ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for the efficient operation of online drug retailing by studying the service pricing and influencing factors of different B2C drug trading platforms. METHODS：Based on the theory of two-sided markets and combined with the characteristics of internet transaction service，the pricing models of B2C drug trading platform from the perspective of joint mode and joint & self mode were built. The influence of allocation proportion，search matching degree and the proportion of consumers who buy drugs from the platform of self mode were discussed. Finally，AHP method was adopted for empirical verification. RESULTS：The service pricing models of two B2C drug trading platforms，i.e. joint model and joint & self model，had been successfully constructed. It had been determined that the proportion of sharing and the degree of search matching had adverse and positive effects on the platform service pricing（suppliers），respectively. In the joint & self mode drug trading platform，when the proportion of consumers who chose self mode platform was too high，the platform would reduce the supplier’s registration fee；when the proportion of consumers who chose the self mode platform was too low，the platform would increase the registration fee of suppliers. In the empirical verification，AHP method was used to determine the proportion of self-employed consumers as 0.648. Under this condition，the pricing models of the two operation modes were compared，which was consistent with the above results. At the same time，the service pricing of joint & self model is always lower than that of joint mode. CONCLUSIONS：No matter the platform of joint mode or joint & self mode，different proportion of registration fee and advertising revenue can be set to implement differential pricing. The platforms also can degenerate from homogeneity competition， increase user viscosity and improve platform search matching by providing more professional services. For the platform of joint & self mode，it is necessary to control the ratio of self and joint part，and realize the healthy and effective operation of the platform.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE： To investigate the current situation and existing problems of online drugstores in China and put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions， so as to provide a basis for promoting and improving the standardization of online drugstores in China. METHODS： The number of online drugstores was counted by inquiring about the online drugstores in all provinces， autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government published by the “Public inquiry” column on the official website of the previous China Food and Drug Administration （CFDA）. According to the administrative division， stratified sampling of online drugstores was conducted. The website domain names of sampled online drugstores and their Taobao stores， Jingdong stores， Wechat public accounts， Wechat small programs and other platforms were retrieved to analyze their operation methods. At the same time， the online drugstores which actually had online trading behavior were investigated and analyzed from three aspects， including business scope， propaganda behavior and service behavior. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS： A total of 693 online drugstores were obtained from the official website of CFDA， and the domain names of only 14 （41.2％） of 34 online drugstores selected by stratified sampling were their corresponding online drugstores. Other online drugstores had some problems， such as domain name could not be opened or was not related websites. There were 14 online drugstores dealing in drugs through their own websites， of which 12 also operated on third-party platforms such as Taobao， Jingdong and Wechat. The problems of 27 drugstores with online online trading behavior mainly included non-standard operating varieties， illegal sale of prescription drugs， disunity of qualification mark，false propaganda，untimely online customer service response and imperfect drug distribution system， etc. It is suggested that relevant supervisory and administrative departments strengthen supervision， standardize the management of domain names and trading platforms of online drugstores， and vigorously crack down on and control illegal online transactions. Online drugstores should improve their service levels， standardize their own website construction， improve the level of real-time customer service and drug distribution services， so as to improve the current operation situation of online drugstores in China.
ABSTRACT
Aims@#Milk is rich of nutrients that are necessary for the growth of various microorganisms. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the microbial quantity and quality of the raw cow’s milk sold through street trading in Meknes, Morocco, and to study the variation and seasonal relationship of microbial diversity during the four seasons of the year. @*Methodology and results@#Raw cow’s milk samples were collected randomly between May 2015 and April 2016 from 3 street trading sale points, two popular neighborhoods (station 1 and station 2) and one popular market, and they were analyzed microbiologically. The results showed that the contamination rates of Total Plate Count (TPC), total coliforms, fecal coliforms, lactobacilli, lactococci and yeasts and molds were 8.8×108 CFU/mL, 8.9×105 CFU/mL, 2×103 CFU/mL, 4.6×108 CFU/mL, 7.5×108 CFU/mL and 4.1×103 CFU/mL, respectively. Moreover, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens and Listeria monocytogenes were detected in 66.67% (24/36), 75% (27/36), 36.1% (13/36) and 19.44% (7/36), respectively, while Salmonella was not detected in this study. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The highest microbiological count in raw milk samples was found in summer, while the lowest was detected in winter (p˂0.005). Therefore, the quality of milk marketed in Meknes region of Morocco is deteriorated due to the lack of good hygienic conditions of raw cow’s milk sold through street trading.
