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La espectroscopia cercana infrarroja (NIRS, por su sigla en inglés), es una técnica óptica no invasiva y no ionizante utilizada para medir la oxigenación tisular regional a través de sensores transcutáneos. En los últimos años, han aumentado de manera exponencial las publicaciones sobre este tema; esto refleja el creciente interés de investigadores y clínicos por la utilización de esta nueva tecnología y los beneficios que podría ofrecerles a los pacientes pediátricos. El objetivo de esta revisión es dar a conocer el funcionamiento y las posibles aplicaciones de la saturación regional medida por NIRS, así como los desafíos en el futuro.
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive optical technique for the evaluation of regional tissue oxygenation using transcutaneous detectors. In recent years, publications about this topic have increased exponentially; this reflects the growing interest among investigators and clinicians about this new technology and its potential benefits for pediatric patients. The objective of this review is to know the functioning and potential uses of regional saturation measured by NIRS and establish future challenges.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Pediatrics , Hemodynamic Monitoring , Oxygen , Oximetry/methods , Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methodsABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the prognostic value of transcutaneous oximetry in patients with septic shock.Methods Fifty-three patients with septic shock were enrolled prospectively from January 2013 to December 2015.Transcutaneous oximetry were used to determine the results of 10 min oxygen challenge tests (OCT) carried out at beginning(0 h) and at 6 h after fluid resuscitation respectively.The 10-min OCT value (10 min OCT) and oxygen challenge index(OCI) were calculated.The APACHE Ⅱ and SOFA score,hemodynamic variables,oxygen metabolism indexes,dose of vasoactive agents,10 min OCT,and OCI at 0 h and at 6 h were recorded.Patients were assigned into survival group and death group according to the 28 d survival.The differences in demographics and clinical data were compared between groups.The role of 10 min OCT and OCI in predicting death was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curves(ROC).The Kaplan-Meier surviving curve was created and the survival of the patients was analyzed by the Log-rank test.Risk factors associated with the prognosis were analyzed using the multiple logistic regression analysis.Results There were 29 patients in the survival group and 24 patients in the death group.Compared with death group,10 min OCT[(77.55±18.48)mmHg vs.(51.30±21.60)mmHg] and OCI [(0.78±0.13) vs.(0.59±0.15)] at 6 h in survival group were significantly higher(P＜0.05),while APACHE Ⅱ [(12.48±5.69) vs.(17.25±8.79)] and SOFA [(5.79±1.72) vs.(10.10±2.52)] in survival group were significantly lower than those in death group(P＜0.01).The area under the ROC curve of 10 min OCT at 6 h and OCI at 6 h for predicting 28 d death were 0.86±0.05(95％CI:0.76-0.87,P＜0.01) and 0.79±0.08(95％CI:0.64-0.95,P＜0.01),respectively.The optimal cutoff point for 10 min OCT at 6 h was 72.00 mmHg with the sensitivity of 76.84％ and specificity of 85.03％.The optimal cutoff point for OCI at 6 h was 0.76 with the sensitivity of 76.84％ and specificity of 77.47％.Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that 28 d survival rate in high level of 10 min OCT at 6 h and high level of OCI at 6 h were significantly higher than that in low level of 10 min OCT at 6 h(70.86％ vs.31.82％,x2=7.96,P＜0.01)and low level of OCI at 6 h (75.00％ vs.32.00％,x2=9.86,P＜0.01).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that both 10 min OCT at 6 h (OR=0.92,95％CI:0.88-0.96,P＜0.05) and OCI at 6 h (OR=0.01,95％CI:0.001-0.023,P＜0.05) were independent risk factors associated with 28 d mortality of patients with septic shock.Conclusions The 10 min OCT and OCI were reliable predictors for the prognosis of patients with septic shock.
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Objective To explore the influence of transcutaneous oximetry on septic shock-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) in intensive care unit (ICU).Methods Forty-nine patients with septic shock admitted in the ICU of Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University were enrolled from January 2013 to December 2015.The 10 min oxygen challenge test was conducted using transcutaneous oximetry just before (0 h) and 6 h after initiation of fluid resuscitation,and 10 min oxygen challenge test data (10 min OCT) at 0 h and 6 h were then calculated,respectively.The enrolled patients were divided into low 10 min OCT group (10 min OCT ＜ 66 mmHg,L group) or high 10 min OCT group (10 min OCT ≥66 mmHg,H group) according to the 10 min OCT value at 6 h.The hemodynamic variables [mean arterial pressure (MAP),central venous pressure (CVP)],oxygen metabolism indexes [central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2),arterial lactate (Lac)],dose of vasoactive agents,10 min OCT at 0 h and 6 h were recorded.APACHE Ⅱ score,incidence and severity of septic shock-associated AKI,frequency of CRRT,ICU mortality and 28 d mortality were compared between groups using SPSS 22.0 software,risk factors associated with prognosis were analyzed using COX regression model.Results There were 27 cases in L group and 22 cases in H group.The MAP,CVP,ScvO2,lactate level and dose of vasoactive agents were comparable between groups at 0 h or 6 h (P ＞ 0.05),while 10 min OCT at 6 h was higher in H group than that inLgroup [(77.6±18.5) mmHgvs.(51.3 ±21.6) mmHg,P＜0.05].The incidence of septic shock-associated AKI (77.8％ vs.50.0％,P ＜ 0.05),proportion of phase 3 AKI (44.4％vs.22.7％,P ＜0.05) and frequency of CRRT (48.1％ vs.22.7％,P ＜0.05) was higher in L group than those in H group,and similarly were the ICU mortality (51.8％ vs.22.7％,P ＜0.05) and 28 d mortality (63.0％ vs.31.8％,P ＜ 0.05).Therefore,the 6 h 10 min OCT ≥66 mmHg was a protective factor to improve the ICU mortality (RR =0.01,95％ CI:0.001-0.39,P ＜ 0.05) and 28 d mortality (RR =0.01,95％CI:0.001-0.27,P＜0.05) in patients with septic shock-associated AKI.Conclusions 10 min OCT imposes substantial influence on the incidence,severity and prognosis of patients with septic shockassociated AKI,oxygen challenge test could improve the treatment of septic shock-associated AKI.
