El orden de nacimiento como factor de riesgo para ser víctima de trata sexual en el triángulo norte de Centroamérica / Birth order as a risk factor for being victim of sex trafficking in the northern triangle of Central America

RESUMEN Las redes de tráfico humano para la prostitución captan a menores vulnerables, en especial, a quienes consideran no les queda otra opción que emigrar al norte para hacer frente a problemas económicos graves. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer si el orden de nacimiento representó un factor de riesgo, asociado a la vulnerabilidad para la trata sexual de menores centroamericanas, traficadas a Estados Unidos. Las entrevistadas mostraban vulnerabilidades vinculadas con estructuras sociales y conductas individuales. Por una parte, todas crecieron en hogares caracterizados por la pobreza extrema. Por otra parte, también presentaban vulnerabilidades relacionadas con el embarazo adolescente, la falta de educación, la disfuncionalidad familiar y la participación en mercados ilegales. Ocupar el primer lugar en orden de nacimiento eleva la vulnerabilidad de las menores a ser traficadas a Estados Unidos para el comercio sexual. Por el contrario, ocupar el último lugar disminuye este riesgo.

ABSTRACT Human trafficking networks for prostitution recruit vulnerable underage girls, especially those who are considered with no choice but to migrate north to cope with serious economic problems. The aim of this work was to determine if birth order represented a risk factor associated to the vulnerability for sex trafficking of Central American female minors. The interviewees presented vulnerabilities associated to social structures and individual behaviors. On the one hand, all of them grew up in house holds characterized by extreme poverty. On the other hand, they also had vulnerabilities related to teenage pregnancy, lack of education, family dysfunction and participation in illegal markets. Findings suggest that occupying the first place in the order of birth raises the vulnerability of minors to being trafficked to the United States for sex trade. On the contrary, occupying the last place decreases this risk.

Research progress on AMPARs involved in regulating orofacial pain / 口腔疾病防治

@#The incidence of orofacial pain is high, and its pathological mechanism is complex. Currently, there is a lack of long-lasting and effective clinical treatment drugs, resulting in a major economic burden to patients and society. Therefore, it is important to develop more durable and effective drugs for treatment. In recent years, substantial evidence has shown that α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) play a vital role in somatic and orofacial pain. Among them, subunit phosphorylation regulated by protein kinases and interactions with partner proteins promote the activation and trafficking of AMPARs and signal transduction to regulate the expression of AMPARs. The increase of GluA1-containing AMPARs promotes calcium ion influx, further activating protein kinases and auxiliary proteins, which forms a self-feedback loop. This is an important mechanism that promotes chronic pain. The expression of AMPARs in the trigeminal nervous system and the spinal cord nervous system overlaps, and the above mechanism may also participate in regulating orofacial pain. However, research on AMPARs in orofacial neuropathic pain or cancer-related pain is relatively insufficient, and more in-depth research is needed in the future. Furthermore, there is a lack of clinical evidence for AMPAR antagonists to treat pain. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of the activation and trafficking of AMPARs and precisely intervening in the activation and trafficking of AMPARs may provide effective strategies for the development of new analgesics and offer new insights for treating orofacial pain.

Orange-derived extracellular vesicles nanodrugs for efficient treatment of ovarian cancer assisted by transcytosis effect

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently received much attention about the application of drug carriers due to their desirable properties such as nano-size, biocompatibility, and high stability. Herein, we demonstrate orange-derived extracellular vesicles (OEV) nanodrugs (DN@OEV) by modifying cRGD-targeted doxorubicin (DOX) nanoparticles (DN) onto the surface of OEV, enabling significantly enhancing tumor accumulation and penetration, thereby efficiently inhibiting the growth of ovarian cancer. The obtained DN@OEV enabled to inducement of greater transcytosis capability in ovarian cancer cells, which presented the average above 10-fold transcytosis effect compared with individual DN. It was found that DN@OEV could trigger receptor-mediated endocytosis to promote early endosome/recycling endosomes pathway for exocytosis and simultaneously reduce degradation in the early endosomes-late endosomes-lysosome pathway, thereby inducing the enhanced transcytosis. In particular, the zombie mouse model bearing orthotopic ovarian cancer further validated DN@OEV presented high accumulation and penetration in tumor tissue by the transcytosis process. Our study indicated the strategy in enhancing transcytosis has significant implications for improving the therapeutic efficacy of the drug delivery system.

Disease-specific protein corona formed in pathological intestine enhances the oral absorption of nanoparticles

Protein corona (PC) has been identified to impede the transportation of intravenously injected nanoparticles (NPs) from blood circulation to their targeted sites. However, how intestinal PC (IPC) affects the delivery of orally administered NPs are still needed to be elucidated. Here, we found that IPC exerted "positive effect" or "negative effect" depending on different pathological conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. We prepared polystyrene nanoparticles (PS) adsorbed with different IPC derived from the intestinal tract of healthy, diabetic, and colitis rats (H-IPC@PS, D-IPC@PS, C-IPC@PS). Proteomics analysis revealed that, compared with healthy IPC, the two disease-specific IPC consisted of a higher proportion of proteins that were closely correlated with transepithelial transport across the intestine. Consequently, both D-IPC@PS and C-IPC@PS mainly exploited the recycling endosome and ER-Golgi mediated secretory routes for intracellular trafficking, which increased the transcytosis from the epithelium. Together, disease-specific IPC endowed NPs with higher intestinal absorption. D-IPC@PS posed "positive effect" on intestinal absorption into blood circulation for diabetic therapy. Conversely, C-IPC@PS had "negative effect" on colitis treatment because of unfavorable absorption in the intestine before arriving colon. These results imply that different or even opposite strategies to modulate the disease-specific IPC need to be adopted for oral nanomedicine in the treatment of variable diseases.