ABSTRACT
Se presenta un estudio etnobotaÌnico sobre las Leguminosas (Fabaceae) silvestres de uso medicinal de una regioÌn altoandina del PeruÌ (distrito de Lircay, provincia de Angaraes, departamento de Huancavelica). La metodologiÌa se basoÌ en entrevistas semiestructuradas a 33 informantes clave, calculando el iÌndice de Importancia Cultural. Se registran 12 geÌneros con 17 especies. Todas las plantas poseen por lo menos un nombre vernaÌculo y tienen usos adicionales a la categoriÌa medicinal. Dos especies son comercializadas en Lircay: Desmodium molliculum y Otholobium pubescens. Se reportan nueve categoriÌas de uso, siendo la categoriÌa medicinal la que presentoÌ mayor nuÌmero de especies (17 especies) y la que tuvo maÌs reportes de uso (125 reportes). La Leguminosa con mayor Importancia Cultural es Senna versicolor, lo que demuestra que es la especie maÌs arraigada al conocimiento tradicional de los pobladores locales.
What follows is an ethnobotanical study of wild medicinal Legumes from a high Andean region of Peru (district of Lircay, province of Angaraes, department of Huancavelica). The methodology was based on 33 semi-structured interviews with key informants, and the Cultural Importance Index was calculated. A total of 12 genera with 17 species were recorded. All of the plants possessed at least one vernacular name and in addition to their medicinal function had other uses. Two species are traded in the Lircay: Desmodium molliculum and Otholobium pubescens. Nine categories of use were reported, with the medicinal category registering the highest number of species (17 species) and the greatest number of reported uses (125 reports). The legume of greatest cultural importance is Senna versicolor, which was shown to be the most deeply-rooted plant in the traditional knowledge of the local.
Subject(s)
Ethnobotany , Fabaceae , Plants, Medicinal , Peru , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar as possibilidades da implantação de comissão de pré-qualificação de materiais hospitalares adquiridos por pregão eletrônico em hospital universitário. Trata-se de estudo observacional, descritivo, misto, com abordagem quanti-qualitativa, realizado no segundo semestre de 2015, cujos elementos de caráter quantitativo foram submetidos à análise documental, extraídos de 136 processos de compras, de materiais hospitalares realizadas no período de 2010 a 2015, devidamente organizados em planilha Excel e pelo software R. Posteriormente analisados com base na estatística descritiva e resultados apresentados em gráficos, tabelas e quadros. Os elementos qualitativos foram produzidos a partir de entrevistas realizadas com 11 médicos e 18 enfermeiros atuantes na gestão de diversos setores de internação hospitalar, no decorrer dos meses de julho a dezembro de 2015. As entrevistas foram norteadas por roteiro semiestruturado e analisadas a luz da análise de conteúdo temática. Da análise dos dados emergiram três categorias temáticas: Materiais com mais problemas: intercorrências por falta de critérios de qualidade; Credibilidade sobre solicitação de amostras para o pregão; e Conhecimento sobre o trabalho e propósitos da comissão de padronização de materiais hospitalares. Concluiu-se que as aquisições pelos pregões, adotando-se o critério menor preço, não asseguram padrões de qualidade dos materiais hospitalares, expondo pacientes e profissionais de saúde à riscos injustificáveis do ponto de vista de segurança dos pacientes e do trabalho. Razões suficientes para apontar a necessidade da implantação de comissão de pré-qualificação dos produtos para analisá-los antes dos procedimentos licitatórios. Ademais, o cenário atual de crise do financiamento público não oferece margens para desperdícios, considerando o inevitável descarte dos materiais adquiridos que não apresentem padrão de qualidade e confiabilidade para que seu uso não cause problemas adversos. Acredita-se que para solucionar os problemas ou minimizá-los, faz-se necessária a constituição da referida comissão, bem como implantar um sistema eletrônico para armazenar e compartilhar informações claras sobre a qualidade dos materiais já analisados a fim de possibilitar maior segurança aos profissionais que os utilizam e para os pacientes que são submetidos aos procedimentos terapêuticos nos hospitais de ensino
