Modelo teórico-metodológico de cultura organizacional para la escuela de iniciación deportiva en Santiago de Cuba / Modelo teórico-metodológico de cultura organizacional para a escola de iniciação esportiva em Santiago de Cuba / Theoretical-methodological model of organizational culture for the sports initiation school in Santiago de Cuba

RESUMEN Introducción: El estudio acerca de la Cultura organizacional se viene trabajado desde 2016 -2021, en la comprensión de sus dimensiones y componentes en relación con el desempeño organizacional, se investiga sistemáticamente en profundizar en esta temática a partir de una perspectiva teórica y metodológica desde la realidad de la organización deportiva. Objetivo: De ahí que, el propósito se enunció en establecer un modelo teórico-metodológico de la cultura organizacional, para el desempeño en las escuelas de iniciación deportiva en Santiago de Cuba. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizó la observación participante, técnicas grupales, la modelación y grupos de discusión; para el procesamiento e interpretación los datos, se precisa un coeficiente confiabilidad del 95 %. Resultados: Como resultado se diseña el modelo con sus componentes teórico y metodológico, donde se expresa un nuevo sistema de relación de categorías: Involucramiento organizacional y Consistencia organizacional desde lo teórico, así como su propuesta de implementación práctica a través de fases de diagnóstico, diseño, e implementación a través de un plan de mejoramiento cultural organizacional; su sistematización teórica-práctica permite el desarrollo del desempeño organizacional. Los resultados obtenidos se sometieron al análisis inferencial a través de la prueba W de Kendall donde se obtuvo que W es igual a ,604 y p-valor sig.(bilateral)= ,000 por lo que reúnen suficientes evidencias empíricas que permiten corroborar las conclusiones emitidas por el grupo de discusión, los cuales expresaron la necesidad del modelo como expresión de las características de la cultura organizacional en su particularidad en el contexto docente deportivo. Conclusiones: A partir del valor de las interpretaciones y argumentos de los grupos de discusión se pudo determinar el perfeccionamiento del modelo teórico-metodológico desde lo epistemológico y praxiológico, lo que permite afirmar la necesidad de su establecimiento y el cumplimiento del objetivo declarado en la investigación realizada.

SÍNTESE Introdução: O estudo sobre Cultura Organizacional tem sido trabalhado desde 2016 -2021, na compreensão de suas dimensões e componentes em relação ao desempenho organizacional, é sistematicamente investigado no aprofundamento desta temática a partir de uma perspectiva teórica e metodológica a partir da realidade da organização esportiva. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer um modelo teórico-metodológico de cultura organizacional para o desempenho de escolas de iniciação esportiva em Santiago de Cuba. Materiais e métodos: Foram utilizados materiais e métodos de observação dos participantes, técnicas de grupo, modelagem e grupos de discussão; para o processamento e interpretação dos dados, foi necessário um coeficiente de confiabilidade de 95 %. Resultados: Como resultado, o modelo é projetado com seus componentes teóricos e metodológicos, onde um novo sistema de relacionamento de categorias é expresso: Envolvimento Organizacional e Consistência Organizacional do ponto de vista teórico, assim como sua proposta de implementação prática através de fases de diagnóstico, projeto e implementação através de um plano de melhoria cultural organizacional; sua sistematização teórico-prática permite o desenvolvimento do desempenho organizacional. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise inferencial através do teste W de Kendall onde se obteve que W é igual a ,604 e p-valor sig.(bilateral)=,000, de modo que eles reúnem evidências empíricas suficientes para corroborar as conclusões emitidas pelo grupo de discussão, que expressou a necessidade do modelo como expressão das características da cultura organizacional em sua particularidade no contexto do ensino esportivo. Conclusões: A partir do valor das interpretações e argumentos dos grupos de discussão, foi possível determinar o aperfeiçoamento do modelo teórico-metodológico a partir do epistemológico e praxiológico, o que nos permite afirmar a necessidade de seu estabelecimento e o cumprimento do objetivo declarado na pesquisa realizada.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The study on organizational culture has been worked on since 2016 -2021, in the understanding of its dimensions and components in relation to organizational performance, it is systematically investigated to deepen this topic from a theoretical and methodological perspective from the reality of the sports organization. Objective: Hence, the purpose was stated to establish a theoretical-methodological model of organizational culture, for performance in sports initiation schools in Santiago de Cuba. Materials and methods: It used participant observation, group techniques, modeling and discussion groups; for data processing and interpretation, a reliability coefficient of 95 % is required. Results: As a result, the model is designed with its theoretical and methodological components, where a new category relationship system is expressed: Organizational Involvement and Organizational Consistency from the theoretical, as well as its practical implementation proposal through diagnostic phases, design, and implementation through an organizational cultural improvement plan; Its theoretical-practical systematization allows the development of organizational performance. The results obtained were subjected to inferential analysis through Kendall's W test. where it was obtained that W is equal to .604 and p-value sig.(bilateral)= .000, so they gather enough empirical evidence to corroborate the conclusions issued by the discussion group, which expressed the need for the model as an expression of the characteristics of the organizational culture in its particularity in the sports teaching context. Conclusions: Based on the value of the interpretation and argues of the discussion group, it was possible to determine the theoretical- methodological improvements from the epistemological and practical view, what allows affirming the need of setting and application of the declared objective in the carried-out research.

