Control del entrenamiento con datos GPS y medidas subjetivas de fatiga y recuperación en futbolistas hondureños durante un periodo preparatorio para los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio 2020/2021 / Training Monitoring With GPS Data and Subjective Measures of Fatigue and Recovery in Honduran Soccer Players During a Preparatory Period for Tokyo 2020/2021 Olympic Games / Monitoramento do treinamento com dados GPS e medidas subjetivas de fadiga e recuperação dos jogadores de futebol hondurenhos durante um período preparatório para os Jogos Olímpicos de Tóquio 2020/2021

Resumen: Introducción: El control de cargas de entrenamiento es importante para optimizar el rendimiento. Por lo tanto, se deben documentar metodologías que mejoren la preparación de selecciones nacionales en eventos como los juegos olímpicos. Objetivo: Determinar si los datos del GPS en combinación con medidas subjetivas de bienestar, fatiga y recuperación son apropiados para el control de las cargas durante un periodo preparatorio para los Juegos Olímpicos. Metodología: Participaron 22 jugadores profesionales sub-23 durante 5 microciclos y 27 sesiones de entrenamiento. Se recopilaron datos de carga externa a través de un sistema global de posicionamiento (GPS): Distancia total (DT), zonas de rendimiento Z0 (0-15 km/h), Z1 (15.1-18 km/h), Z2 (18.1-24 km/h), Z3 (>24.1 km/h)), velocidad máxima (Vmax (km/h)), aceleraciones (>2.5m/s2) y desaceleraciones (<2.5m/s2). También, se obtuvo la carga interna a través de medidas subjetivas de percepción del esfuerzo (RPE), calidad de la recuperación (TQR), predisposición para entrenar (RTT%) derivada de las variables de calidad del sueño, dolor muscular, niveles de energía, estado de ánimo, estrés, calidad de la alimentación y la salud. Luego se calculó la ratio subjetiva de fatiga-recuperación (F-R). Se aplicó un test ANOVA, análisis de componentes principales (ACP) y una regresión múltiple lineal. Resultados: Las variables DT (p=0.00 TE=0.22), Z0 (p= 0.00 TE=0.08), Z2 (p=0.00 TE= 0.05), Vmax (p=0.00 TE=0.42), suma de aceleración y deceleración (p=0.00 TE=0.08) y valores relativos de la carga/min (p=0.00 TE=0.17) se identificaron como variables más sensibles al cambio de la carga entre microciclos. El RTT% y ratio subjetivo F-R mostraron un tamaño del efecto moderado (p=0.04 TE=0.06 y p=0.06 TE=0.06), pero fueron sensibles al cambio entre los microciclos. El ACP extrajo 15 variables GPS y 11 variables subjetivas que explicaron el 78% de la varianza de la carga de entrenamiento. Conclusión: Utilizar datos GPS junto con medidas subjetivas implicadas en la fatiga-recuperación puede ser una buena estrategia para el control de la carga de entrenamiento en futbolistas.

Abstract: Background: Training control is essential to optimize performance. Therefore, methodologies that improve the preparation of national teams in events such as the Olympic Games should be documented. Purpose: To determine whether GPS data in combination with subjective measures of well-being, fatigue and recovery are appropriate for load monitoring during a preparatory period for the Olympic Games. Methodology: Twenty-two under-23 professional players participated during 5 micro-cycles and 27 training sessions. External load data was collected via a global positioning system (GPS): Total distance (DT), performance zones Z0 (0-15 km/h), Z1 (15.1-18 km/h), Z2 (18.1 -24 km/h), Z3 (>24.1 km/h), maximum speed (km/h), accelerations (>2.5m/s.) and decelerations (<2.5m/s.). Also, internal load was obtained through subjective measures of Rating Perceived Exertion (RPE), Total Quality Recovery (TQR), Readiness to Train (RTT%) obtained from the sleep quality, muscle pain, energy levels, mood, stress, food quality and health. The subjective rate of fatigue-recovery (F-R) was then calculated. An ANOVA test, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression were applied. Results: the variables DT (p=0.00 ES=0.22), Z0 (p= 0.00 TE=0.08), Z2 (p=0.00 ES= 0.05), maximum speed (p= 0.00 ES=0.42), sum of acceleration and deceleration (p=0.00 ES=0.08) and values relative to load/min (p=0.00 ES=0.17) were identified as variables more sensitive to load change between micro-cycles. RTT% and subjective rate F-R showed a moderate effect size (p=0.04 ES=0.06 and p=0.06 ES=0.06), but were sensitive to change between micro-cycles. PCA extracted 15 GPS variables and 11 subjective variables that explained 78% of the training load variance. Conclusion: Using GPS data together with subjective measures involved in fatigue-recovery may be a good strategy to control training load in footballers.