SARS-CoV-2 spike host cell surface exposure promoted by a COPI sorting inhibitor

Via an insufficient coat protein complex I (COPI) retrieval signal, the majority of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) is resident in host early secretory organelles and a tiny amount is leaked out in cell surface. Only surface-exposed S can be recognized by B cell receptor (BCR) or anti-S therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that is the trigger step for B cell activation after S mRNA vaccination or infected cell clearance by S mAbs. Now, a drug strategy to promote S host surface exposure is absent. Here, we first combined structural and biochemical analysis to characterize S COPI sorting signals. A potent S COPI sorting inhibitor was then invented, evidently capable of promoting S surface exposure and facilitating infected cell clearance by S antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Importantly, with the inhibitor as a probe, we revealed Omicron BA.1 S is less cell surface exposed than prototypes because of a constellation of S folding mutations, possibly corresponding to its ER chaperone association. Our findings not only suggest COPI is a druggable target against COVID-19, but also highlight SARS-CoV-2 evolution mechanism driven by S folding and trafficking mutations.

A covid-19 como uma crise multifacetada e suas implicações sobre o tráfico de pessoas ou outras formas de exploração humana / Covid-19 as a multifaceted crisis and its implications on human trafficking or other forms of human exploitation

Resumo Este ensaio se propõe a analisar em que medida a pandemia de covid-19 e a abordagem a ela conferida afetam a dinâmica do tráfico de pessoas, da exploração sexual, dos abusos laborais, e o atendimento recebido pelas vítimas. O tráfico de pessoas é contextualizado em um cenário de fragilidade global, estabelecendo riscos adicionais relacionados à realidade migrante, à classe social, ao gênero e à idade, e adquirindo agravantes próprios em decorrência da covid-19, considerando-se a redução da investigação e da oferta de assistência aos afetados. As medidas de isolamento repercutem gravemente sobre tais indivíduos, na medida em que deixam de gerar lucros para seus algozes e permanecem em ambientes precários, em um cenário propício à exploração laboral e outras formas de violência. A exploração sexual passa a ser ainda mais clandestina, expondo a vítima a novas formas de pressão e à contaminação. A informação em saúde e a possibilidade de prevenção e tratamento é modesta ou inexistente para as pessoas traficadas, comumente apartadas das estratégias referentes à emergência sanitária, sem acesso aos protocolos de proteção, em meio à ausência de autonomia. Realça-se a necessidade de um modelo sociossanitário inclusivo, em constante observação às demandas relacionadas aos grupos marginalizados.

Abstract This essay aims to analyze to what extent the covid-19 pandemic and the approach given to it affect the dynamics of human trafficking, sexual exploitation, labor abuse, and the care received by victims. Human trafficking is contextualized in a scenario of global fragility, establishing additional risks related to the migrant reality, social class, gender and age, and acquiring its own aggravating factors as a result of covid-19, considering the reduction in investigating and offering assistance to those affected. Isolation measures have a serious impact on these individuals, as they fail to generate profits for their tormentors and remain in precarious environments, in a scenario conducive to labor exploitation and other forms of violence. Sexual exploitation becomes even more clandestine, exposing the victim to new forms of pressure and contamination. Health information and the possibility of prevention and treatment are modest or non-existent for trafficked people, who are commonly cut off from strategies related to health emergencies, without access to protection protocols, amid a lack of autonomy. The need for an inclusive socio-sanitary model, constantly observing the demands related to marginalized groups, is highlighted.

La Promoción de la Salud en Colombia y su alcance en el complejo entramado político nacional (1990-2019)

El presente artículo examina el alcance de la promoción de la salud en el marco del escenario político colombiano, a la luz de los lineamientos planteados en la Carta de Ottawa, en el año de 1986. Teniendo en cuenta que la Carta de Ottawa definió unos prerrequisitos o condiciones para la salud, la paz, la educación, la vivienda, la alimentación, la renta, un ecosistema estable, la justicia social, la equidad y que determinó para su acción cinco áreas operativas, formulación de políticas públicas saludables, creación de entornos saludables, fortalecimiento de participación social, desarrollo de aptitudes personales y reorientación de servicios de salud, se aborda la estrategia, en este ensayo, desde el carácter político de la promoción de la salud, moviéndose en el terreno de la salud pública, las políticas públicas saludables y las nociones de política, poder y poder político. A nivel país, se argumentan como fuerzas de influencia sobre el tránsito político de la promoción de la salud en Colombia, desde su adopción en el año 1992, la reglamentación de la descentralización, la Constitución de 1991, la reforma del sistema de salud en 1993 y sus respectivas transiciones, los cambios en el modelo económico, la guerra, la violencia, el narcotráfico, la pobreza, la inequidad y las desigualdades territoriales; internacionalmente, la globalización, la corriente neoliberal, las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y las fluctuaciones conceptuales y operativas de los principios de la Promoción de la Salud y de Atención Primaria en Salud.

