Translation and cultural adaptation of the Positive Aspects of Caregiving Scale for caregivers of people living with dementia in Brazilian context: a methodological study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The Positive Aspects of Caregiving (PAC) scale is used to assess psychosocial benefits provided to caregivers by the task of caring. The PAC scale consists of nine items, assessed using a five-point Likert scale, with higher values indicating greater positive perceptions and gains from the caregiving experience. OBJECTIVE: To translate and culturally adapt the PAC scale for informal Brazilian caregivers of people with dementia. DESIGN AND SETTING: A methodological study was conducted at the Federal University of São Carlos. METHODS: The following stages were carried out: Translation; Synthesis of the translations; Back-translation; Evaluation by an experts' committee; and Pre-test. RESULTS: Two independent professionals translated the PAC scale. The consensus version was obtained by merging both translations, which were back-translated into English by a third translator. The expert committee comprised three specialists in the area and project researchers. All scale items presented a Content Validity Index of 1 (CVI = 1.0), and thus remained in the pre-final version of the instrument. The instrument was pre-tested with seven caregivers of people with dementia, the majority of whom were women (57.1%), with a degree of kinship corresponding to sons/daughters (57.1%) and an average age of 55.2 (± 4.1) years. The caregivers considered it clear and understandable and made no suggestions for changes. CONCLUSION: The PAC scale was translated and culturally adapted for use by informal caregivers of people with dementia in Brazil. However, a psychometric analysis of the instrument is necessary to provide normative data for this population group.

Translation, adaptation, and reliability of a Social Frailty Scale for the Brazilian context: a methodological study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Frailty comprises three dimensions: physical, psychological, and social. It is established that social frailty is correlated with several variables, such as quality of life, depression, and loneliness. These findings reinforce the need to investigate and define predictors of social frailty. OBJECTIVE: To translate, culturally adapt, and assess the reliability of the HALFT scale for Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Methodological study conducted at Universidade Federal de São Carlos. METHODS: This study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the HALFT scale from English to Brazilian Portuguese, for which the steps of translation, synthesis of translations, back translation, evaluation by an expert committee, pre-test, and test-retest were followed. RESULTS: Two independent translators translated the HALFT. The consensual version was established by merging the translations, which were back translated into English by a third translator. The expert committee comprised seven health professionals working in frailty and/or social fields of study. Only one item on the scale had a content validity index of less than one (0.85). The instrument was pre-tested with 35 older adults who considered it clear and understandable, with no suggestion of changes. The reliability analysis (reproducibility) of the adapted version of the HALFT with test-retest of the scale with 23 participants showed a Kappa index of 0.62, showing good agreement. CONCLUSION: The HALFT scale is translated and adapted for Brazil, and shows good reliability. However, it is necessary to conduct psychometric analysis of the instrument to provide normative data for this population.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the new Reynell developmental language scales to Brazilian Portuguese

Abstract Objective: Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of The New Reynell Developmental Language Scales (NRDLS) to Portuguese spoken in Brazil. Method: We followed the steps recommended in the manual Multilingual Toolkit da NRDLS: translation of the test, adaptation of items from the scales, and use of NRDLS in a pilot study with Brazilian children. It was included a back-translation and analysis by a group of specialists in the area that helped to review the adapted version. A quantitative descriptive analysis of results from the pilot group was performed, and we used a one-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the NRDLS seems very similar to the original NRDLS in terms of conceptual equivalence. The children understood well the translated and adapted words, and they had more difficulty in the last sessions. Some of the mistakes made by the children helped us to adapt specific items for a better evaluation of the abilities of Brazilian children. Conclusion: The suggestions in the Multilingual Toolkit, the input from the group of specialists, and the experience with the children in the pilot group helped the adaptation of the NRDLS to Brazilian Portuguese. The adapted version of NRDLS was effective, it reflected the gradual evolution of complexity in the scales. We suggest the application of the adapted version in a large group of children with normal development to validate it.

The Brazilian version of the Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire for Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy: translation, cross-cultural adaptation and reliability - an observational cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire for Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy (NVPQOL) is a validated questionnaire assessing quality of life among pregnant women with nausea and vomiting. OBJECTIVE: To translate, cross-culturally adapt and evaluate the reliability of the NVPQOL. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational cross-sectional study developed in a public university in Brazil. METHODS: The translation, synthesis of translations, back-translation, expert committee, pre-testing and validation were carried out, resulting in a Portuguese-language version. The internal consistency, intra-rater and test-retest reliability and correlation between the total score of the Portuguese-language version of the NVPQOL and the domains of the World Health Organization Quality of Life-bref questionnaire were considered in the data analysis. RESULTS: The instrument went through the process with testing on 104 pregnant women. Strong internal consistency (Cronbach's α: 0.95), strong intra-rater and test-retest reliability (P < 0.0; intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.89; confidence interval: 0.791-0.945) and strong correlation between the total score of the Portuguese-language version of the NVPQOL and the physical health domain of the World Health Organization Quality of Life-bref questionnaire (P < 0.01; R = −0.8) were observed. CONCLUSION: The NVPQOL was translated, cross-culturally adapted and validated for the Portuguese language with satisfactory psychometric properties for assessing quality of life, especially in relation to physical health, among pregnant women with symptoms of nausea and vomiting in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Traducción y adaptación cultural del cuestionario de independencia física Composite Physical Function para su uso en Chile / Translation and cultural adaptation of the Composite Physical Function for its use in Chile