Resumo: Introdução: O monitoramento das cargas de treinamento é importante para otimizar o desempenho. Portanto, as metodologias devem ser documentadas para melhorar a preparação das equipes nacionais para eventos como os Jogos Olímpicos. Objetivo: Determinar se os dados GPS em combinação com medidas subjetivas de bem-estar, fadiga e recuperação são apropriados para o monitoramento da carga durante um período preparatório para os Jogos Olímpicos. Metodologia: 22 jogadores profissionais U-23 participaram durante 5 microciclos e 27 sessões de treinamento. Os dados de carga externa foram coletados através de um sistema de posicionamento global (GPS): distância total (DT), zonas de desempenho Z0 (0- 15 km/h), Z1 (15,1-18 km/h), Z2 (18,1-24 km/h), Z3 (>24,1 km/h), velocidade máxima (Vmax (km/h)), acelerações (>2,5m/ s2) e desacelerações (<2,5m/s2). Além disso, a carga interna foi obtida através de medidas subjetivas de percepção do esforço (RPE), qualidade de recuperação (TQR), predisposição para o treinamento (RTT%) derivada das variáveis de qualidade do sono, dor muscular, níveis de energia, humor, estresse, qualidade alimentar e saúde. Posteriormente a taxa subjetiva de fadiga-recuperação (F-R) foi calculada. Um teste ANOVA, análise de componentes principais (ACP) e regressão linear múltipla foram aplicados. Resultados: As variáveis DT (p=0,00 TE=0,22), Z0 (p= 0,00 TE=0,08), Z2 (p=0,00 TE= 0,05), Vmax (p=0,00 TE=0,42), soma de aceleração e desaceleração (p=0,00 TE=0,08) e valores de carga relativa/min (p=0,00 TE=0,17) foram identificadas como as variáveis mais sensíveis à mudança de carga entre microciclos. RTT% e a relação F-R subjetiva mostraram tamanho de efeito moderado (p=0,04 TE=0,06 e p=0,06 TE=0,06 TE=0,06), mas foram sensíveis à mudança entre microciclos. O ACP extraiu 15 variáveis GPS e 11 variáveis subjetivas que explicaram 78% da variância na carga de treinamento. Conclusão: O uso de dados GPS junto com medidas subjetivas envolvidas na fadiga#recuperação pode ser uma boa estratégia para o monitoramento da carga de treinamento em jogadores de futebol.

Are rating of perceived exertion and heart rate methods useful to monitor the internal training load in functional training?

Abstract Aim: The study aimed to quantify and characterize the Training Load (TL) in a Functional Training (FT) model using Heart Rate (HR) and Session Rating of Perceived Exertion (sRPE) methods, and to verify whether these methods could be valid to monitor the TL during a FT program. Methods: The study design consisted of two phases: phase 1 - composed of a single training session of FT (FTSESSION), in which HR, sRPE, and pre- and post-exercise lactate [La] levels were assessed; phase 2 - composed of a FT program (FTPROGRAM) with eight weeks of duration and two sessions per week. The HR and SRPE were utilized to monitor all training sessions, and the results between sessions 1 vs. 8, 8 vs. 9, and 9 vs. 16 were compared. Results: On phase 1, HR distribution demonstrated that the participants spent about 75% of the total training time above 80% HRmax. Post-exercise [La] values were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than pre-exercise. The mean sRPE score was 8.5 ± 1.2. In phase 2, HR distribution was different between sessions 1-8 and 8-9 (p < 0.05). A strong correlation (r = 0.790) between the internal training load (ITL) and Training impulse (TRIMP) was observed. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that the FTSESSION can be characterized as a high-intensity exercise, based on the pattern of HR responses and sRPE, and was reinforced by the [Lapeak]. Also, the TL monitoring methods (sRPE and TRIMP) proved to be valid for monitoring FT programs.