This paper examines the scope of health promotion within the Colombian political scenario in the light of the guidelines set forth in the Ottawa Charter of 1986. It also addresses the political nature of the health promotion strategy in the context of public health, healthy public policies, and the concepts of politics, power, and political power. All of this takes into account the prerequisites or conditions for health defined in the Ottawa Charter, which are peace, education, shelter, food, income, a stable ecosystem, social justice, and equity, as well as five action means, namely, the formulation of healthy public policies, the creation of supportive environments, the strengthening of community action, the development of personal skills, and the reorientation of health services. At the national level, we present the regulation of decentralization, the 1991 Constitution, the 1993 health sector reform and its associated transitions, changes in the economic model, war, violence, drug trafficking, poverty, inequity, and territorial inequalities as forces that have influenced the political aspect of health promotion in Colombia since its adoption in 1992. On the international level, the impact of globalization, the neoliberal tendency, the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), and the conceptual and operational changes of the concepts of Health Promotion and Primary Health Care are described.

The upregulated intestinal folate transporters direct the uptake of ligand-modified nanoparticles for enhanced oral insulin delivery

Transporters are traditionally considered to transport small molecules rather than large-sized nanoparticles due to their small pores. In this study, we demonstrate that the upregulated intestinal transporter (PCFT), which reaches a maximum of 12.3-fold expression in the intestinal epithelial cells of diabetic rats, mediates the uptake of the folic acid-grafted nanoparticles (FNP). Specifically, the upregulated PCFT could exert its function to mediate the endocytosis of FNP and efficiently stimulate the traverse of FNP across enterocytes by the lysosome-evading pathway, Golgi-targeting pathway and basolateral exocytosis, featuring a high oral insulin bioavailability of 14.4% in the diabetic rats. Conversely, in cells with relatively low PCFT expression, the positive surface charge contributes to the cellular uptake of FNP, and FNP are mainly degraded in the lysosomes. Overall, we emphasize that the upregulated intestinal transporters could direct the uptake of ligand-modified nanoparticles by mediating the endocytosis and intracellular trafficking of ligand-modified nanoparticles via the transporter-mediated pathway. This study may also theoretically provide insightful guidelines for the rational design of transporter-targeted nanoparticles to achieve efficient drug delivery in diverse diseases.

Do Protocolo de Palermo à compaixão-repressão: indefinições, vieses e idealizações da hegemonia antitráfico / From the Palermo Protocol to compassion-repression: undefinitions, biases and idealizations of anti-trafficking hegemony / Del Protocolo de Palermo a la compasión-represión: incertidumbres, sesgos e idealizaciones de la hegemonía antitrata

À escala globaltem ganhado clara ascendência um paradigma antitráfico associado ao chamado "Protocolo de Palermo", da Organização das Nações Unidas. Considerando as disposições deste protocolo, procuro caracterizar e compreender uma situação que suscita evidentes incongruências estruturais na hegemonia antitráfico: a convivência entre, por um lado, uma definição dilatada do tráfico de pessoas no texto do protocolo e das leis nacionais dele resultantes, e, por outro, a apertada seletividade ideológica que, oscilando de forma quase esquizofrénica entre a compaixão e a repressão, tende apermear os processos de operacionalização dosquadros legais, nomeadamente no que diz respeito ao reconhecimento e proteção das vítimas.

On a global scale, the paradigm of the fight against human trafficking, associated with the so-called "Palermo Protocol" of the United Nations Organization, has acquired a clear ascendancy. Considering the provisions of this protocol, I attempt to characterize and understand a situation that poses evident structural inconsistencies in the anti-trafficking hegemony: the coexistence between, on the one hand, a broad definition of trafficking in persons in the text of the protocol and the resulting national laws, and, on the other, the iron ideological selectivity that, oscillating almost schizophrenically between compassion and repression, tends to permeate the processes of operationalization of legal frameworks, specifically with regard to the recognition and protection of victims.

A escala mundial, el paradigma de la lucha contra la trata de personas, asociado al llamado "Protocolo de Palermo", de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, ha adquirido una clara ascensión. Considerando las disposiciones de este protocolo, intento caracterizar y comprender una situación que plantea evidentes incoherencias estructurales en la hegemonía antitrata: la coexistencia entre, por una parte, una definición amplia de la trata de personas en el texto del protocolo y las leyes nacionales resultantes, y, por otra, la férrea selectividad ideológica que, oscilando de forma casi esquizofrénica entre la compasión y la represión, tiende a impregnar los procesos de operacionalización de los marcos legales, concretamente en lo que se refiere al reconocimiento y protección de las víctimas.

