ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Las tecnologías ecológicas (ecotecnias) han sido un instrumento para afrontar los retos multidimensionales de las viviendas que no son capaces de satisfacer una línea básica de bienestar. Sin embargo, en la revisión de la literatura, se encuentran indicios que muestran el rechazo y la generación de externalidades negativas, cuando la tecnología no se adopta socialmente, lo que exhibe la ineficiencia en el ejercicio del recurso público y acentúa la problemática social de la vivienda vulnerable. El objetivo del trabajo fue construir un Índice de Transferencia Ecotecnológica (ITE), que determine la pertinencia sociotécnica en las poblaciones objetivo de los programas sociales, mediante un algoritmo cuantitativo, diseñado a partir de los factores de adopción-resistencia, identificados en los municipios de Apaseo el Alto, Comonfort, Pénjamo, San Felipe y Tierra Blanca en Guanajuato, México. Se sistematizó la descripción densa recolectada en las viviendas beneficiadas por los programas "Impulso", de la Secretaría de Desarrollo Social y Humano, de 2013 a 2015. Se encontró que los programas sociales no ejecutan un proceso de transferencia que asegure la adopción social de la tecnología, y se infirió que la viabilidad ecotecnológica está correlacionada con las características del territorio donde ocurre la transferencia. El principal logro fue identificar los factores externos e internos que inciden en la adopción social de las ecotecnias como insumos del ITE, ya que este índice se propone como un instrumento de valoración ecotecnológica. El ITE demostró la pertinencia sociotécnica en las poblaciones objetivo. Se concluye que este índice sí podría ser un insumo adicional para los tomadores de decisiones de política social en Guanajuato que, al valorar la viabilidad de las ecotecnias en regiones vulnerables, podría incrementar la efectividad de los programas y mejorar la vivienda.
ABSTRACT The ecological technologies (ecotechnologies) have been a tool to solve the multidimensional challenges of housing that are not able to satisfy a basic line of welfare; however, a literature review suggests their social rejection and the generation of negative externalities when technology is not adopted socially. This makes evident the inefficiency in the application of public resources and it provokes more social problems in disadvantaged dwelling. The aim of this paper was to build an Ecotechnological Transfer Index (ETI) that measures the sociotechnical pertinence of ecotechnology in target populations of social programs, through a quantitative algorithm designed from the adoptionresistance factors identified in the municipalities of Apaseo el Alto, Comonfort, Pénjamo, San Felipe and Tierra Blanca in Guanajuato, Mexico. The dense description collected in homes benefited by "Impulso" programs of the Secretary of Social and Human Development from 2013 to 2015 was systematized. It was found that social programs do not execute a process that ensures the social adoption of this technology, and it was inferred that the viability correlates with the characteristics of the territory where technology transfer occurs. The main achievement was the identification of external and internal factors that affect the social adoption of ecotechnologies as inputs of the ETI, as, this index is proposed to be an extra assessment tool for ecotechnologies. The ETI showed the sociotechnical pertinence in the target populations. It is concluded that this index can be an additional input for social policy makers in Guanajuato because it assesses the viability of ecotechnologies to increase the efficiency of public resources and to improve the disavantaged dwelling.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: analisar o desenvolvimento da Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho (AET) no Brasil. Métodos: considerando-se a AET como tecnologia social, foi feita análise do processo de transferência tecnológica, comparando-se as características de seu emprego e de seu desenvolvimento na França e no Brasil. Resultados: a Ergonomia da Atividade foi introduzida no Brasil para enfrentar os problemas de condições de trabalho decorrentes do desenvolvimento industrial nos anos de 1970. No caso da França, a representação dos trabalhadores nas empresas assegura as condições sociais necessárias para a produção de conhecimentos sobre o trabalho real baseado no olhar etnográfico. No Brasil, embora prescrita na legislação, a prática da AET não está respaldada em construção social que permita a produção e o controle do uso dos conhecimentos sobre as atividades de trabalho. Observam-se, todavia, desenvolvimentos em diversas áreas, tais como no serviço público ou na indústria estatal de petróleo, e de novas metodologias a serviço da ação pública. Conclusão: embora as condições sociais para o emprego da AET sejam diferentes, a AET no Brasil tem contribuído com o campo da Saúde do Trabalhador, mas seu futuro depende de novos arranjos sociais para sustentar a prática baseada na etnografia.
Objective: to analyze the development of Ergonomic Work Analysis (EWA) in Brazil. Methods: considering the EWA as a social technology, an analysis of the technology transfer process was undertaken by comparing the characteristics of its employment and development in France and in Brazil. Results: Activity Ergonomics was introduced in Brazil to address working conditions problems arising from the industrial development in the 1970s. In France, the representation of employees in companies ensures the social conditions necessary for the production of knowledge at the actual work based on ethnographic approach. In Brazil, although prescribed by law, the practice of EWA is not supported by a social construction that allows the production and control of working activities knowledge. The development of new methodologies to frame the public action can be observed in several areas, such as public service or oil state industry. Conclusion: although social conditions for the EWA employment are different, EWA in Brazil has contributed to the Occupational Health field, but its future depends on the adoption of new social arrangements to support the ethnography based practice .