Relationships between type and duration of training and well-being status of volleyball athletes / Relações entre tipo e duração do treinamento e status de bem-estar de atletas de voleibol

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to describe weekly variations in the type and duration of training, as well as wellness-related parameters, in elite volleyball players. Twenty-four youth elite volleyball players from the French national team (age: 17.8 ± 1.0 y.o.) were monitored daily, and the type of training, training duration, participation in matches, and wellness status were measured over 22 weeks. Volleyball training duration varied from 100 to 510 minutes per week, while strength and conditioning training duration varied from 97 to 262 minutes per week. Fatigue levels varied from 1.5 to 2.8 A.U., and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) varied from 1.5 to 2.5 A.U. Large positive correlation were found between sleep and match duration (r = 0.64) and between stress and weekly volume (r = 0.52). Additionally, moderate positive correlation were found between fatigue and match duration (r = 0.36); between sleep and weekly volume (r = 0.35); between DOMS and match duration (r = 0.43); between stress and strength training (r = 0.42), volleyball training (r = 0.35), and match duration (r = 0.47). The present study revealed natural variations in training volume across the season and moderate dependency between weekly training/match durations and wellness status.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as variações semanais no tipo e duração do treinamento, bem como parâmetros relacionados ao bem-estar, em jogadores de elite de voleibol. Vinte e quarto jovens jogadores de elite de voleibol da seleção Francesa (idade: 17,8 ± 1,0 anos) foram monitorados diariamente, e o tipo de treinamento, a duração do treinamento, a participação em partidas e o status de bem-estar foram medidos durante 22 semanas. A duração do treinamento de voleibol variou de 100 a 510 minutos por semana, enquanto a duração do treinamento de força e condicionamento variou de 97 a 262 minutos por semana. Os níveis de fadiga variaram de 1,5 a 2,8 A.U., e a dor muscular tardia (DMT) variou de 1,5 a 2,5 A.U. Correlação positiva grande foi encontrada entre sono e duração do jogo (r = 0,64) e entre estresse e volume semanal (r = 0,52). Além disso, uma correlação positiva moderada foi encontrada entre fadiga e duração da partida (r = 0,36), entre sono e volume semanal (r = 0,35), entre DMT e duração da partida (r = 0,43), entre estresse e treinamento de força (r = 0,42), treinamento de voleibol (r = 0,35), e duração da partida (r = 0,47). O presente estudo revelou variações naturais no volume de treinamento ao longo da temporada e dependência moderada entre treinamento semanal/duração da partida e status de bem-estar.

Effect of Paralympic powerlifting training on sleep and its relationship with training load

Abstract Aim: This study aims to compare the sleep parameters in Paralympic powerlifting athletes during days with and without training, and to analyze the relationship between the training load and sleep on the same day and the relationship between the previous night's sleep and the training load of the following day. Methods: Actigraphy was used to analyze the sleep parameters of 11 Paralympic powerlifting athletes for 14 days (7 days without and with training), whereas Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) analysis was used to assess training load. In addition, the Horne and östberg chronotype questionnaire and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale were applied. Results: Athletes show morning and indifferent chronotype and low daytime sleepiness. We found that on training days, sleep onset latency (SOL) was lower (average 5.3 min faster), whereas total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency (SE) were higher (TST averaged 169 min and SE 7% higher) compared to non-training days. In addition, the TST of the night before the training days correlated positively with the RPE of the following day, and the training volume correlated negatively with the SE of the same day. Conclusion: Our findings show that Paralympic powerlifting training had positive effects in increasing TST and SE and decreasing SOL on training days. These results show the positive effects of this type of training in improving sleep in athletes with physical disabilities. In addition, a good night's sleep the day before training can make it possible to put more effort into the next day's training. Therefore, guiding athletes to sleep more before training with more intense loads is recommended.

The Relationship of Training Parameters with Incidence of Injury, Sleep and Well Being of Young University Swimmers

The purpose of present study was to examine correlation between Training Load (TL), Monotony (MT), Strain (ST), AcuteChronic Work Load Ratio (ACWR), Sleep, Well-being and Incidence of Injuries over a pre competitive season. The presentstudy further compares Training load, Monotony, Strain and ACWR over seven weeks of training in a swimming team.Twelve males from the university swimming team took part in the study with the mean age of 20.41 years, mean weight 71.16kg and mean BMI 22.19. All participants who enrolled in the study were followed and monitored for a period of seven weekswhich included both training and competition. The training load was measured by Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) ×time. ACWR, strain and monotony were calculated using standard formulas. Sleep quality was measured using PittsburgSleep Quality Index and well-being was assessed using WHO -5 well-being Index. Pearson correlation coefficients was usedto examine the relationships. There were some interesting findings as very few injuries (n=3) occur during the training andno injury taking place during the competition. Interestingly, no relationship was seen between various training parametersand sleep. While strong positive relationship was seen between TL and ST (r = 0.89), TL and ACWR (r = 0.80) and ST andACWR (r = 0.78). The relationship was also found between ACWR and Well-being (r = 0.71). The findings suggest that thetraining load was well within the acceptable range as enough recovery days were provided during the training weeks. One ofthe major limitations of the present study was that it was set up in a very demanding academic environment and therefore itmay not be appropriate to generalize the findings to rest of the population or different geographical and educational settings.