Narcotraficantes en Chile. Análisis estadístico-descriptivo de sujetos detenidos por tráfico de drogas durante el periodo 2017-2021 / Drug traffickers in Chile. Statistical-descriptive analysis of subjects arrested for drug trafficking during the period 2017-2021 / Os traficantes de drogas no Chile. Análise estatística-descritiva dos sujeitos presos por tráfico de drogas durante o período 2017-2021

Desde tiempos remotos, la conducta delictiva ha sido una de las principales preocupaciones de la sociedad. En particular, el narcotráfico ha movilizado a las instituciones del Estado y también a investigadores provenientes de distintas áreas del saber; pese a ello ­en Chile­ esta manifestación del crimen organizado ha sido un fenómeno poco abordado y con escasa evidencia científica. Mediante el lenguaje de programación R se realizó un estudio estadístico descriptivo dirigido a caracterizar el perfil actual del narcotraficante en Chile, a partir de los factores sociocriminógenos presentes en una muestra de 28 397 sujetos, quienes fueron detenidos por tráfico de drogas durante el periodo 2017­2021. Los resultados obtenidos dan cuenta de la inexistencia de un perfil único, sin embargo, se estableció que se trata ­mayoritariamente­ de un hombre adulto, de estado civil soltero, que promedia los 32.5 años, sin un trabajo u oficio formal, con antecedentes policiales y una carrera delictiva caracterizada por la versatilidad criminal. También se discutió el rol de los extranjeros, las mujeres y los adolescentes dentro del narcotráfico, pues, aun cuando su frecuencia estadística es mayor que en otros delitos, su participación dentro de la estructura criminal sigue limitándose a los eslabones más bajos de la organización.

Since ancient times, criminal behavior has been one of society's main concerns. In particular, drug trafficking has mobilized state institutions and researchers from different areas of knowledge; however, in Chile, this manifestation of organized crime has been a phenomenon that has been little addressed and with little scientific evidence. Using the R programming language, a descriptive statistical study was conducted aimed at characterizing the current profile of the drug trafficker in Chile, based on the sociocriminogenic factors present in a sample of 28 397 subjects, who were arrested for drug trafficking during the period 2017-2021. The results obtained show the inexistence of a unique profile, however, it was established that it is -mostly- an adult male, of single marital status, averaging 32.5 years of age, without a formal job or trade, with a police record and a criminal career characterized by criminal versatility. The role of foreigners, women and adolescents in drug trafficking was also discussed, since, although their statistical frequency is higher than in other crimes, their participation in the criminal structure continues to be limited to the lowest links in the organization.

Desde os tempos antigos, o comportamento criminoso tem sido uma das principais preocupações da sociedade. Em particular, o tráfico de drogas mobilizou instituições estatais e pesquisadores de diferentes áreas do conhecimento; entretanto, no Chile, esta manifestação do crime organizado tem sido um fenômeno pouco abordado e com poucas evidências científicas. Usando a linguagem de programação R, foi realizado um estudo estatístico descritivo para caracterizar o perfil atual do traficante de drogas no Chile, baseado nos fatores sócio-criminógenos presentes em uma amostra de 28.397 indivíduos que foram presos por tráfico de drogas durante o período 2017-2021. Os resultados obtidos mostram que não existe um perfil único, no entanto, foi estabelecido que se trata principalmente de um homem adulto, solteiro, com idade média de 32,5 anos, sem um emprego ou ocupação formal, com antecedentes criminais e uma carreira criminosa caracterizada pela versatilidade criminal. O papel dos estrangeiros, mulheres e adolescentes no tráfico de drogas também foi discutido, pois, embora sua freqüência estatística seja maior do que em outros crimes, sua participação na estrutura criminal ainda está limitada aos elos mais baixos da organização.

Medo e tráfico de pessoas / Fear and Human Trafficking / Miedo y trata de personas

Resumo Neste texto considero as conexões entre o medo e as políticas voltadas para o combate ao tráfico de pessoas, a partir de uma etnografia multi-situada realizada a partir de 2004 até 2015 na Espanha e até o momento atual no Brasil. Nos dois países o trabalho envolveu observação em diversos locais, situações e eventos e a interlocução com trabalhadoras sexuais, migrantes realizando serviços em diferentes setores de atividade, empreendedores da indústria do sexo e agentes vinculados a diferentes instâncias de governamentalidade. Baseando-me nessa etnografia mostro como nos regimes anti-tráfico as pessoas que deveriam ser protegidas sentem medo dos efeitos desses regimes que provocam situações percebidas como violência e considero como o medo é uma emoção central acionada na disseminação dos regimes de combate ao tráfico de pessoas. Finalmente, aponto como os objetos que provocam medo tem ido variando ao longo do tempo, explorando as relações entre essas alterações e os campos políticos dos quais esses regimes fazem parte.

Abstract In this article I analyse the connections between fear and policies directed towards fighting human trafficking, considering the multi-sited ethnographic work carried since 2004, up to 2015 in Spain and up to the present moment in Brazil. In both countries the fieldwork involved observation in diverse places, situations and meetings and the interlocution with sex workers, migrants working in different labour sectors, sex industry entrepreneurs and agents connected with diverse governmentality domains. I analyse how people who should be protected by theses regimes feel fear of their effects because they provoke situations perceived as violence and consider how fear is a central emotion mobilized element in the dissemination of the anti-trafficking regimes. Finally, I show how the objects that incite fear have changed along the years, exploring the relations between these alterations and the political fields that these regimes integrate.

