas. Uma recente técnica de manejo da mecanização agrícola denominada controle de tráfego representa uma alternativa para o cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, pois separa as zonas de tráfego das zonas em que há crescimento das plantas, concentrando a passagem de pneus em linhas delimitadas. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito do controle de tráfego em áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar, sobre a qualidade física do solo, no sistema de cana colhida mecanicamente sem queima (cana-crua). A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar com os seguintes tratamentos: com colheita mecanizada tradicional; com controle de tráfego - aumento de bitola; com controle de tráfego - aumento de bitola e piloto automático. Foi avaliada a densidade do solo, a macro e a microporosidade do solo nas camadas de 0,00-0,10, 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30m de profundidade, na linha de plantio, no entrerrodado e sob o rodado da cultura da cana-de-açúcar, bem como, o intervalo hídrico ótimo na camada de 0,00-0,20m de profundidade. O trabalho foi realizado dentro de um experimento trifatorial, com parcelas subsubdivididas no delineamento em blocos ao acaso. O intervalo hídrico ótimo permitiu verificar que os manejos com controle de tráfego apresentaram uma maior disponibilidade de água às culturas.

The adoption of mechanized harvesting associated to the sugarcane handling system generates ground compaction which affects the water availability to the plants. The recent handling technique named traffic control is viewed as an alternative for sugarcane mechanization, in which traffic space is separated from plant growing spaces, concentrating the tires path in delimited lines. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of traffic control in areas cultivated with sugarcane, regarding the soil physical quality, and the mechanical harvesting system with no straw burning (raw sugarcane). The project was developed in area cultivated with sugarcane including the following treatments: with traditional mechanized harvesting; with traffic control - augmented span; with traffic control - augmented span and automatic driving. The soil physical attributes evaluated were the density, the macro and microporosity in layers from 0.00-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.30m deep, in the row in entrerrodado under the wheels of sugarcane culture , as well as the least Limiting water range from 0.00 to 0.20m depth. The research was carried under a tri-factorial experimental design, with parcels subdivided into random block-type delineation. The minimum limiting water range verified that the management systems with traffic control had presented grater water availability to sugarcane crop.

Silicone tractor and it's usage in treatment of nipple inversion / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To observe the clinical effect of a silicone tractor in the treatment of nipple inversion. Methods 15 patients were treated with this new type of tractor. Of all the patients, 11 were with mild to moderate nipple inversion, and 4 were serious affected patients. In the seriously affected group, the tractor was used after operation. Patients in the mild to moderate nipple inversion group was treated with the silicone tractor only. Results The result in all the patients was satisfactory after follow-ing-up for 6 to 12 months. The appearance of the nipples was well. Conclusion Continuously pulling with silicone tractor is an ideal method in nipple inversion treatment. It is simple, safe and effective.

Verificação de requisitos de segurança de tratores agrícolas em alguns municípios do estado de São Paulo / Checking security requirements for tractors in some regions in the state of São Paulo

Um levantamento de informações foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as condições de segurança de tratores agrícolas novos e usados em alguns municípios do estado de São Paulo. Foram avaliados 487 tratores em uso em 270 propriedades agrícolas do estado de São Paulo e 31 tratores novos disponíveis em revendas e em exposição em feiras agrícolas, sendo inspecionados alguns requisitos de segurança relativos a posto de operação, acesso, comandos, proteção de partes móveis, disponibilização de avisos contra riscos de acidentes e requisitos necessários para tráfego em rodovias, previstos em documentos normativos nacionais e/ou internacionais. Verificou-se que os tratores em uso no campo não favorecem a segurança e o conforto do operador, enquanto que os tratores novos mostram tendência de atendimento aos requisitos de segurança e conforto, principalmente aqueles relacionados ao posto de operação e à proteção de partes ativas.

A survey was held in some regions in the state of São Paulo aiming at evaluating safety conditions in used and brand new tractors. 487 tractors in use in 270 farms in the state of São Paulo were analyzed together with 31 brand new ones displayed in shops and fairs. The following were checked: the driver's seat, its accessibility, position of controls, protection against the active parts of the engine, warning signs disposal and consonance to the national and international safety regulations for highways driving. The final result showed that while the used tractors offer no comfort or security to the driver, the brand new ones seem to fulfill the requirements, mainly those related to the driver's seat and the protection of the engine active parts.

Research on internal curvilinear traction device for reconstruction of segmental defect of mandible / 医疗卫生装备

Reconstruction of the segmental defect of mandible is difficult. The research is to develop a kind of internal curvilinear traction device to reconstruct an arc-shape bone. At first, a 35 mm and 45mm segmental defects are made by operation on one mandibular of two goats respectively,and the transport bone is created by osteotomy, then the tractors are settled. The transports of bone begin after a postoperative lag period of 7 days at a rate of 1mm/d and a frequence of 1 time/d. The regeneration of bone is evaluated radiographically. After two-week fixation, X-ray examination shows that an arc bone appears in one of the goats and no bone generates in the other. At last, the animals are sacrificed 2 months after the operation and its mandibiles are harvested to observe reconstruction results of the defect. The results are the same as that by X-ray examination, and the length of the new bone is 35mm. So the distractor plays a role in the reconstruction of mandibile, but needs improving.