ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the compactibility, mechanical and release properties of tramadoltablets prepared by direct compression using cissus gum, a naturally occurring plant polymer as directly compressibleexcipient in comparison with xanthan gum. Compactibility was measured by Heckle, mechanical properties by tensilestrength and friability, and release properties by dissolution profile. Student t-test with GraphPad Prism 5 was used toidentify differences between data at p < 0.05. The result showed that the Py of xanthan formulation was significantlylower than cissus formulations (p = 0.03). Onset of plastic deformation was directly dependent on the concentrationof the polymer and the properties of the active ingredient. The presence of the active ingredient retarded the onsetof plastic deformation. There was increase in crushing strength and tensile strength with decrease in friability as theconcentration of the polymer increased in all formulations. The mechanical properties of cissus gum and xanthan gumformulations were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Tramadol dissolution decreased as the concentration of thepolymers increased. Cissus gum has some properties that would make it suitable as direct compressible excipient inmatrix systems for extended-release.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the effect of treatment and nursing of Butorphanol and Tramadol Hydrochloride on chills after gynecological laparoscopic surgery. Methods Retrospective analysis of 60 chills patients after gynecological laparoscopic surgery treated the Second Hospital of Jiaxing City from January 2015 to January 2017 were taken, 60 patients were randomly divided into the control groups and the observation group, 30 cases in the control group were given Tramadol Hydrochloride; 30 patients in the observation group were given Butorphanol, the two groups of patients were given clinical nursing, patients chills grading after 5 min, 10 min, 30 min, Prince-Henry score, Ramsay sedation score and adverse reactions of two groups were comprehensively evaluated. Results There was no significant difference in the chills grading between the control group and the control group. Ramsay sedation score in the observation group significantly higher than the control group at 4 h, 8 h and 12 h after treatment with statistical significance (P<0.05) , in the observation group, there were 3 cases of adverse reactions occurred, accounting for 10.0%, which was significantly lower than that (36.7%) of the control group with statistical significance (P<0.05). Conclusion Butorphanol has a significant effect on chills after gynecological laparoscopic surgery, sedative effect of which is better than Tramadol Hydrochloride, with less adverse reactions.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the effect of treatment and nursing of Butorphanol and Tramadol Hydrochloride on chills after gynecological laparoscopic surgery. Methods Retrospective analysis of 60 chills patients after gynecological laparoscopic surgery treated the Second Hospital of Jiaxing City from January 2015 to January 2017 were taken, 60 patients were randomly divided into the control groups and the observation group, 30 cases in the control group were given Tramadol Hydrochloride; 30 patients in the observation group were given Butorphanol, the two groups of patients were given clinical nursing, patients chills grading after 5 min, 10 min, 30 min, Prince-Henry score, Ramsay sedation score and adverse reactions of two groups were comprehensively evaluated. Results There was no significant difference in the chills grading between the control group and the control group. Ramsay sedation score in the observation group significantly higher than the control group at 4 h, 8 h and 12 h after treatment with statistical significance (P<0.05) , in the observation group, there were 3 cases of adverse reactions occurred, accounting for 10.0%, which was significantly lower than that (36.7%) of the control group with statistical significance (P<0.05). Conclusion Butorphanol has a significant effect on chills after gynecological laparoscopic surgery, sedative effect of which is better than Tramadol Hydrochloride, with less adverse reactions.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo explore the clinical efficacy of several medications for acute biliary colic. MethodsTwo hundred and forty patients with acute biliary colic admitted to Beijing Anzhen Hospital from January 2012 to January 2014 were selected for retrospective analysis and randomly divided into four groups, namely raceanisodamine hydrochloride group (group A), phloroglucinol group (group B), tramadol hydrochloride (group C), and dezocine group (group D), with 60 cases in each group. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score, clinical efficacy, and adverse reactions were compared between the four groups using analysis of variance for continuous data and chi-square test for categorical data. ResultsVAS scores were decreased significantly after the treatment in each group (P＜0.01) and the score in group D was the lowest (P＜0.01). In terms of time to pain relief, the time in group A was the longest, and that in group D was the shortest, with significant difference (P＜0.05). As for clinical efficacy, the overall response rate in group D was the highest, while that in group A was the lowest, with significant difference (P＜0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in groups C and D was the lowest, while that in group A was the highest, with significant difference (P＜0.01). ConclusionThe clinical efficacy of dezocine and tramadol hydrochloride is better than that of raceanisodamine hydrochloride and phloroglucinol, and the former two are worthy of further clinical application.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo explore the clinical efficacy of several medications for acute biliary colic. MethodsTwo hundred and forty patients with acute biliary colic admitted to Beijing Anzhen Hospital from January 2012 to January 2014 were selected for retrospective analysis and randomly divided into four groups, namely raceanisodamine hydrochloride group (group A), phloroglucinol group (group B), tramadol hydrochloride (group C), and dezocine group (group D), with 60 cases in each group. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score, clinical efficacy, and adverse reactions were compared between the four groups using analysis of variance for continuous data and chi-square test for categorical data. ResultsVAS scores were decreased significantly after the treatment in each group (P＜0.01) and the score in group D was the lowest (P＜0.01). In terms of time to pain relief, the time in group A was the longest, and that in group D was the shortest, with significant difference (P＜0.05). As for clinical efficacy, the overall response rate in group D was the highest, while that in group A was the lowest, with significant difference (P＜0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in groups C and D was the lowest, while that in group A was the highest, with significant difference (P＜0.01). ConclusionThe clinical efficacy of dezocine and tramadol hydrochloride is better than that of raceanisodamine hydrochloride and phloroglucinol, and the former two are worthy of further clinical application.
ABSTRACT
Background: Post-cesarean pain is a common cause of acute pain in the obstetrics. Pain in the postoperative period is an important impediment to recovery from surgery and anesthesia. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of postoperative analgesia and incidence of side-effects of centrally acting drug tramadol with peripherally acting drug diclofenac alone and in combination in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Methods: The study population of 90 patients was randomly divided into three groups of 30 each to receive the following treatments: tramadol (Group T), diclofenac (Group D), tramadol and diclofenac at reduced doses (Group TD). Results: Combination of tramadol and diclofenac produced significantly early analgesia in comparison to tramadol or diclofenac alone and decrease in the incidence of side-effects. Conclusion: We conclude that a multimodal approach to post-cesarean management with a combination of tramadol and diclofenac produced better analgesia than individual drugs and a reduction in the side-effects. Such a combination approach to relieve pain is more effective and advantageous.
ABSTRACT
In this study, we fabricated pH-sensitive polyvinylpyrrolidone/acrylic acid (PVP/AA) hydrogels by a free-radical polymerisation method with variation in the content of monomer, polymer and cross-linking agent. Swelling was performed in USP phosphate buffer solutions of pH 1.2, 5.5, 6.5 and 7.5 with constant ionic strength. Network structure was evaluated by different parameters and FTIR confirmed the formation of cross-linked hydrogels. X-ray crystallography showed molecular dispersion of tramadol HCl. A drug release study was carried out in phosphate buffer solutions of pH 1.2, 5.5 and 7.5 for selected samples. It was observed that swelling and drug release from hydrogels can be modified by changing composition and degree of cross-linking of the hydrogels under investigation. Swelling coefficient was high at higher pH values except for the one containing high PVP content. Drug release increased by increasing the pH of the medium and AA contents in hydrogels while increasing the concentration of cross-linking agent had the opposite effect. Analysis of the drug release mechanism revealed non-Fickian transport of tramadol from the hydrogels.