Resumen: En este texto considero las conexiones entre el miedo y las políticas dirigidas a enfrentar la trata de personas, a partir de una etnografía multi-situada realizada entre 2004 y 2015 en España y hasta el momento actual en Brasil. En los dos países el trabajo involucró observación en diversos locales, situaciones y eventos y la interlocución con trabajadoras sexuales, migrantes realizando servicios en diferentes sectores, empresarios de la industria del sexo y agentes vinculados a diversas instancias de gobernamentalidad. A partir de esa etnografía muestro como en los regímenes anti-trata las personas que deberían ser protegidas sienten miedo de los efectos de esos regímenes que provocan situaciones percibidas como violencia y considero como el miedo es una emoción central accionada en la diseminación de los regímenes de combate a la trata de personas. Finalmente, muestro como los objetos que provocan miedo han ido variando a lo largo del tempo, explorando las entre esas alteraciones y los campos políticos de los que esos regímenes hacen parte.

Human trafficking, health care systems and sexually transmitted infections / Tráfico humano, sistemas de saúde e infecções sexualmente transmissíveis

Introduction: Data about the increase in human trafficking around the world are worrisome. Although there is legislation on the subject, its scope does not cover all forms and victims of trafficking. Thus, many women, children and men remain in a vulnerable situation. Objective: The purpose of this paper was to elucidate and understand, based on the literature, the relationship between human trafficking, health care systems and the increase in sexually transmitted diseases, and also to point out what is being done to combat the problem. Methods: A documentary research was conducted through an integrative review for the period from 2010 to 2020. The literature search was carried out on the basis of the CAPES journals portal using the keywords "human trafficking", "sexually transmitted diseases", "health care systems" and "education". Results: The results obtained indicated that the absence of access to information, health care and education are intrinsic to the process of illegal immigration and the destination of women and children for exploitation, whether sexual, for organ removal or forced labor, and that situations of violence, absence of health care or education and coercion, among others, are common both for the conditions of trafficking and for the conditions of the increase in sexually transmitted diseases. Conclusion: Given the information obtained, it is concluded that more research must be carried out together with the agencies that investigate and apply current laws to determine what are the most effective measures to combat human trafficking. Furthermore, we highlight the need for information on policies and projects that are able to reach vulnerable populations, with the promotion of education, health care and better living conditions.

Os dados sobre o crescimento do tráfico humano em todo o mundo são preocupantes. Apesar de haver legislação sobre o tema, seu escopo não abrange todas as formas e vítimas do tráfico. Assim, muitas mulheres, crianças e homens seguem em situação de vulnerabilidade. Objetivo: Compreender e elucidar, com base na literatura, a relação entre o tráfico de seres humanos, os sistemas de saúde e o aumento das infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, assim como apontar o que está sendo feito para combater o problema. Métodos: Pesquisa documental feita por meio de revisão integrativa no período de 2010 a 2020. A busca pela literatura foi realizada na base do portal de periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) com a utilização das palavras-chave "tráfico humano", "infecções sexualmente transmissíveis", "sistemas de saúde" e "educação". Resultados: Os resultados obtidos indicam que a falta de acesso à informação, à saúde e à educação são intrínsecos ao processo de imigração ilegal e à destinação de mulheres e crianças para a exploração, seja sexual, seja para a retirada de órgãos ou o trabalho forçado, e que situações de violência, falta de assistência à saúde, educação, coerção, entre outras, são fatores comuns tanto para a condição do tráfico como para a condição do aumento das infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. Conclusão: Diante das informações obtidas, conclui-se que mais pesquisas devem ser realizadas em conjunto com os órgãos que investigam e aplicam a legislação vigente a fim de analisar quais as medidas mais eficazes para o combate do tráfico de seres humanos. Outrossim, destacamos a necessidade de formulação de políticas e projetos que consigam alcançar as populações vulneráveis, com a promoção da educação, a assistência à saúde e melhores condições de vida.

A erradicação do trabalho escravo até 2030 e os desafios da vigilância em saúde do trabalhador / Eradicating slave labour by 2030: the challenge of worker health surveillance

Resumo A erradicação das formas contemporâneas de escravidão é uma relevante questão científica, social e institucional. De fato, esforços globais têm sido feitos para compreender, mapear e eliminar a escravidão contemporânea, como um dos objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável das Nações Unidas até 2030. Entretanto, pouca atenção tem sido dada para o lugar da vigilância em saúde do trabalhador (VISAT) nas estratégias e lutas pela erradicação dessas relações de exploração. Para suprir essa lacuna, este artigo discute o trabalho escravo contemporâneo (TEC) e suas especificidades no Brasil, na perspectiva da VISAT. Inicialmente, destacamos as relações entre trabalho escravo, saúde do/a trabalhador/a e a vigilância em saúde e, em seguida, apresentamos três desafios da vigilância para o enfretamento do TEC: o desafio de caracterizar setores econômicos, regiões e populações afetadas; o de identificar determinantes, riscos e efeitos à saúde; e o de fortalecer práticas e serviços de saúde do trabalhador para desencadear ações de formação, informação e intervenção em regiões de maior presença de TEC. Conclui-se que a vigilância em saúde do trabalhador pode trazer contribuições significativas para emancipação de trabalhadores em contextos de trabalho escravo.