Effects of previous carbohydrate supplementation on muscular fatigue: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study

Aims: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of previous carbohydrate supplementation on high-volume resistance exercise performance Methods: Twenty males physically independent adults aged ≥18 years participated in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. Sixty minutes before the experimental protocol, each participant ingested 0,6 g.kg of body mass-1 of carbohydrate supplementation or placebo. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction tests were performed before and after the dynamic fatigue induction protocol consisting of 10 sets of 8 repetitions of right leg knee extensors at 120º s-1. Results: Lower decrement of the isometric peak torque (p<0,001) and of the rate of torque development (p<0,001) was observed in carbohydrate supplementation after the dynamic protocol. Both concentric and eccentric peak torque differed significantly (p<0,001) between carbohydrate supplementation and placebo treatments from the second set, although the slope of the force-repetitions curve was not different between them. Additionally, the carbohydrate supplementation resulted in a lower session rating of perceived exertion (p<0,05). Conclusions: Previous carbohydrate supplementation attenuates muscle fatigue and internal load exercise in a high-volume isokinetic leg protocol.(AU)

La mesoestructura, modelo de entrenamiento contemporáneo de la escuela cubana de boxeo / The mesostructure, model of contemporary training of the cuban boxing school

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo trasmitir las experiencias sobre la elaboración y aplicación de una meso-estructura de 3-4 microciclos que permitió mantener un largo estado de la forma deportiva (5-6 meses) sobre base científico-técnica y metodológica en la planificación del entrenamiento deportivo de la selección nacional de boxeo, que participó en la 4ta Serie Mundial de Boxeo. La muestra investigada la conformaron 21 boxeadores, lo que representa el 58%, de una población conformada por 36 atletas/estudiantes pertenecientes a la Escuela Nacional de Boxeo. La importancia de la investigación es que se expone la utilización de nuevos conceptos de planificación y las modificaciones actuales en la estructura del entrenamiento, así como la contribución de la ciencia a la adaptación de las cargas de entrenamiento, que permita obtener resultados positivos durante un largo estado de la forma deportiva, factores sobre los cuales es necesario reflexionar para una planificación eficaz del entrenamiento deportivo moderno.

ABSTRACT The present work aims to express the experiences on the development and application of a meso-structure of 3-4 microcycles that allowed to maintain a long state of sport form (5-6 months) on a scientific-technical and methodological basis in planning of the sports training of the national boxing team, who participated in the 4th World Boxing Series. The samples investigated were 21 boxers, which represents 58%, of a population made up of 36 athletes / students belonging to the National School of Boxing. The importance of the research is that it exposes the use of new planning concepts and the current modifications in the training structure, as well as the contribution of science to the adaptation of training loads, which allows to obtain positive results during a long period of time. state of the sport form, factors on which it is necessary to reflect for an effective planning of modern sports training.

Comparisons of recovery, external and internal load by playing position and match outcome in professional soccer

AIMS: To compare the internal and external load and the recovery by playing position and the match outcome (wins, losses or draws) in professional soccer. METHODS: 23 male professional soccer athletes from a team of the first division of the Brazilian Championship took part into the study (age 26.1 ± 3.8 years old, weight 77.5 ± 5.0 kg, height 177.6 ± 5.1 cm). During the games, athletes were monitored by GPS and the variables of external loads were taken. Additionally, the session rating of perceived exertion (session RPE) and the perceived recovery scale (PRS) were collected 30 minutes and 40h after the end of the matches, respectively. RESULTS: The external load was greater on full-backs and defense midfielders (p<0.05). The full-backs cover higher total distances compared to attackers, and, compared to all the others positions, they have more stimuli > 20 km/h, covering higher distances >20 km/h; these stimuli makes them to perceive less recovered than defenders, defense and attack midfielders (p<0.05). Moreover, the defenders are those who cover lower distances by the minute and the defense midfielders are those who present the lower Peak Velocity (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between GPS variables, internal load and recovery. In addition, it was found a correlation between the external and the internal load (r=0.66; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The GPS variables and the perceived recovery are influenced by the playing position, but not by the match outcome.(AU)

Efeito da carga interna de treinamento sobre o VO2máx de mulheres adultas / Effect of internal training load on VO2max of adult women