3. Educational Objectives and Methods of Whole Person Care / 医学教育

Whole Person Care education at McGill University aims to develop competent and compassionate physicians who can relate as a whole person to facilitate healing and provide better medical care to their patients. A step-by-step approach is adopted for the education throughout the four-year curriculum. It includes classes, experiential learning in small groups (20 students), simulation education, and panel discussions. It promotes interactive and unique experiential learning through a variety of exercises and works, and aims at transformational learning. It is essential to develop an attitude of being as a whole person, learning to be mindful and aware of the present moment (self, other and context).

A Multicentre Study of Nursing Leadership in Andalusian Hospitals from a Gender-based Perspective

ABSTRACT Introduction: Leadership is the ability to guide subordinates in a direction or decision so that they can perform a task or achieve a goal that leaves them feeling empowered and accomplished. Leaders are capable of producing changes and at the same time, they inspire others to do the same. This research analysed gender-based differences and dimensions of nursing leadership styles in 18 hospitals in Andalusia, a region of southern Spain. Methods: The sample population of the study comprised 335 subjects, who were middle managers in 18 public regional hospitals in Andalusia. The instrument used to measure different leadership styles was the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ 5X-Short form), which is composed of 45 items. Results: The study showed that the most predominant leadership style was transactional leadership with a mean value of M = 4.22 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.42) followed by transformational leadership with a mean value of M = 3.97 (SD 0.45). Of the three styles analysed, transactional leadership had the highest statistical median for both male and female subjects. From a gender-based perspective, transformational leadership showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) between men and women. This was true for leadership styles as well as for the dimensions that define each style. Conclusion: The most frequent leadership style in middle nursing management in Andalusian hospitals was transactional leadership. In regard to the three leadership styles as well as their dimensions, the female subjects obtained the highest scores. This means that from a gender-based perspective, female nursing managers had better performance levels than their male counterparts in the regional hospital system in Andalusia.

The relationship between nurse manager transformational leadership and patient satisfaction in the perspectives of empowerment / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To explore mechanism of how nurse managers' transformational leadership affects patient satisfaction, and to examine the mediating role of nurses' psychological empowerment.@*Methods@#A total of 140 nurses and 310 patients in Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center were surveyed. The Leadership Practice Inventory-other, the Psychological Empowerment Scale and two items from the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Survey (Chinese version) were used to measure nurse-perceived nurse managers' transformational leadership behaviors, nurses' psychological empowerment and patient satisfaction. The descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were performed using the SPSS 20.0. software package, and the structure equation modeling was performed using the MPlus 7.0.@*Results@#Higher frequencies of nurse managers adopting transformational leadership were associated with higher level of nurses' psychological empowerment (β=0.665, P < 0.05); higher level of nurses' psychological empowerment was associated with higher overall patient satisfaction (β=0.243, P < 0.05); nurses' psychological empowerment mediated the relationship between nurse managers' transformational leadership and patients' overall satisfaction (β=0.162, P=0.014); the effects of nurse managers' transformational leadership and nurses' psychological empowerment on patients' recommendation of hospital were not statistically significant (P>0.05).@*Conclusions@#Nurse managers are encouraged to adopt transformational leadership, i.e., improving clinical and leadership skills, trying to be nurses' role model, solving problems at work, empowering and motivating nurses, thus to increase nurses' senses of empowerment, and to improve patient satisfaction eventually.

Development Transformational Leadership Model to Improve Nurses’ Soft Skills

@#Introduction: In the present scenario there are many qualified nursing human resources with flawless emotional personality but with errors in job accomplishment, lack of accuracy and delays in working completion, low working motivation, as well as careless and insincere working. The qualified nursing human resources must consist of nurses with a passion for work and with creativity. They must be proactive, with great deal of warmth and smiles. Based on the required nursing competences, it is found that the on-duty nurses should acquire several vital proficiencies such as leadership qualities, proper working procedures, interpersonal/soft skills, and environmental control. Soft skills may be developed and improved through various ways like trainings, modification of the environment, and with appropriate nursing education. Methods: The research population consists of 18 master's degree nursing students of a hospital divided into a control and experimental group (total sampling), and 47 on-duty nurses who are collected through a random sampling technique. Results: The results of the present study show that the implementation of transformational leadership model is effective to improve nurses' soft skills in terms of self-assurance, communication, compliance, teamwork, precision, discipline and problem solving. There were also noteworthy changes after the model implementations based on 1st month and 2nd month and then on those at 1st month and 3rd month. Conclusion: The Soft Skills-Based Transformational leadership model is highly applicable in nursing care units of all hospitals to meet the challenges of the world in improving human resources by means of improvement of performance. With respect to soft skills and intrapersonal skills as well as the frequently neglected nurses' daily activities and portfolio worksheets are highly effective in dealing with the model applications.