Abstract Eradicating modern slavery is a relevant scientific, social, and institutional challenge issue. Indeed, efforts are being made globally to understand, map, and eradicate contemporary slavery as a target of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. However, little attention has been given to the Occupational Health Surveillance (VISAT) in the strategies and struggle against exploiting relationships. In order to fill this gap, the paper discusses contemporary slave labor (CSL) and its specificities in Brazil from an occupational health surveillance perspective. We initially highlight the link between CSL, occupational health, and occupational health surveillance (VISAT). We then present three VISAT challenges to addressing CSL: the challenging task of characterizing economic sectors and populations most affected; identifying determinants, risks, and effects on health; and strengthening occupational health practices and services to trigger specific actions regarding formation, information, and intervention in regions of high CSL prevalence. We conclude that Occupational Health Surveillance can play an essential role in the emancipation of workers engaged in slavery relationships.

Postsynaptic Targeting and Mobility of Membrane Surface-Localized hASIC1a / 神经科学通报·英文版

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), the main H

TMED2 is Regulated by miR-5583-5p to Elicit an Oncogene Effect in Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is the most common type of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with high morbidity and mortality. Many studies have shown that microRNA (miRNA) are small non-coding RNA that regulate the post-transcriptional processing of target genes, resulting in the degradation and translation inhibition of target mRNA. However, how the transmembrane p24 trafficking protein 2 (TMED2) is regulated by miR-5583-5p on migration, invasion, proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of TSCC Cal-27 cells is unclear. In this study, a database was used to analyze the expression of TMED2 in HNSCC (P <0. 001) in head and neck cancer (HNC). Western blot showed that the expression of TMED2 protein was up-regulated in 6 cases of TSCC tissues and cell lines such as SCC-9, SCC-25 and CAL-27. After the Cal-27 cells transfected with TMED2 interference plasmid (SiTMED2) the expression of E-cadherin was up-regulated, and N-cadherin and Vimentin was down-regulated. Migration and invasion experiments showed that the number of cells transfused into the basement membrane of the cells was lower than that of the control group (P<0. 05). The results of EdU showed that the proliferation of Cal-27 cells transfected with SiTMED2 was decreased (P<0. 05). The results of dual luciferase experiment showed that TMED2 had a binding target to miR-5583-5p, and the expression of miR-5583-5p in Cal-27 cell was lower than that in Hoec cells. The expression of miR-5583-5p was increased and TMED2 protein was decreased after the Cal-27 cells were transfected with miR-5583-5p plasmid (P < 0. 05). In conclusion, TMED2 is regulated by miR-5583-5p and promoted the migration, invasion, proliferation and EMT of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell Cal-27.

Mecanismos de reclutamiento utilizados por las redes de tráfico sexual en Nevada, Estados Unidos / Recruiting mechanisms used by sex trafficking networks in Nevada, United States

Resumen El comercio sexual de jóvenes, que son llevadas desde Centroamérica y México hacia Estados Unidos, ha sido ampliamente documentado, y sin embargo, sigue siendo un problema grave, del que se desconocen sus cambiantes dinámicas y estrategias de reclutamiento, ya sean voluntarias o forzadas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue examinar los mecanismos utilizados por las redes de traficantes para reclutar mujeres migrantes, para ser prostituidas en Nevada, Estados Unidos. Este trabajo está fundamentado en una metodología cualitativa, que incluye entrevistas a 3 reclutadores centroamericanos y 12 mujeres de México y Centroamérica. Los principales resultados encontrados indican que estas redes reclutan preferentemente a menores de edad, vulnerables, con un pasado relacionado con la prostitución y necesidades económicas apremiantes. Los mecanismos de reclutamiento utilizados por estas redes no se basan en el uso de la violencia, sino en el abuso de una situación de vulnerabilidad. En conclusión, el hecho de no recurrir a estrategias de reclutamiento violentas disminuye el riesgo de esta actividad, ya que las mujeres no les denuncian, porque no se consideran víctimas.

Abstract The international sex trade, involving young people who are taken from Central America and Mexico to the United States, has been widely documented. However, it remains a serious problem, from which its changing dynamics and recruitment strategies, whether voluntary or forced, are unknown. The objective of this paper was to examine the mechanisms used by sex smuggling networks to recruit migrant women to be prostituted in Nevada, USA. This research is based on a qualitative methodology that includes interviews with 3 Central American recruiters and 12 women from Mexico and Central America. The main results indicate that these networks recruit predominantly vulnerable underage girls with a past associated with prostitution and towering economic necessities. Recruitment mechanisms used by these networks are not based on the use of violence, but on the abuse of a position of vulnerability. In conclusion, not resorting to violent recruitment strategies reduces the risk of this activity, since women do not report them because they do not consider themselves victims.