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito da magnitude da carga interna de treinamento (CIT) sobre o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx) de mulheres adultas. A amostra investigada foi constituída de 44 mulheres sedentárias de meia idade (51,3±3,7 anos; 1,60±0,01 m; 71,4±3,1 kg; %G= 34,3 ± 1,0; VO2máx = 22,6 ± 4,6 mL.kg.min-1), pertencentes ao programa sistemático de atividade física conduzido em Unidade Básica de Saúde. As voluntárias foram divididas em 2 grupos (G1 e G2) com base na CIT acumulada, em unidade arbitrárias (u.a.), calculada a posteriori, pelo método da percepção subjetiva do esforço (PSE) da sessão. Para determinar o VO2máx, foi utilizado o protocolo indireto do teste de 12 minutos. A CIT de cada sessão foi contabilizada para a determinação da CIT acumulada durante todo o período de investigação. O programa de treinamento foi composto de 36 sessões de treinamento, 3 vezes por semana, com intervalo de 48 horas, durante 12 semanas. As voluntárias foram divididas em 2 grupos, considerando a magnitude da CIT. Foi observada diferença (p<0,001) entre os grupos (G1 = 10541 ± 332 u.a. ­ G2 = 11398 ± 343 u.a.). O aprimoramento do VO2máx também foi diferente entre G1 e G2 (p<0,001) (Δ%G1= 14,0%, Δ%G2= 23,9%), sendo que o G2 apresentou o maior ganho percentual (p<0,01). Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que a magnitude da CIT acumulada nas 36 sessões induziu o maior ganho em relação ao VO2máx durante as 12 semanas de treinamento. Estes resultados reforçam a hipótese de que a magnitude da CIT influencia o resultado do processo de treinamento físico.(AU)

The aim of the present investigation was to analyze the effect internal training load (ITL) magnitude on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in adult women. The sample investigated in the present was composed by 44 middle-age women (51.3 ± 3.7 years; 1.60 ±0.01 m; 71.4 ± 3.1 kg; %G = 34.3 ± 1.0; VO2max = 22.6 ± 4.6 mL.kg-1.min-1), belonging to a systematic programme of physical activity of a Basic Health Unit. The participants were divided in 2 groups (G1 e G2) based on the accumulated ITL, assessed by session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) Method. For the determination of the VO2máx, a 12-minute test protocol was implemented. The training programme was composed by 36 training sessions, 3 times per week, with 48-hours recovery period, during 12 weeks. The participants were divided in to 2 groups considering the magnitude of accumulated ITL. A significant difference was detected among the groups (p<0.001) (G1 = 10541 ± 332 a.u. ­ G2 = 11398 ± 343 a.u). The VO2máx gain was significantly different (p<0.001) among groups (Δ%G1= 14.0%, Δ%G2= 23.9%), being greater for the G2 group (p<0.01). The results of the present study suggest that the magnitude of ITL accumulated in the 36 training sessions induced a greater VO2máx gain during the 12 weeks of training. These results reinforce the hypothesis that the magnitude of ITL influences the outcomes (i.e. VO2max) related to the physical training process.(AU)

Carga interna de treinamento em diferentes aulas pré formatadas do sistema Les Mills® / Internal training load in different pre standardized workouts of Les Mills® system

O objetivo do presente estudo foi quantificar a carga interna de treinamento imposta em diferentes aulas pré-formatadas do sistema Les Mills® e comparar a percepção de esforço planejada pelo instrutor com a percebida pelas alunas. A amostra foi constituída por 20 mulheres jovens. Foram monitoradas 10 aulas, em duas semanas consecutivas. A carga interna foi determinada pelo método da percepção subjetiva do esforço da sessão (PSE-sessão). Os valores da PSE-sessão não diferiram significativamente da 1ª para a 2ª semana (Body Combat© = 252 ± 36 vs. 258 ± 39 UA – p=0,64; Body Pump© (terça-feira) = 171 ± 35 vs. 177 ± 30 UA – p=0,33; Body Step© = 246 ± 51 vs. 252 ± 46 UA– p=0,43; Body Pump© (quinta-feira) = 183 ± 30 vs. 225 ± 38 UA– p=0,06; Power Jump© = 291 ± 44 vs. 315 ± 42 UA– p=0,06). Houve diferença em 50% das aulas no tocante à intensidade planejada pelo instrutor e a experimentada pelas alunas: Body Combat© (Instrutor: 3 vs. Alunas: 4,2 ± 0,6 – p<0,01), Body Pump© (terça-feira) (Instrutor: 2 vs. Alunas: 2,8 ± 0,6 – p<0,01) e Power Jump© (Instrutor: 6 vs. Alunas: 4,8 ± 0,7 – p<0,01) ministradas na 1ª semana e nas aulas de Body Step© (Instrutor: 5 vs. Alunas: 4,2 ± 0,7 – p<0,01) e Power Jump© (Instrutor: 6 vs. Alunas: 5,2 ± 0,5 – p<0,01) ministradas na 2ª semana. Os resultados sugerem que as aulas analisadas mantiveram o mesmo padrão de carga interna quando repetidas em semanas distintas. Entretanto, houve discrepância entre a intensidade planejada pelo instrutor e a experimentada pelas alunas. Estes resultados apontam a importância do monitoramento das cargas de treinamento em aulas pré-formatadas, especialmente no contexto do fitness.