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Objective To explore the influence of transcutaneous oximetry on septic shock-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) in intensive care unit (ICU).Methods Forty-nine patients with septic shock admitted in the ICU of Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University were enrolled from January 2013 to December 2015.The 10 min oxygen challenge test was conducted using transcutaneous oximetry just before (0 h) and 6 h after initiation of fluid resuscitation,and 10 min oxygen challenge test data (10 min OCT) at 0 h and 6 h were then calculated,respectively.The enrolled patients were divided into low 10 min OCT group (10 min OCT ＜ 66 mmHg,L group) or high 10 min OCT group (10 min OCT ≥66 mmHg,H group) according to the 10 min OCT value at 6 h.The hemodynamic variables [mean arterial pressure (MAP),central venous pressure (CVP)],oxygen metabolism indexes [central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2),arterial lactate (Lac)],dose of vasoactive agents,10 min OCT at 0 h and 6 h were recorded.APACHE Ⅱ score,incidence and severity of septic shock-associated AKI,frequency of CRRT,ICU mortality and 28 d mortality were compared between groups using SPSS 22.0 software,risk factors associated with prognosis were analyzed using COX regression model.Results There were 27 cases in L group and 22 cases in H group.The MAP,CVP,ScvO2,lactate level and dose of vasoactive agents were comparable between groups at 0 h or 6 h (P ＞ 0.05),while 10 min OCT at 6 h was higher in H group than that inLgroup [(77.6±18.5) mmHgvs.(51.3 ±21.6) mmHg,P＜0.05].The incidence of septic shock-associated AKI (77.8％ vs.50.0％,P ＜ 0.05),proportion of phase 3 AKI (44.4％vs.22.7％,P ＜0.05) and frequency of CRRT (48.1％ vs.22.7％,P ＜0.05) was higher in L group than those in H group,and similarly were the ICU mortality (51.8％ vs.22.7％,P ＜0.05) and 28 d mortality (63.0％ vs.31.8％,P ＜ 0.05).Therefore,the 6 h 10 min OCT ≥66 mmHg was a protective factor to improve the ICU mortality (RR =0.01,95％ CI:0.001-0.39,P ＜ 0.05) and 28 d mortality (RR =0.01,95％CI:0.001-0.27,P＜0.05) in patients with septic shock-associated AKI.Conclusions 10 min OCT imposes substantial influence on the incidence,severity and prognosis of patients with septic shockassociated AKI,oxygen challenge test could improve the treatment of septic shock-associated AKI.
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PURPOSE: To determine the concordance of transcutaneous CO2 (PtcCO2) versus arterial CO2 (PaCO2), end-tidal CO2 (PetCO2) versus PaCO2, and transcutaneous O2 (PtcO2) versus arterial O2 (PaCO2) among healthy adult volunteers, and to determine the normal values of the PtcCO2/PtcO2 and PtcO2/PaO2 that will be used as early signs of shock or as prognostic factors for critically ill patients. METHODS: We measured the PtcO2, PtcCO2, PetCO2, PaO2, and PaCO2 from 11 healthy volunteers while breathing room air or O2 at a flow rate of 6 L/min via nasal cannula. The PtcO2 and PtcCO2 were measured using a Radiometer's transcutaneous sensor that interfaced with the Solar 8000 patient monitor system. The PetCO2 was measured using a side stream capnometer that sampled air from a nasal catheter. The PaO2 and PaCO2 were measured from arterial blood samples. The concordances of the PtcCO2 versus the PaCO2, the PtcO2 versus the PaO2, and the PetCO2 versus the PaCO2 were analyzed using a Bland-Altman plot. We defined the normal values of the P(a-tc)CO2, PtcO2/PaO2, and PtcCO2/PtcO2. RESULTS: Twenty-two pairs of the PtcCO2 versus PaCO2, PtcO2 versus PaO2, and PetCO2 versus PaCO2 were obtained. The mean (+/-SD) values of the P(a-tc)CO2, P(atc) O2, and P(a-et)CO2 were 0(+/-2.2) mmHg, 35.4(+/-24.1) mmHg, and 1.4(+/-1.3) mmHg, respectively (p=0.947, p<0.001, and p<0.001 by paired t-test, respectively). The P(a-tc)CO2 and P(a-et)CO2 showed a high concordance of 95.5% within a range of +/-4 mmHg. The median (25~75%) values of the PtcCO2/PtcO2 and PtcO2/PaO2 at room air were 54.8%(46.8%~62.7%), respectively. CONCLUSION: The PtcCO2 and PetCO2 had a reliable concordance with the PaCO2. However, the PtcO2 was discordant with the PaO2 and this discordance was increased when inspiring O2. Therefore, the absolute values of the PtcO2 cannot be used as a surrogate measurement of the PaO2. However, because the O2 supply did not increase the PtcCO2, but rather the PtcO2, we can use the trend in the change in the PtcCO2/PtcO2 or PtcO2/PaO2 in shock patients.