The present study aims to analyze the possibilities of the implementation of pre-qualification commission of hospital materials purchased by electronic trading in a university hospital. This is an observational, descriptive, mixed study, with a quantitative-qualitative approach, carried out in the second half of 2015, whose quantitative elements were submitted to a documentary analysis, extracted from 136 procurement processes, of hospital materials carried out in the period of 2010 To 2015, duly organized into Excel spreadsheet and software R. Subsequently analyzed based on descriptive statistics and results presented in graphs, tables and tables. The qualitative elements were produced from interviews with 11 physicians and 18 nurses working in the management of several hospital admission sectors, from July to December 2015. The interviews were guided by a semi-structured script and analyzed in light of the analysis Thematic content. From the analysis of the data emerged three thematic categories: Materials with more problems: intercurrences due to lack of quality criteria; Credibility for requesting samples for the trading session; And Knowledge about the work and purposes of the standardization committee for hospital materials. It was concluded that the acquisitions by the market, adopting the criterion lower price, do not ensure quality standards of hospital materials, exposing patients and health professionals to unjustifiable risks from the point of view of patient safety and work. Reasons sufficient to indicate the need for the implementation of pre-qualification commission of the products to analyze them before the bidding procedures. In addition, the current scenario of public financing crisis does not offer margins for waste, considering the unavoidable disposal of acquired materials that do not present quality and reliability standards so that their use does not cause adverse problems. It is believed that in order to solve the problems or minimize them, it is necessary to set up such a commission, as well as to establish an electronic system to store and share clear information about the quality of the materials already analyzed in order to provide greater security for professionals Who use them and for patients who are submitted to therapeutic procedures in teaching hospitals
Subject(s)
Humans , Quality Control , Competitive Bidding/organization & administration , Materials Management, Hospital/organization & administration , Competitive Bidding/standards , Hospitals, University/organization & administration , Materials Management, Hospital/standardsABSTRACT
Information trading (henceforth IT) is a criminal offense in the vicinity of mega stock markets. It gives an unfair and illegal advantage to the buyer of related information. The national and global damage caused by this sort of delinquency is immense, in a yearly scale of trillions. On top of the applied importance of such offenses, they pose a meaningful theoretical and empirical challenge. The present proposal offers an attempt to exemplify the viability of the Functional Theory of Cognition and the methodological counterpart of the theory, Functional Measurement, as a means to establish a basis for related profiling attempts in terms of the functional way IT is coded in the beholders' (i.e., senior brokers) cognitive system. An exemplary single-participant functional measurement is presented along with a demo empirical illustration of the way the distinction between Type A and Type B brokers can contribute to due profiling. Possible future related scientific ventures are pointed at briefly.