The aim of this study was to quantify internal training loadimposed on different pre-formatted classes Les Mills® system and compare the perception ofeffort planned by the instructor with perceived by the students. The sample consisted of 20young women. 10 lessons were monitored for two consecutive weeks. The internal loadwas determined by the perceived exertion of the session (session-PSE) method. thevalues of PSE-session did not differ significantly from the 1st to 2nd week (Body Combat ©= 252 ± 36 vs. UA 258 ± 39 - p = 0.64; © Body Pump (Tuesday) = 171 ± 35 vs. 177 ± 30AU - p = 0.33; Body Step © = 246 ± 51 vs. UA- 252 ± 46 p = 0.43; © Body Pump (Thursday)= 183 ± 30 vs. 225 ± 38 UA- p = 0.06; Power Jump © = 291 ± 44 vs. UA- 315 ± 42 p = 0.06).Was no difference in 50% of lessons regarding the intensity planned by the instructor and theexperienced by the students: Body Combat © (Instructor: Students vs. 3: 4.2 ± 0.6 - p <0.01), Body© Pump (Tuesday) (Instructor: Students vs. 2: 2.8 ± 0.6 - p <0.01) and Power Jump © (Instructor: 6vs. Students: 4.8 ± 0.7 - p <0.01) in the 1st week and taught classes in Body Step © (Instructor:5 vs. Students: 4.2 ± 0.7 - p <0.01) and Power Jump © (Instructor: Students vs. 6: 5.2 ± 0.5 - p <0.01)held in the 2nd week. The results suggest that the classes analyzed maintained the samestandard internal load when repeated in different weeks. However, there was a discrepancybetween the intensity planned by the instructor and experienced by the students. these resultsindicate the importance of monitoring training loads at pre-formatted classes,especially in the context of fitness.

Resposta imuno-endócrina associada à partida de futsal / Immune-endocrine responses to a futsal match

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o efeito de uma partida simulada de futsal sobre as concentrações salivares de cortisol (Cs) e imunoglobulina A (SIgA) em jogadores de elite. Amostras de saliva foram coletadas antes e após a partida e analisadas, posteriormente, pelo método de ELISA. A carga interna de treinamento foi avaliada através do método da Percepção Subjetiva de Esforço da sessão. Através da análise do tamanho do efeito (TE), foi constatado aumento grande (TE=1,07) do Cs e diminuição grande (TE=-1,36) da SIgA do momento pré para o pós-partida. Foi observada correlação significante (r=0,66) entre a carga interna de treinamento e a resposta do Cs. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que uma partida simulada de futsal pode modular a resposta imuno-endócrina. A adoção de estratégias para monitorar as respostas imuno-endócrinas, em associação a utilização de instrumentos psicométricos, pode auxiliar o planejamento e o ajuste das cargas de treinamento.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a simulated futsal match on salivary cortisol (sC) and immunoglobulin A (SIgA) concentrations in 10 male elite players. Saliva sampling was conducted before and after the futsal match, and, subsequently, the samples were analyzed by ELISA. The internal training load was evaluated by means of session rating of perceived exertion method. The effect size (ES) analysis showed a large increase (ES=1.07) for Cs and a large decrease (ES=-1.36) for SIgA from pre to post-match. There was a significant correlation (r=0.66) between internal training load and Cs response. The results of the present study indicate that a simulated match can modulate immune-endocrine response. The adoption of strategies to monitor salivary responses (Cs and SIgA) associated with psychometric tools could help the planning and the adjustment of training loads.