Leadership Styles Of Military Hospital Managers In Malaysia And Its Influencing Factors

@#A good quality leader is vital in ensuring effective and efficient services rendered to patients. However, as to date, little is known on the leadership styles of managers in Military Hospitals in Malaysia and the region. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the leadership styles and identify the influencing factors, among Military and Non-Military managers in five Military Hospitals in Malaysia. A pre-tested 20-item questionnaire was distributed to eligible managers in the hospitals. Based on the total score, the leadership style of managers was classified into Transformational (TS) and Non-Transformational style (N-TS). Among the 501 respondents, 375 (74.9%) of them were Non-military managers and 126 (25.1%) of them were Military managers. 46.8% (n=59) of the managers with military background practiced TS while only 27.7% (n=104) of Non-military managers have TS (X2 =15.662; p <0.001). Managers aged 40 years and above, male, with higher educational level, served longer in the service, attended in-service training and participated in other capacity building activities were more likely to practice TS. Analysis using stepwise multiple logistic regressions proved that predictors of TS style are educational level (AOR=2.319; 95% CI=1.300,4.134), working experience (AOR=1.075; 95% CI=1.049,1.102), Military managers (AOR=1.759; 95% CI=1.104,2.802) and attended in-service training (AOR=2.070; 95% CI=1.369,3.129). In conclusion, the Military Hospitals have the benefit of being managed by Military managers that practice TS. Educational level and in-service training are two most important elements that influence the practice TS among the managers in these Military Hospitals.

Microanatomy of the nerve to iliacus muscle and its clinical significance / Microanatomía del nervio del músculo ilíaco y su importancia clínica

The iliacus muscle, arising from iliac fossa is innervated chiefly by nerves to iliacus and femoral nerve. The tendon of iliacus muscle in the caudal part fuses with the tendon of psoas major muscle to form iliopsoas tendon As the iliacus/iliopsoas is responsible for flexing of the thigh and the forward tilting of the pelvis, body posture, Olympic lifts, daily activities like walking and running, so impairment of above functions, due to spinal cord injury or injury to nerves to iliacus, remained a grey area to explore manifestation of nerve lesions at fascicular level. Therefore an experimental study was designed to map the complex fascicular pathways suffering from splits, fusions and multiplexing coupled with measurement of distances of closely sampled histological slides. Tracking, correlation and interpretation of fascicles, in these slides of a cropped femoral nerve in iliacus region from a 70 year old female cadaver were analyzed. The study resulted in three schematic models of fascicular pathways in 3 nerves to iliacus and 2 tabular models of 2 remaining nerves to iliacus revealing complete picture of fascicles interrupted by dynamic transformational processes. These results would facilitate MRI neurographic interpretation at fascicular level and neurosurgical treatment through identification. The fascicular identification and setup would also discover anatomical complications and location of injury. Besides the huge data volume evolved off this experiment, the study would not only open up grey area for neuroanatomical research but also would revolutionize the neurosurgical repair and grafting of nerves to iliacus at fascicular level.

El músculo ilíaco, que se inserta en la fosa ilíaca, está inervado principalmente por los nervios ilíaco y femoral. El tendón del músculo ilíaco en la parte caudal se fusiona con el tendón del músculo psoas mayor para formar el tendón del músculo iliopsoas. Los músculos ilíaco e iliopsoas son responsables de la flexión del muslo y la inclinación hacia delante de la pelvis, la postura del cuerpo, los levantamientos olímpicos, las actividades diarias como caminar y correr, por lo que el deterioro de las funciones anteriores, debido a lesiones de la médula espinal o de los nervios ilíacos, constituyen una dificultad para explorar la manifestación de lesiones nerviosas a nivel fascicular. Por lo tanto, se diseñó un estudio experimental para mapear las complejas vías fasciculares que presentan divisiones, fusiones y multiplexación, junto con medición en muestras histológicas. Se analizó el seguimiento, correlación y la interpretación de los fascículos en muestras de secciones del nervio femoral en la región ilíaca de un cadáver femenino de 70 años. Se obtuvieron tres modelos esquemáticos de vías fasciculares en 3 ramos del nervio ilíaco y dos modelos tabulares de los 2 ramos nerviosos restantes del nervio ilíaco, que muestran una imagen completa de los fascículos interrumpidos por procesos de transformación dinámica. Estos resultados facilitarían la interpretación neurográfica de la resonancia nuclear magnética a nivel fascicular y el tratamiento neuroquirúrgico a través de su identificación. La identificación y configuración del fascículo también permitirían descubrir complicaciones anatómicas y la localización de la lesión. Además del enorme volumen de datos que se desprendió de este estudio, éste no solo contribuiría a la investigación neuroanatómica, sino también puede aportar a la reparación neuroquirúrgica y al injerto de nervios al músculo ilíaco a nivel fascicular.