La técnica de modelamiento y el tratamiento penitenciario: el caso de los internos extranjeros de difícil readaptación por tráfico ilícito de drogas en el establecimiento penitenciario Ancón II, Lima, Perú / The Modeling Technique and Penitentiary Treatment: the Case of Foreign Inmates Imprisoned due to Illegal Drug Trafficking with Rehabilitation Difficulties in the Ancón II Detention Facility, Lima, Peru / Técnica de modelagem e tratamento penitenciário: o caso do presidiários estrangeiros de difícil readaptação devido ao tráfico de drogas na penitenciária Ancón II, Lima, Peru

Resumen El establecimiento penitenciario Ancón II fue designado como "modelo" para reorientar el tratamiento penitenciario basado en técnicas modernas; por ello, recibió internos por tráfico ilícito de drogas de difícil readaptación que llegaron desde el establecimiento penitenciario del Callao. En el diagnóstico criminológico se observó renuencia a participar en las acciones psicológicas, desinterés por actividades laborales o educativas, e inadecuado arreglo personal. La investigación aplicada tuvo como objetivo proporcionar el tratamiento penitenciario. Usó como metodología la técnica de reforzamiento positivo y modelamiento. La población estuvo conformada por 67 internos, quienes decidieron participar voluntariamente en el proyecto. Los resultados muestran que el 91% de los internos alcanzó un cambio conductual significativo durante y después de participar en el proyecto Programa Integral de Tratamiento para Extranjeros en Reclusión (P.I.T.E.R.). Se concluyó que la aplicación de las técnicas conductuales facilita la participación en el tratamiento penitenciario por parte de internos extranjeros de difícil readaptación por tráfico ilícito de drogas.

Abstract The Ancón II detention facility was designated as the "model" for redirecting penitentiary treatment based on modern techniques: for this reason, it received inmates imprisoned due to illegal drug trafficking with Rehabilitation Difficulties from the Callao detention facility. Reluctance to participate in psychological actions, a lack of interest in work or educational activities and inadequate personal grooming were observed in the criminological diagnosis. The objective of the applied research was to provide penitentiary treatment. It used the positive reinforcement and modeling techniques as its methodology. The population was 67 inmates, who voluntarily decided to participate in the project. The results showed that 91% of inmates achieved a significant behavioral change while and after participating in the Comprehensive Treatment for Imprisoned Foreigners Program (P.I.T.E.R.) project. It was concluded that applying behavioral techniques facilitates the participation of foreign inmates imprisoned due to illegal drug trafficking with rehabilitation difficulties in penitentiary treatment.

Resumo A penitenciária Ancón II foi designada como "modelo" para reorientar o tratamento penitenciário com base em técnicas modernas; por isso, recebeu presos por tráfico ilícito de drogas de difícil readaptação que chegaram da penitenciária de Callao. No diagnóstico criminológico observou-se relutância em participar nas ações psicológicas, desinteresse pelas atividades de trabalho ou educacionais e cuidados pessoais inadequados. A pesquisa aplicada teve como objetivo proporcionar o tratamento penitenciário. Usou como metodologia a técnica de reforço positivo e a técnica de modelagem. A população esteve composta por 67 presidiários que decidiram participar voluntariamente do projeto. Os resultados mostram que 91% dos reclusos conseguiram uma mudança comportamental significativa durante e após a participação no projeto Programa Integral de Tratamento para Estrangeiros em Reclusão (P.I.T.E.R.). Concluiuse que a aplicação de técnicas comportamentais facilita a participação em tratamento penitenciário de presidiários estrangeiros de difícil readaptação pelo tráfico ilícito de drogas.

Miseria en el hogar: el encierro domiciliario de las mujeres detenidas por delitos relacionados con las drogas en Medellín / Hardship at Home: Domestic Incarceration of Women Detained due to Drug-related Crimes in Medellín / Miséria na casa: a prisão domiciliar das mulheres detidas por crimes relacionados às drogas em Medellín

Resumen El presente artículo es resultado de una investigación realizada en la cárcel El Pedregal durante el año 2018. En el texto sostenemos que las situaciones de violencia, pobreza y exclusión social que condicionan el ingreso a prisión de las mujeres condenadas por delitos relacionados con el narcotráfico, no sólo afectan el proceso de reinserción social de las internas, sino que suponen retos significativos para garantizar los fines de la pena cuando se trata de las penas o medidas domiciliarias. Estas dificultades hacen que, en su forma actual, el domicilio, como mecanismo alternativo a la pena intramural, no tenga capacidad para cumplir las funciones que le son asignadas, como son el de facilitar la resocialización, la disminución de la reincidencia y la reducción de los efectos negativos del encarcelamiento. Por ello, sostenemos que es necesario no sólo fortalecer el sistema institucional dirigido a supervisar a las mujeres en dicha condición, sino brindar una atención integral que permita superar las condiciones de marginalidad en que se encuentran las mujeres encerradas en el hogar.

Abstract This article is the result of research performed in the El Pedregal prison during 2018. In this text, we sustain that violence, poverty and social exclusion, which condition the imprisonment of women detained due to crimes related to drug trafficking not only affect the inmates' social reinsertion process, but pose significant challenges to ensuring the purposes of the penalty when they are domestic penalties or measures. These difficulties keep the home, in its current state, as an alternative mechanism to intramural penalties, from having the capacity to perform the functions assigned to it, such as facilitating resocialization, reducing recidivism and decreasing the negative effects of imprisonment. For this reason, we maintain that it is not only necessary to strengthen the institutional system aimed at supervising women in said condition, but to provide comprehensive attention that allows women incarcerated at home to overcome conditions of marginality.