Relação entre métodos de quantificação de cargas de treinamento baseados em percepção de esforço e frequência cardíaca em jogadores jovens de futsal / Relationship between methods of training load quantification based on perception of effort and heart rate in young futsal players

Os objetivos do estudo foram verificar a associação entre os métodos de quantificação da carga de treinamento, PSE da sessão e impulso de treinamento proposto por Lucía (LuciaTRIMP) e descrever a distribuição da intensidade de treinamento no futsal semiprofissional da categoria sub 18. Quinze jogadores (média e DP; idade: 17 ± 1 ano; massa corporal: 70,4 ± 6,5 kg; estatura: 175 ± 4 cm e IMC 23 ± 2 kg.m-2) foram submetidos a um teste de corrida incremental para determinar o limiar ventilatório (LVmax), o ponto de compensação respiratória (PCR) e o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max). Apenas oito atletas foram monitorados por meio dos métodos PSE da sessão e LuciaTRIMP durante 78 sessões de treinamento antes da principal competição da temporada. Foram encontradas correlações individuais de magnitudes alta a quase perfeita (r = 0,64 - 0,91) entre os métodos PSE da sessão e LuciaTRIMP. O padrão de distribuição da intensidade de treinamento foi 76, 18 e 6% do tempo abaixo do LV (zona 1), entre LV e PCR (zona 2) e acima do PCR (zona 3), respectivamente. O método PSE da sessão se mostrou altamente relacionado com um método objetivo de quantificação da carga de treinamento. Além disso, as sessões de treinamento de uma equipe de futsal semiprofissional da categoria sub 18 apresentaram um padrão decrescente de distribuição das intensidades de treinamento.

The aims of this study were to verify the association between the methods of training load quantification session-RPE and training impulse -proposed by Lucia (LuciaTRIMP) -and to describe the training intensity distribution in under-18 semi-professional futsal. Fifteen male players (mean and SD; age: 17 ± 1 years; body mass: 70.4 ± 6.5 kg; height: 175 ± 4 cm and BMI 23 ± 2 kg.m²) performed an incremental treadmill test to determine the ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Only eight athletes had their training loads quantified by means of session-RPE and Lucia methods over a total of 78 training sessions before the main competition of the season. High to almost perfect correlations (r = 0.64 - 0.91) were found between session-RPE and LuciaTRIMP methods. The distribution of the training intensity was, respectively, 76, 18 e 6% of training duration below VT (zone 1), between VT and RCP (zone 2), and above RCP (zone 3). The session-RPE method was highly associated with an objective method of training load quantification. Furthermore, the training sessions of a semi-professional under-18 futsal team showed a decreasing training intensity distribution.

Monitoramento do treinamento no judô: comparação entre a intensidade da carga planejada pelo técnico e a intensidade percebida pelo atleta / Training load monitoring in judo: comparison between the training load intensity planned by the coach and the intensity experienced by the athlete

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a percepção referente à intensidade da carga de treinamento planejada pelos técnicos com a percepção de intensidade reportada pelos atletas de Judô. A amostra foi composta por quatro técnicos e 40 atletas da Seleção Brasileira de Judô. A comparação entre a intensidade planejada e a intensidade experienciada foi realizada através da aplicação do método da percepção subjetiva do esforço (PSE) da sessão durante um training camp. Também foram realizadas coletas de sangue para determinação da concentração de lactato sanguíneo. A intensidade da carga de treinamento reportada pelos atletas superou a intensidade planejada pelos técnicos em todas sessões de treinamento. Com relação à concentração de lactato, houve aumento no período pós-treino em todas as sessões do training camp, não havendo diferença entre as sessões. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstram que, embora o programa de treinamento tenha sido elaborado por técnicos experientes, foi detectada diferença entre a intensidade da carga externa planejada pelo técnico e a intensidade da carga interna percebida pelos atletas. Estes dados reforçam a importância do constante monitoramento do treinamento, a fim de maximizar o desempenho de atletas de elite.

The aim of this study was to compare the perception concerning of the training load intensity of Judo coaches and athletes. The sample consisted of 4 coaches and 40 athletes of the Brazilian National Judo Team. The comparison between the intensity planned by the coach and the intensity experienced by the athletes was determined by the Session RPE method during a "Training camp". In order to assess lactate responses to training, blood samples were collected pre- and post training session. The intensity experienced by athletes was higher than the intensity planned by coaches in all training sessions. Regarding lactate concentration, it was observed an increase at post-training as compared to pre-training in all sessions, with no differences between sessions. The results of this study demonstrate that although the training session has been developed by experienced coaches, significant differences were detected between the intensity of external training load planned by the coach and the intensity of the internal training load experienced by the athletes. These data reinforce the relevance of training monitoring in order to maximize performance of elite athletes.