Liderazgo y clima organizacional en trabajadores de establecimientos de salud de una microred de Perú / Leadership and organizational climate in workers of health facilities of a micro-network in Peru

RESUMEN Introducción: El gerente de un establecimiento de salud es el encargado de gestionar y ejecutar las acciones integradas dentro de una institución, por lo que, el tipo de liderazgo que pueda ejercer en sus trabajadores puede influir en el clima organizacional y en el servicio de calidad ofrecido hacia el paciente. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el liderazgo y clima organizacional en trabajadores de establecimientos de salud que comprenden una microred de Perú. Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal y correlacional realizado en trabajadores de establecimientos de salud que comprenden una microred de la ciudad de Huaraz, Perú. Se aplicaron dos cuestionarios válidos y confiables al contexto de la población, para recolectar los datos de interés. El análisis de correlación se realizó con el estadígrafo de Spearman (rs) con un nivel de significancia del 5 %. Resultados: Del total de 88 trabajadores, 54,5 % presentaron liderazgo transaccional y 55,7 % transformacional alto y bajo, respectivamente. El nivel de liderazgo de la gerente de la microred fue medio (50 %) y el clima organizacional de los trabajadores fue por mejorar (68,2 %). El coeficiente de Correlación de Spearman (rs) evidenció relación positiva y significativa entre el clima organizacional y el liderazgo transaccional (rs = 0,644; p = 0,000) y transformacional (rs = 0,660; p = 0,000). Conclusiones: La relación entre los tipos de liderazgo de la gerente y el clima organizacional de los trabajadores es positiva y significativa, por lo que, a mayor liderazgo, mejor clima organizacional.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The manager of a health facility is responsible for managing and executing the integrated actions within the institution, so, the type of leadership that can exercise in their workers can influence the organizational climate and quality service offered to the patient. Objective: To determine the relationship between leadership and organizational climate in workers of health facilities that comprise a micro-network in Peru. Method: Cross-sectional and correlational descriptive study carried out in workers of health establishments that comprise a micro-network of the city of Huaraz, Peru. Two valid and reliable questionnaires were applied to the context of the population, to collect the data of interest. The correlation analysis was performed with the Spearman statistician (rs) with a level of significance of 5%. Results: Of the total of 88 workers, 54,5% and 55,7% presented high and low transactional and transformational leadership respectively. The level of leadership of the manager of the micro-network was medium (50,0%) and the organizational climate of the workers was to improve (68,2%). The Spearman correlation coefficient (rs) showed a positive and significant relationship between the organizational climate and the transactional leadership (rs = 0,644, p = 0,000) and transformational leadership (rs = 0,660, p = 0,000). Conclusions: The relationship between the managerial types of the manager and the organizational climate of the workers is positive and significant, so, the greater the leadership, the better the organizational climate.

A esperança depositada na linguagem: fenômeno passageiro? / Hope deposited in language: a passing phenomenon?

Na primeira parte da minha análise focarei no papel crucial que a linguagem, segundo Heidegger, desempenha no que diz respeito à questão se é possível salvar a humanidade e resgatar o ser do seu esquecimento total. Na segunda parte da minha apresentação, quero mostrar que a esperança depositada no poder transformacional da linguagem é um aspeto comum de um número considerável de filosofias do século passado, esgotando-se, no entanto, a atenção dada a esse tema no início do século XXI. Há vários sinais que dão a entender que o fazer tecnológico e/ou o regresso à imagem vão ocupando paulatinamente o lugar da instância "linguagem" como topos à volta do qual se questionam os novos desafios societais.

In the first part of my analysis I will focus on Heidegger's work, particularly on the crucial role that language plays in regard to the question whether it is possible to save mankind and to redeem Being from its total forgetfulness. In the second part, I intend to show that the hope placed on the transformational power of language is a common aspect of a considerable number of philosophies of the last century. However, the attention given to this theme seems to have been exhausted at the beginning of the twenty-first century. There are several signs that imply that technological making and/or return to the image are gradually taking the place of the language instance as topoi around which new societal challenges are discussed.

Analysis of the relationship between the psychological resilience of newly-served nurses and the change-oriented leadership behavior of head nurses / 中国基层医药

Objective@#To analyze the correlation between the psychological flexibility of newly recruited nurses and the change leadership behavior of head nurses, so as to guide nursing managers to strengthen management and improve the quality of nursing care of new nursing staff.@*Methods@#From May 2017 to April 2018, 80 new nursing staff were surveyed using the psychological resilience scale and the change leadership style, and their correlation was analyzed.@*Results@#According to the statistics, the total score of psychological reinforcement of new nursing staff was (2.74±0.52)points, the overall level was not high, and the head nurses' change leadership behavior and various dimension scores were positively correlated with the nursing staff's psychological elasticity score (r=0.240, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Nursing managers should give full play to the role of the head nurses' transformational leadership behavior, so as to act on the psychological flexibility of nursing staff and improve the overall level of care.