El intercambio de la información (en adelante IT) es un delito en el entorno de los mega mercados de valores. Esto da una ventaja injusta e ilegal a los compradores de la información relacionada. El daño nacional y global causado por este tipo de delincuencia es inmenso, en una escala anual de miles de millones. En el punto más alto de la importancia aplicada, este tipo de delitos que suponen un desafío teórico y empírico significativo. La presente propuesta ofrece un intento de ejemplificar la viabilidad de la Teoría Funcional de la Cognición y su contraparte metodológica, la Medición Funcional, como un medio para establecer una base para los intentos de perfiles afines, en cuanto a la forma funcional en que el IT está codificado en el sistema cognitivos de los espectadores (específicamente en los corredores de alto nivel). Una medición funcional de un solo participante ejemplar se presenta junto con una demostración empírica de la forma en que la distinción entre los corredores de Tipo A y Tipo B puede contribuir al objetivo de establecer dichos perfiles. Posibles futuras investigaciones científicas relacionadas se señalan brevemente.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the implementation of quality risk management in GSP of TCM trading enter-prises. METHODS:The necessity of quality risk management in TCM trading enterprises was introduced;by using the method of quality risk management,based on hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) tool,according to the actual situation of TCM trading enterprises,four key links including the critical control points during purchasing,receiving and acceptance,storage and maintenance,exwarehouse and transportation were identified and controlled. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:It is recommend-ed that TCM trading enterprises take corrective measures aiming at the above four key links of risk control points like whether the procurement link was lawful and legal;how to control TCM acceptance quality;whether TCM maintenance method was valid;whether transportation and distribution affected the quality of goods. For this purpose,procurement link should be based on the es-tablishment of legal purchase channels;the experience of TCM appearance and property acceptance should be gathered in receiving and acceptance link to guarantee the quality of warehoused drugs based on the requirements of the newly revised GSP;storage and maintenance link should take an effective control of temperature and humidity,and carry out the scientific maintenance;exware-house and transportation link should highlight the“green logistics”,accomplishing quality and non-pollution.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the further improvement of national essential medicines system. METHODS:Taking theBull's-eyecity Chengdu as an example,based on the trading areas,the existing problems in implementing essential medicine system were analyzed by qualitative and quantitative research methods,and countermeasures were put forward. RESULTS:From the point of view of quantitative data,the first level trading areas of both proportions of medical personnel per thousand ur-ban population and numbers of primary medical and health institutions per 100 thousands population in Chengdu were the lowest. From 2010 to 2012,the outpatient and inpatients increased 1.09 million people and 0.16 million beds per day in Chengdu primary health care institutions,the largest increase in the first level trading areas,and increase and decrease in the second and third level trading areas;outpatient and inpatient drug costs fell respectively 4 yuan and 109 yuan,medicine proportion declined 6.7%,in-crease in the first level trading areas,and decreased to varying degrees in the second and third level trading areas. From the point of view of qualitative interviews,the service ability got enhancement,but still could not meet the services demand,especially the pressure in the first level trading areas near center district remains heavy;drug cost was under controlled,but the subsidies needs to be increased,the per capita drug costs in the first level trading areas remains high;the drug income and medicine proportion were inhibited,especially the significant fell in the second and third level area,but the decrease of income may restrict develop-ment. CONCLUSIONS:It is suggested that more targeted drugs are needed for meeting the services demand,more sophisticated policy are needed for improving the subsidies,and more comprehensive medical conditions are needed for ensuring institutions'de-velopment.
ABSTRACT
Ensaio histórico sobre o desenvolvimento da economia mundial, com ênfase no papel desempenhado pelos blocos de comércio na construção da interdependência econômica contemporânea e pelos processos de integração na diminuição relativa da soberania nacional. Análise conceitual e empírica sobre esses processos e seu desempenho como entidades relevantes da economia mundial do começo do século XXI.
Historical essay on the development of the world economy, with emphasis on the role played by trading blocks in the creation of economic interdependence. Also examined is the process of integration how it contributes to the relative reduction of national sovereignty. This is a conceptual and empirical analysis of these phenomena and their relevance to the world economy at the dawn of the twenty-first century.
ABSTRACT
A hipótese de formação de blocos regionais rivais não se realizou. O Brasil tem hoje a possibilidade de aprofundar sua inserção de modo complementar em dois arranjos regionais -- a Alca e o Mercosul -- e um arranjo inter-regional, entre o Mercosul e a União Européia. A negociação da Alca é a mais importante das três porque estabelece a referência a partir da qual o Brasil definirá seu papel no mundo.
Contrary to expectations, the formation of competing trade blocks has not become a reality. Today, Brazil has the opportunity to play a larger role in two regional associations -- the FTAA and Mercosul -- as well as in the inter-regional arrangement between Mercosul and the European Union. FTAA membership is the most important of the three, providing as it would a point of reference from which Brazil can define its role in the world.