Aging is directly related with loss of physical independency. Composite Physical Function questionnaire (CPF) assess, throw 12 items, a range of daily life activities in order to determine dependency levels in elderly. However, there is not a Spanish version of this instrument. Aim: To translate and culturally adapt the CPF to Spanish for its use in Chilean elderly. Method: Standardized international methodology was used in this study, which consisted in double direct translation to Spanish, harmonization of versions and back-translation to English. Acceptability and familiarity of the obtained version was analyzed using probing and paraphrasing methods using a sample of 20 older adults aged from 65 to 80 years old. Results: All items were clear and understandable, although minor adaptations needed to be done in order to improve the understandability of two items. These adaptations consisted in adding information in brackets at the end of the sentence. Conclusion: Spanish version of the CPF questionnaire was obtained to its use in Chile. This questionnaire has been proved to be understandable and adapted to its use in Chilean older adults. Its ease of use makes this questionnaire potentially useful in future researches and surveys.

Public Perception of the Motives that Lead Political Leaders to Launch Interstate Armed Conflicts: A Structural and Cross-Cultural Study / Percepción pública de los motivos que conducen a los líderes políticos para desarrollar los conflictos armados interestatales: Un estudio estructural y transcultural

The way the people from two culturally very different countries perceive the psychological motives that lead political leaders to launch armed actions against other states was examined. Three types of possible psychological motives, taken from McClelland's (1985) theory of human motivation, were considered: motives associated with the state's power (e.g., increasing the country's economic power), motives associated with other states' political character (e.g., whether neighboring states are relatively peaceful democracies or threatening autocracies), and motives associated with domestic issues (e.g., appearing as a strong leader able to efficiently fight for the security of the country). A total of 442 participants living in Western Europe (France) and 180 participants living in the Maghreb (Algeria) were presented with a Motives of War questionnaire that was created for the present set of studies. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses showed that the hypothesized model of motives holds with the condition that the increasing power motive is divided into two separate motives: one associated with the economy and one associated with the territory. The motives of war tended to be seen as more personal and as more associated with domestic issues among people living in Algeria than among people living in France. Among traditional/ authoritarian people living in France, the motives of war tended to be seen in a more positive light than among liberal people. In contrast, among traditional/authoritarian people living in Algeria, the motives of war tend to be seen in a more negative light than among liberal people.

Se examina la forma en que las personas de dos países culturalmente muy diferentes perciben los motivos psicológicos que conducen a los líderes políticos a poner en marcha acciones armadas contra otro estados. Tres tipos de motivos psicológicos posibles, tomados de la teoría de McClelland (1985) sobre la motivación humana fueron consideradas: motivos asociados con el estado de poder (e.g., incrementar el poder económico del país), motivos asociados con políticas de otros estados (e.g., si los estados vecinos son relativamente democracias pacíficas o autocracias amenazantes), y motivos asociados con temas domésticos (e.g., aparicencia como un fuerte lidear capar para luchar eficientemente para mantener la seguridad del país). A un total de 442 habitantes de Europa Occidental (Francia) y 180 habitantes en Maghreb (Algeria) se les administró el cuestionario de Motivos de Guerra que fue diseñado para este estudio. Se presenta un análisis exploratorio y confirmatorio que hipotetiza el modelo de motivos mantenidos con la condición que el incremento en el motivo de poder se dividió en dos motivos separados: uno asociado con la economía y otro asociado con el territorio. Los motivos de guerra tienden a ser vistos como más personales y asociados con temas internos entre los habitantes en Algeria que los habitantes en Francia. Entre los tradicional y autoritarios habitantes en Francia, los motivos de guerra tienden a ser percibidos de forma más positiva que entre las personas liberales. En contraste, entre las personas autoritarias o tradiciones que habitan Algeria, los motivos de guerra tienen a ser vistos de forma más negativa que entre las personas liberales.

A Transcultural Study of Eating Attitudes and Behaviors among Adolescents / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this research was to attempt to examine ethnic and cultural differences in factors associated with disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. METHODS: Data were collected from the four groups of 3,129 high school students aged between 13 and 16 years who completed school-based survey conducted in 1996. The students(663 Korean urban, 821 Korean rural, 830 Korean-Chinese and 815 Chinese adolescents) completed an instrument which assessed weight, height, Body Mass Index(BMI), parental income, father's level of education, weight control questionnaire, Body Image Scale(BIS), and eating attitudes and behaviors using the Eating Attitude Test-26(EAT-26). RESULTS: BMI did not vary significantly by race, sex, and socioeconomic status. There were many severely underweight and severely overweight students among Korean-Chinese and Chinese than among Korean urban and Korean rural students. The EAT-26 mean scores of Korean-Chinese and Chinese subjects were significantly higher than those of Korean urban and Korean rural subjects. The EAT-26 mean score of Korean-Chinese was the highest among the four racial groups. The prevalence of high risk EAT-26(EAT-26> or =20) students of Korean-Chinese was 6.9% which was the highest among the four groups. The BIS mean scores of Korean rural and Korean urban subjects were significantly higher than those of Korean-Chinese and Chinese subjects. The Korean subjects were more dissatisfied with their body than the Chinese. The prevalences of weight control behaviors were 26.7% in Korean urban, 23.2% in Korean rural, 10.6% in Korean-Chinese, and 4.6% in Chinese subjects. Dieting and exercise were most popular for weight reducing in Korean subjects. Dieting and drug use were most popular in Chinese subjects. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that there must be many eating disorder patients in Korea and China, and the eating attitudes and behaviors are influenced by ethnic and cultural factors. Implications for understanding sociocultural influence on eating attitudes and behaviors and acculturation are discussed.