Influência do nível de força máxima na produção e manutenção da potência muscular / Influence of maximum strength on muscle power production and endurance

Indivíduos mais fortes (com nível mais elevado de força máxima, Fmax) demonstram menor resistência de força que indivíduos mais fracos (com nível mais baixo de Fmax) em uma mesma intensidade relativa. Como o nível de Fmax influencia a produção de potência, espera-se que sujeitos mais fortes também apresentem uma menor resistência de potência. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do nível de Fmax na produção e na resistência de potência durante repetições e séries múltiplas do exercício meio-agachamento. Quarenta e dois sujeitos foram classificados de acordo com o resultado no teste de força dinâmica máxima (1RM) e destes os 10 mais fortes e os 10 mais fracos foram selecionados para participar no estudo. Para avaliar a resistência de potência os dois grupos realizaram 10 séries de seis repetições a 40 por cento e a 60 por cento 1RM na maior velocidade possível. A potência absoluta (PA) e a potência relativa ao peso corporal (PR) desenvolvidas na fase concêntrica do exercício foram medidas. A análise de variância (ANOVA two-way) revelou que os sujeitos mais fortes diminuíram a PA a 60 por cento 1RM a partir da quarta repetição e a PR a partir da quinta repetição. Já os sujeitos mais fracos diminuíram a PA apenas na sexta repetição e mantiveram o rendimento na PR ao longo das 10 séries. Não houve efeito significante na intensidade de 40 por cento 1RM. Isso sugere que sujeitos mais fortes fadigam antes em maiores intensidades de carga. Essa fadiga precoce nos sujeitos mais fortes poderia estar ligada a diferentes fatores associados ao controle da homeostase orgânica como o comportamento da pressão arterial, da atividade eletromiográfica e a proporção de fibras musculares dos tipos I e II.

It seems that stronger subjects present less strength endurance compared to weaker subjects at the same relative intensity. Since the level of maximum strength affects power production, it is also expected that stronger subjects present lower power endurance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of maximum strength on power production and endurance over multiple sets and repetitions of the half-squat exercise. Forty- two subjects were classified according to the result in the 1RM test and the 10 strongest and 10 weakest were selected to participate. In order to evaluate power endurance, both groups performed 10 sets of 6 repetitions at 40 percent and 60 percent 1RM as fast as possible. The absolute power (AP) and relative power (RP) (corrected by body weight) developed in half-squat concentric phase were measured. Analysis of variance for repeated measures (Two-Way ANOVA) revealed that the stronger subjects decreased AP from 4th repetition on and RP from 5th repetition on at 60 percent 1RM. The weakest subjects decreased AP from 6th repetition on and maintained RP production over the ten series. There was no significant effect on 40 percent 1RM. This result suggests that stronger subjects fatigue first at higher intensities. The early fatigue in stronger subjects could be associated with different factors related to body control of homeostasis such as blood pressure, motor units recruitment and proportion of types I and II muscle fibers.

Monitoring training loads in elite tennis / Monitoring training loads in elite tennis

Training load (TL) is influenced by both training volume and training intensity. A precise understanding of the TLs completed during training is crucial to achieve desirable training outcomes and to avoid overtraining. TL can be monitored in many different ways; however, we recommend the session-rate of perceived exertion (session-RPE) method for quantifying TL because of its low cost and because it is easy to understand and relatively simple to implement. In this report, we provide data regarding TLs collected during the 2008 Roland Garros Tournament. Our experience in tennis suggests the session-RPE method to be a valuable tool that can be used to control training and to avoid excessive TLs. We alsobelieve that accurate monitoring of TL will enable the coach to better understand of the sports training process, ultimately leading to the improvement of performance.

A carga de treinamento (CT) é influenciada pelo volume e pela intensidade. A determinação precisa das CTs utilizadas durante o treinamento é crucial para atingir as adaptações desejadas e evitar o overtraining. A CT pode ser monitorada de diversas maneiras. Entretanto, nós recomendamos o método da percepção subjetiva de esforço da sessão (PSE da sessão) para quantificar a CT pelo seu baixo custo, pela sua fácil compreensão e a pela sua relativa simplicidade de implementação. Neste relato, nós apresentamos dados relacionados às CTs coletados durante o Torneio de Roland Garros em 2008. Nossa experiência no tênis sugere que o método da PSE da sessão é uma ferramenta valiosa que pode ser usada para controlar o treinamento e evitar CTs excessivas. Nós também acreditamos que o monitoramento preciso da CT proporcionará ao técnico o melhor entendimento do processo de treinamento desportivo, em última instância,levando ao aumento de desempenho.