Resumo Este artigo é o resultado de uma pesquisa realizada no presídio El Pedregal em 2018. No texto argumentamos que as situações de violência, pobreza e exclusão social que condicionam a admissão das mulheres condenadas por crimes relacionados ao tráfico de drogas, não só afetam o processo de reinserção social das presidiárias, mas também supõem desafios importantes para garantir os fins da pena quando tratam-se das penas ou medidas domiciliárias. Essas dificuldades fazem com que, na sua forma atual, o domicílio, como mecanismo alternativo da pena intramuro, não tenha capacidade para cumprir as funções que lhe são atribuídas, como facilitar a ressocialização, diminuir a reincidência e reduzir os efeitos negativos do encarceramento. Por isso, defendemos que é necessário não só fortalecer o sistema institucional orientado para a supervisão das mulheres nessa condição, mas também oferecer uma atenção integral que permita superar as condições de marginalização em que se encontram as mulheres encerradas em casa.

High rates of incarceration due to drug trafficking in the last decade in southern Brazil

Abstract Introduction Drug-related crimes, especially drug trafficking, account for a large part of incarcerations not only in Brazil, but also worldwide. It is not clear whether the change in the drug law has contributed to the increase in the number of drug trafficking prisoners. Few studies have investigated gender differences and the growth of drug trafficking offenses in the Brazilian southern state of Rio Grande do Sul. Objective To investigate the growth of the prison population in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, emphasizing incarcerations for drug trafficking and gender differences. Method This was an ecological study using secondary data collected from official databases of the Brazilian National Penitentiary Department (Departamento Penitenciário [DEPEN]), affiliated with the Brazilian Ministry of Justice. Results Between 2006 and 2015, incarcerations increased by 27% (25% men, 83% women). Incarcerations for drug trafficking accounted for 11% of total arrests in 2006 (11% men, 20% women) and 45% in 2015 (47% men, 91% women), corresponding to an increase of 427% (415% among men, 723% among women). Conclusions Imprisonment for drug trafficking has increased considerably, especially among women. This may be due to factors such as: increase of drug trafficking, increase in the numbers of gangs in the state, and changes in the Brazilian drug law. These results highlight an emerging challenge in public health from the perspective of human rights and gender.

Fatores de Risco no Contexto de Adolescentes Envolvidos no Tráfico de Drogas / Factors within the Context of Adolescents Involved in Drug Trafficking / Factores de Riesgo para los Adolescentes Involucrados en el Tráfico de Drogas

O objetivo deste artigo foi verificar os fatores de risco presentes no contexto de adolescentes com histórico de envolvimento no tráfico de drogas. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualitativa, exploratório-descritivo e com recorte transversal. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 8 adolescentes que apresentavam envolvimento intenso no tráfico de drogas. As questões foram estruturadas levando em considerações diferentes dimensões da vida dos adolescentes, incluindo fatores de risco, bem como sobre a trajetória de envolvimento no tráfico de drogas. Os dados obtidos na investigação sugerem que os fatores de risco na vida dos adolescentes possuem três dimensões temporais: antes, durante e após o envolvimento no tráfico de drogas. Os resultados apontaram que o envolvimento no tráfico de drogas consolida um conjunto de variáveis que se mostram prejudiciais ao desenvolvimento dos adolescentes. Além das repercussões sociais debatidas neste manuscrito, materializados a partir do estigma que recebem, passam a depender financeiramente (seja para atividades de lazer, consumo ou auxílio às famílias) e psicologicamente (para manter o status social adquirido e até mesmo consumir as substâncias psicoativas) do tráfico de drogas. (AU)

This article aimed to evaluate the risk factors present in the context of adolescents with the history of involvement in drug trafficking. The fieldwork was qualitative in nature, exploratory and cross-cut. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 adolescents with an intense involvement in drug trafficking. Questions were based on different dimensions of adolescents' lives, including risk factors, as well as the trajectory of involvement in drug trafficking. Data suggest that risk factors in adolescents' lives have three dimensions: before, during, and after involvement in drug trafficking. Findings showed that the involvement drug trafficking consolidates a set of variables that represents damage to the psychosocial development of adolescents. In addition to the social repercussions discussed in this manuscript, illustrated by the stigma they receive, they depend financially (whether for leisure activities, consumption or family support) and psychologically (to maintain acquired social status and even consume psychoactive substances) drug trafficking. (AU)

Este artículo tuvo por objetivo evaluar los factores de riesgo presentes en el contexto de adolescentes involucrados en el tráfico de drogas. Es un estudio de naturaleza cualitativa, exploratorio-descriptivo y con recorte transversal. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con 8 adolescentes que tenían una participación más intensa en las actividades ilícitas. Las cuestiones fueron estructuradas llevando en cuenta diferentes dimensiones de la vida de los adolescentes, incluyendo factores de riesgo, así como sobre la trayectoria de implicación en el tráfico de drogas. Los datos obtenidos en la investigación sugieren que los factores de riesgo en la vida de los adolescentes tienen tres dimensiones temporales: antes, durante y después de la participación en el tráfico de drogas. Los resultados mostraron que la participación en el tráfico de drogas consolida un conjunto de variables que son perjudiciales para el desarrollo de los adolescentes. Además de las repercusiones sociales discutidas en este manuscrito, materializadas a partir del estigma que reciben, dependen financieramente (ya sea para actividades de ocio, consumo o apoyo familiar) y psicológicamente (para mantener el status social adquirido e incluso consumir las sustancias psicoactivas) del narcotráfico. (AU)