Leadership Intellectual Stimulation and Team Learning: the Mediating Role of Team Positive Affect / Estimulación intelectual del líder y aprendizaje del equipo: El rol mediador del afecto positivo del equipo

Abstract This study investigates how leadership intellectual stimulation relates to team positive affect and team learning. We explore the role of positive affect as mediator between leadership intellectual stimulation and team learning. Using a cross-sectional sample of 562 employees, nested within 130 teams from 44 small- and medium-size organizations, we implemented Structural Equation Model analysis at the team level. Results provide evidence of the strong relationship that intellectual stimulation has on team learning and team positive affect, as well as the potential of positive affect for stimulating team learning. Team positive affect serves as a partial mediator between intellectual stimulation and team learning, contributing to explain significant additional variance. Leadership intellectual stimulation is a relevant team social resource that provides support for team learning. Also, positive affect contributes significantly to improve learning among teams. This suggests the importance of developing leadership behaviors that encourage learning and team positive affect, which contributes to team learning and hence, performance.

Resumen Este estudio examina cómo la estimulación intelectual de los líderes se relaciona con el afecto positivo y el aprendizaje de los equipos. En específico, explorarnos el rol mediador del afecto positivo entre la relación de la estimulación intelectual de los líderes y al aprendizaje a nivel de los equipos. Realizamos análisis de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales a nivel grupal utilizando una muestra transversal de 562 empleados, anidados en 130 equipos de 40 pequeñas y medianas organizaciones. Los resultados proveen evidencia de la fuerte relación entre la estimulación intelectual y el afecto positivo, así como del potencial del afecto positivo para estimular el aprendizaje del equipo. El afecto positivo sirve como un mediador parcial contribuyendo a explicar varianza adicional significativa. La estimulación intelectual de los líderes es un recurso social relevante que provee apoyo al aprendizaje en los equipos. Del mismo modo, el afecto positivo contribuye significativamente a mejorar el aprendizaje. Esto sugiere la importancia de desarrollar comportamientos de los líderes que fomenten el aprendizaje y el afecto positivo, los cuales contribuyen al aprendizaje y al desempeño a nivel grupal.

Relationship between transformational leadership and creative work involvement among clinical medical workers / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To examine the impact of transformational hospital leadership on clinical medical workers'creative work involvement.Methods From February to July 2016,826 clinical medical workers,including 359 doctors and 467 nurses, were randomly selected to complete a transformational leadership scale, a basic needs satisfaction scale and a creative work involvement scale.The data were analyzed using correlation analysis and structural equation model.Results Transformational leadership positively affected autonomy need satisfaction(β=0.40,P<0.001),competence need satisfaction(β=0.33, P<0.001),relatedness need satisfaction(β=0.81,P<0.001)and creative work involvement(β=0.64, P<0.001)respectively.All three needs satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and creative work involvement.Conclusions Hospital personnel department should launch leaderships training programs to promote transformational leadership,which in turn will meet high level of psychological needs of medical workers,thus encouraging their creative work involvement.

Correlations between transformational leadership behaviors and nurses' performance for goal attainment among clinical nurses / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To understand nurses'perceived transformational leadership behaviors of head nurses, and to survey the status quo of transformational leadership behaviors of head nurses and nurses' performance for goal attainment, to explore the relationship between transformational leadership behaviors of head nurses and nurses'performance for goal attainment. Methods A total of 450 clinical nurses from six 3A hospitals were chosen as the research objects, the nurse general information questionnaire, the transformational leadership questionnaire and nurse's performance for goal attainment scale were used to analyze the status. SPSS17.0 was conducted to sort and analyze data. Results (1)The total score of nurses' perceived transformational leadership behaviors of head nurses was 114.74 ± 18.66,and moral modeling score was significantly higher in 4 dimensions. The total score of nurses'performance for goal attainment was 172.87 ± 25.96, autonomous decision-making score was significantly higher in 7 dimensions.(2)There was a positive correlation relationship between transformational leadership behaviors and each dimension of nurses'performance for goal attainment (r=0.393, P<0.01). Conclusions The results show that the nurses'performance for goal attainment can be positive predict by transformational leadership behaviors. Nursing managers should fully play the positive role of transformational leadership behavior so as to improve nurses'performance for goal attainment.