Nesse estudo, preparamos hidrogéis de polivinilpirrolidona/ácido acrílico(PVP/AA), sensíveis ao pH, por meio de método de polimerização de radical livre, com variações no conteúdo de monômero, de polímero e de agente de ligação cruzada. O inchamento foi realizado em soluções tampão fosfato USP pH 1,2, 5,5, 6,5 e 7,5, com força iônica constante. A estrutura reticular foi avaliada por diferentes parâmetros e o FTIR confirmou a formação de hidrogéis de ligação cruzada. A cristalografia de raios X mostrou dispersão molecular do cloridrato de tramadol. Realizou-se estudo de liberação do fármaco em soluções tampão fosfato pH 1,2, 5,5 e 7,5 para amostras selecionadas. Observou-se que o inchamento e a liberação do fármaco dos hidrogéis podem ser modificados mudando-se a composição e o grau de ligação cruzada dos hidrogéis em estudo. O coeficiente de inchamento foi alto em pH mais altos, exceto para um deles com alto conteúdo de PVP. A liberação do fármaco aumentou com o aumento do pH do meio e do conteúdo em AA nos hidrogéis, enquanto que o aumento na concentração do agente de ligação cruzada apresentou efeito oposto. A análise do mecanismo de liberação do fármaco revelou transporte não Fickiano do tramadol dos hidrogéis.
Subject(s)
Tramadol/pharmacokinetics , Povidone/pharmacokinetics , Hydrogels/pharmacokinetics , Drug Liberation/drug effects , Crystallography, X-Ray/methodsABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the efficacy of tramadol hydrochloride tablets in the control of periodontal pain following ortho-dontic treatment.Methods:76 orthodontic patients were randomly assigned to I,II,III and IV groups according to the different doses of tramadol hydrochloride tablets or placebo(control).Periodontal pain was recorded and analysed by VAS,adverse reaction was ob-served.Results:The pain scores were all lower when teeth were not touching than when teeth were touching.Pain scores of experi-mental group were less than that of the control group,muff-doses are more effective than single-dose.No obvious adverse reaction was found in all group.Conclusion:Tramadol hydrochloride tablet is effective in the control of the pain following orthodontic treatment.
ABSTRACT
Orally disintegrating tablets are gaining popularity over conventional tablets due to their convience in administration and suitability for patients. The purpose of this research was to mask the intensely bitter taste of tramadol hydrochloride and to prepare orally disintegrating tablets for achievement of quick onset of action of the drug. Trammadol hydrochloride is an analgesic which has been proved to be efficient in managing relief from pain and including pain after surgery. In the present study an attempt has been made to prepare bitterless orally disintegrating tablet of Tramadol Hydrochloride using Eudragit E 100 as a taste masking agent. Mass extrusion was the technique used for preparing taste masked granules and tablet was prepared with using superdisintegrants like crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium and sodium starch glycolate, were prepared blend and evaluated for the pre-compression parameters such as bulk density, compressibility, angle of repose etc. The prepared batches of tablets were evaluated for hardness, weight variation, friability, drug content, disintegration time and in-vitro dissolution profile and found satisfactory. Among the formulations containing Crospovidone was least and tablets showed fastest disintegration. The drug release from orally disintegrating tablets increased with increasing concentration of superdisintegrants and was found to be highest with formulations containing Crospovidone. Thus results conclusively demonstrated successful masking of taste and fastest disintegration of the formulated tablets in oral cavity.