Caracterización del liderazgo transformacional de los directivos de instituciones de educación superior. Caso de estudio en una universidad del departamento de Antioquia (Colombia)

Un líder posibilita la transformación de las capacidades individuales, convirtiéndolas en fortalezas organizacionales para ponerlas al servicio de la organización y con ello, permitir su sostenibilidad y perdurabilidad. La universidad en el siglo XXI afronta grandes retos, para continuar aportando al desarrollo de la sociedad, desde del cumplimiento de sus funciones misionales: investigación, docencia y extensión. Para enfrentar esos retos, el Liderazgo Transformacional en la gerencia universitaria, incide en la transformación organizacional que posibilita la resolución de problemas relacionados con la financiación institucional, la calidad en la educación, el incremento de la cobertura, o el relacionamiento con la sociedad, entre otros. Este artículo presenta el resultado de un estudio cuantitativo, racional y positivista, que demuestra teóricamente la importancia del Liderazgo Transformacional para enfrentar los problemas y retos derivados del cambio en la gerencia universitaria. Además, mediante la aplicación de la propuesta teórica a un análisis de caso de una universidad concreta, se caracteriza el Liderazgo Transformacional existente, desde la percepción de los seguidores. Para el desarrollo de la investigación, en términos metodológicos, se utilizaron las teorías del Liderazgo Transformacional y la gerencia de las instituciones de educación superior, el juicio de expertos, y la aplicación del formulario Inventario de Prácticas del Liderazgo de Kouzes y Posner -IPL-. Con estas herramientas, se logró validar las hipótesis guía, comprobando la necesidad de utilizar el Liderazgo Transformacional en el proceso de la gerencia universitaria.

A leader enables the transformation of individual capacities, converting them organizational strengths to put them at the service of the organization and thereby allow its sustainability and durability. The University in the XXI Century faces great challenges to continue contributing to the development of society, based on the fulfillment of its missionary functions: Research, teaching and extension. Transformational Leadership stands out as one of the best tools for university management to allow the organizational transformation that leads to solve problems such as financing quality in education, increased coverage, and relationships with society, among others. This work, through a quantitative, rational positivist study aimed to demonstrate theoretically the importance of Transformational Leadership in university management to face change and university transformation; And on the other hand, through a case analysis, characterize the Transformational Leadership present in the University, from the perception of the followers. For this purpose, theories of transformational leadership and management of higher education institutions, expert judgment, and the application of the Leadership Practices Inventory form of Kouzes and Posner -IPL- were used. Among the main results, the guiding hypotheses were validated, confirming the need to use Transformational Leadership in the process of the university management.

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a expansão da influência da China na América Latina nos campos econômico e militar bem como os Estados Unidos reagiu a este. Pois será utilizada a metodologia do estudo de caso-Venezuela, Bolívia e Equador, já que é onde a China tem uma forte presença e, especialmente, porque são países, como a potência asiática, têm um anti-política americano ou soberanista que busca consolidar uma ordem mundial multipolar A principal constatação é que a China não representa uma séria ameaça para os EUA no curto prazo, e de fato, a expansão da sua influência na região tem sido percebida pelo governo dos EUA como uma oportunidade. Isto é devido a várias razões: China tem implementado uma política cautelosa e pragmática que visa consolidar as suas metas nacionais sem desafiar diretamente a hegemonia dos EUA na região, reforçada por restrições internas que levam a liderança chinesa a optar por uma atitude menos ativista na atitude reorganização político-militar do mundo. Por outro lado, graças aos Estados Unidos, que está em uma fase de declínio de sua hegemonia na região, preferem promover os seus interesses em um quadro de cooperação e não de confronto, na esperança de tirar proveito desta nova situação.

Correlations between work engagement and transformational leadership among PICC specialized nurses / 现代临床护理

Objective To explore the correlations between work engagement and transformational leadership among PICC specialized nurses.Method A total of 176 PICC specialized nurses recruited from Shandong Province by convenience sampling method were involved in the study by the Utrecht work engagement scale (UWES-9) and transformational leadership scale.Results The average scores of work engagement and transformational leadership were (39.21±11.56) and (89.68±23.52).Work engagement dedication and absorption were positively correlated to transformational lendership (P＜0.05).Conclusion Hospital administrators should plan a clear direction for the development of the PICC specialized nurses to enhance their work engagement.

Correlation between transformational leadership style and nurses' job satisfaction in emergency department / 现代临床护理

Objective To investigate the correlation between transformational leadership style and nurses' job satisfaction in emergency department.Method The survey was done among 168 emergency department nurses from 4 first class hospitals in Guangzhou by the demographic information,multifactor leadership questionnaire and Chinese nurses' job satisfaction scale to investigate the status of transformational leadership style perceived by nurses and nurses' job satisfaction in the emergency departments.Results The score of transformational leadership style perceived by the nurses in the emergency department was (50.60±14.40) and jop satisfaction was (79.80±13.30).The transformational leadership style was positively correlated with nurses' job satisfaction (P＜0.01).Conclusions The transformational leadership style is middle-high level.The nurses' job satisfaction is at low level,Nursing managers should play an active role in transformational leadership style to enhance nurses' job satisfaction in emergency departments.

Liderazgo, confianza y flexibilidad laboral como predictores de identificación organizacional: un estudio con trabajadores argentinos / Leadership, Trust, and Labor Flexibility as Predictors of Organizational Identification: A Study with Argentinean Workers / Liderança, confiança e flexibilidade laboral como preditores de identificação organizacional: um estudo com trabalhadores argentinos

Objetivo. Examinar el impacto del liderazgo transformador, la confianza en el supervisor y la flexibilidad laboral sobre la identificación del trabajador con su organización (IDO). Método. Se realizó un estudio empírico, cuantitativo y transversal, enmarcado en la teoría de la identidad social. Se trabajó con una muestra intencional de 257 empleados de empresas argentinas con regímenes de trabajo flexible. Los participantes completaron las escalas de identificación organizacional, liderazgo transformador, confianza en el supervisor y flexibilidad laboral. El modelo de mediación moderada postulado fue probado usando análisis de regresión múltiple y análisis de efectos condicionales. Resultados. La confianza en el supervisor medió las relaciones entre el liderazgo transformador y la IDO, afinidad (ß = 0.29, z = 4.26, p < 0.001) e imitación (ß = 0.31, z = 4.45, p < 0.001). Estas relaciones fueron moderadas por la flexibilidad laboral, siendo más fuertes sobre la IDO por afinidad (ß = 0.35, p < 0.05, IC 95% [0.29, 0.41]). Conclusión. Los líderes transformadores influyen sobre la IDO de los trabajadores a través de la confianza que generan, en tanto que la flexibilidad laboral amplifica tales relaciones. Se indican las implicaciones prácticas de estos hallazgos y se señalan las fortalezas y debilidades del trabajo realizado.

Objective. To examine the impact of transformational leadership, the trust in the supervisor, and labor flexibility on the identification of the worker with his or her organization (OI). Method. An empirical, quantitative and transversal study, framed in the social identity theory, was carried out. A sample of 257 Argentinean employees of companies with flexible work schedules was studied. The scales of Organizational identification, Transformational leadership, Trust in supervisor, and Labor flexibility were filled by participants. The moderated mediation model postulated was tested using multiple regression analysis, and analysis of conditional effects. Results. Trust in the supervisor mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and OI, either by affinity (p = 0.29, z = 4.26, p < 0.001), or by imitation (p = 0.31, z = 4.45, p < 0.001). Such relationships were moderated by labor flexibility, being stronger on the OI by affinity (p = 0.35, p < 0.05, CI 95% [0.29, 0.41]). Conclusion. Transformational leaders influence on the OI of their followers through the trust generated, while labor flexibility amplifies such relationships. The practical implications of these findings are presented, and the strengths and weaknesses of the work performed are indicated.

Escopo. Analisar o impacto da liderança transformacional, a confiança no supervisor e a flexibilidade do trabalho sobre a identificação do trabalhador com a sua organização (IO). Metodologia. Foi realizado um estudo empírico, quantitativo e transversal, enquadrado na teoria da identidade social. O trabalho foi feito com 257 funcionários argentinos, de empresas que oferecem aos seus trabalhadores a possibilidade de horários de trabalho flexíveis. As escalas de Identificação organizacional, Liderança transformacional, Confiança no supervisor e Flexibilidade laboral foram preenchidos pelos participantes. O modelo de mediação moderada postulado foi testado utilizando análise de regressão múltipla, e análise dos efeitos condicionais. Resultados. A confiança no supervisor mediou as relações entre liderança transformacional e IO, afinidade (p = 0.29, z = 4.26; p < 0.001), e imitação (p = 0.31, z = 4.45; p < 0.001). Essas relações foram moderadas pela flexibilidade laboral, sendo mais fortes sobre a IO por afinidade (p = 0.35; p <0.05, IC 95% [0.29, 0.41]). Conclusão. Os líderes transformacionais influenciam a identificação de trabalhadores através da confiança gerada, enquanto que a flexibilidade laboral amplifica tais relações. São apresentadas as implicações práticas destes resultados e são indicados os pontos fortes e fracos do trabalho executado.

Prácticas de liderazgo y su relación con la cultura en un grupo de países latinoamericanos / Leadership practices and its relationship with the culture in a group of latin american countries

El propósito de este estudio fue analizar, a través del MLQ 5X, los perfiles de liderazgo de 167 directivos de cuatro países latinoamericanos (Perú, Venezuela, Ecuador y Colombia), para observar si a pesar de la similitud cultural se presentan diferencias en los patrones de liderazgo. Se compararon estos perfiles con los obtenidos por otros autores en regiones culturalmente distintas, para finalmente confrontar los resultados con los de otra muestra colombiana. Se evidenciaron diferencias significativas en liderazgo, tanto entre países culturalmente distintos, como entre los mismos países latinoamericanos, a pesar de su similitud cultural. Finalmente, la muestra de directivos de este estudio difiere significativamente de la otra muestra colombiana, respecto a algunas variables del MLQ. Se discuten esos hallazgos.

The aim of this study was to analyze, by using the MLQ5X, the leadership profiles of 167 managers from four Latin American countries (Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador and Colombia), to see if there are different patterns of leadership despite cultural similarities. Likewise, these profiles were compared with results obtained by other authors from different regions. Finally, these results were compared with another Colombian sample. Significant differences in leadership were found, both in culturally different countries and in Latin American countries, despite their cultural similarities. Finally, the sample of managers in this study differs significantly from the other Colombian sample, in some variables of the MLQ. These findings are discussed.