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effects of tramadol hydrechloride pretreatment on the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in ischemic and non-ischemic myocardium following acute myocardial is-chemia in the rats. Method Eighteen adult male SD rats weighing 270 to 300 g were randomly divided into three groups(n = 6, in each): group Ⅰ ,sham operation; group Ⅱ , myocardial isehemia, and group Ⅲ, tramadol hydrochloride pretreatment. The anterior descending branch of left coronary artery was occluded(CAO)for 3 hours in rats of group Ⅱ and Ⅲ. In group Ⅲ, tramadol hydrochloride 12.5 mg·kg~(-1) was injected through caudal vein 15 minutes before CAO. At 3 hours after myocardial ischemia, the hearts were removed for determination of CGRP protein content in ischemic and non-ischemie myocardium by immuno-histochemistry and enzyme immunometric as-say, and the expression of CGRPmRNA by RT-PCR. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. ResultsOnly β-CGRPmRNA was found in rats myocardium. In the ischemic myocardium, the average light density of CGRP(0.215 ± 0. 100), positive unit (36.95 ± 1.70), concentration (39.06 ± 1.86) and expression of β-CGRP mRNA 0. 946 ± 0. 019) were significantly increased in group Ⅱ compared with those in group Ⅰ (0. 139 ± 0.006), (25.01 ± 1.03), (20.80± 1.24), (0.734±0.025) (P <0.05), and decreased markedly in group Ⅲ(0.158+0.008),(28.53±1.21),(28.58±2.10),(0.872±0.024) (P < 0.05) In the non-ischemic my-ocardium, the average hght density of CGRP(0.156 ± 0.017), positive unit(28.57 ± 2.23), concentration (28.58 ± 1.12) and expression of β-CGRP mRNA(0.810 ± 0.021) were significantly increased in group Ⅱ com-pared with those in group Ⅰ (0.109+0.013, 20.91 ～2.14, 17.35+2.72, 0.701 ～0.018) (P < 0.05), and decreased markedly in group Ⅲ(0.120±0.008), (22.58±1.18), (23.26±2.41), (0.779±0.022) (P < 0.05). Conclusions Tramadol hydrochloride pretreatment can significantly inhibit increase in CGRP expression in myocardium elicited by CAO, which might imply that tramadol hydrochloride might take part in protection of my-ocardium against acute myocardial ischemia by means of pain-relief.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To study the pharmacokinetics of tramadol hydrochloride paracetamol tablets in healthy volunteers.METHODS:10 healthy volunteers were assigned to receive oral single dose of tramadol hydrochloride paracetamol tablets.Plasma concentrations of tramadol hydrochloride and paracetamol were measured by HPLC and the pharmacokinetic parameters were computed by 3p97 software.RESULTS:The concentration-time curves of tramadol hydrochloride and paracetamol all fitted one compartment open model.The pharmacokinetic parameters of tramadol hydrochloride and paracetamol were as follows:t1/2Ka were(0.23?0.16)h and(0.64?0.60)h,t1/2ke were(2.12?0.78)h and(5.48?2.90)h,tmax were(0.90?0.43)h and(1.88?1.12)h,Cmax were(9.37?2.56)?g?mL-1 and(115.27?98.88)ng?mL-1,CL/F(s) were(24.52?7.12)L?h-1 and(0.15?0.08)L?h-1,AUC0～t were(30.38?7.47)?g?h?mL-1 and(598.36?232.14)ng?h?mL-1,AUC0～∞ were(33.02?9.15)?g?h?mL-1 and(800.12?420.92)ng?h?mL-1,MRT0～t were(3.75?1.41)h and(5.46?1.64)h,MRT0～∞ were(5.24?2.92)h and(9.86?6.00)h,respectively.CONCLUSION:This study provided a basis for clinical application of tramadol hydrochloride paracetamol tablets.
ABSTRACT
Objective To improve a HPLOUV method for the determination of Tramadol hydrochlo-ride in human plasma. Method Alkalinized samples of plasma were extracted with dichloromethane. Tramadol and internai standard were analyzed on Elite C18 column (200mm?5.0mm, 5?m) with a acetoni-trile-phsphate buffer (pH6.5) (74:26, v/v) mobile phase and detedted at 220nm. Results The Calibra-tion plots in human plasma were linear (r=0.9984, n =5) from 10 to 800 ng/ml. The limit of detection was 10 ng/ml. For 20, 100, 400 ng/ml check samples, intra-run precisions (RSD) were 3.81% -5.44% and inter-run preceisions (RSD) were 3.95% -4.41% , respectively. The average recoveries were 89% , 96% and 92% for the low, middle and high check samples, respectively. Conclusion The improved ana-lytical method for Tramadol hydrochloride was found to be sensitive, simple and rapid, suitable for applica-tion in forensic toxicological analysis and routine determination of numerous samples.