Relación entre liderazgo transformacional y transaccional con la conducta de compartir conocimiento en dos empresas de servicios / Relationship between transformational and transactional leadership and the sharing of knowledge in two service organizations / Relação entre liderança transformacional e transacional com a conduta de compartilhar conhecimentos em duas empresas de serviços

El objetivo fue describir la relación entre el liderazgo transformacional-transaccional del líder con la conducta de compartir conocimiento de los colaboradores. Utilizando un diseño descriptivo-correlacional con análisis regresional y un muestreo incidental, se valoraron 150 trabajadores de dos empresas de Bogotá: 14 líderes y 136 colaboradores. Los instrumentos aplicados fueron el Multifactor Leadership Questionarie de Bass & Avolio adaptado por Vega & Zavala (2004) y la escala de Compartir Conocimiento de Castañeda (2010). El análisis estadístico se realizó con el paquete estadístico IBM-SPSS STATISTIC 20,0. Entre los líderes se encontró que el 43% se caracteriza por un liderazgo de baja efectividad (bajo nivel transformacional y transaccional) y el 40%, por un liderazgo de rango completo (alto nivel transformacional y transaccional). En los colaboradores, el compartir conocimiento puntuó entre 4,3 y 5,4/6,0; sobresale compartir experiencias e ideas y, en menor nivel, compartir documentos y conocimientos. Desde la perspectiva de los jefes, el liderazgo transaccional correlacionó significativamente (r=0,63; p=0,01) con compartir conocimiento, pero esta conducta no correlacionó con el liderazgo transformacional (r=0,39; p=0,084). En los colaboradores, el liderazgo transformacional y el transaccional mostraron una relación significativa con compartir conocimiento (r=0,29; p<0,001; r=0,26; p=0,001, respectivamente). Se concluyó que en los líderes, el liderazgo transaccional se relaciona con la conducta de compartir conocimiento, y las recompensas tienen un rol importante. No se confirmó la relación entre liderazgo transformacional y la conducta de compartir conocimiento, pero ésta si se da en los colaboradores. Se sugiere a la cultura organizacional como variable mediadora en la relación entre liderazgo transformacional y compartir conocimiento.

The purpose of this paper was to study the relationship between transformational and transactional leadership and the sharing of knowledge. A descriptive correlational design with regression analysis and a casual sampling method were used. The sample comprised 150 employees from two companies in the city of Bogotá, .D.C., Colombia, of which 14 were leaders and 136 were collaborators. Instruments used were the Multi-factor Leadership Questionnaire developed by Bass and Avolio (2000) and adapted by Vega & Zavala (2004), and the Escala de Compartir Conocimiento [Sharing Knowledge Scale ] developed by Castañeda (2010). Statistical analysis was performed with IBM-SPSS STATISTIC 20.0. Among leaders it was found that 43% of them are characterized by a low effectiveness leadership (low transformational and transactional) and 40% of them show a full range leadership (high transformational and transactional). Among collaborators, sharing of knowledge scored between 4.3 and 5.4 /6.0; sharing experiences and ideas stand out and to a lesser level, sharing documents and knowledge. Among leaders, transactional leadership significantly correlated (r=0.63; p=0.01) with sharing of knowledge but this behavior did not correlate with the transformational style (r=0.39; p=0.084); while among collaborators, transformational and transactional leadership showed a significant relationship with sharing of knowledge (r=0.29; p<0.001; r=0.26; p=0.001, respectively). It was concluded that from the perspective of the leaders, there is a relationship between transactional leadership and the behavior of sharing knowledge, and that rewards play an important role. Among leaders, the relationship between transformational leadership and sharing of knowledge was not confirmed, but it was confirmed in collaborators. Organizational culture is suggested as a mediating variable in the relationship between transformational leadership and the sharing of knowledge.

O objetivo foi descrever a relação entre a liderança transformacional-transacional do líder com a conduta de compartilhar conhecimento dos colaboradores. Utilizando um desenho descritivo-correlacional com análise regressional e uma amostragem incidental, avaliaram-se 150 trabalhadores de duas empresas de Bogotá: 14 líderes e 136 colaboradores. Os instrumentos aplicados foram o Multifactor Leadership Questionarie de Bass & Avolio adaptado por Vega & Zavala (2004) e a escala de Compartilhar Conhecimento de Castañeda (2010). A análise estatística realizou-se com o pacote estatístico IBM-SPSS STATISTIC 20,0. Entre os líderes encontrou-se que 43% se caracteriza por uma liderança de baixa efetividade (baixo nível transformacional e transacional) e 40%, por uma liderança de nível completo (alto nível transformacional e transacional). Nos colaboradores, o compartilhar conhecimento pontuou entre 4,3 e 5,4/6,0; sobressaí compartilhar experiências e ideias e, em menor nível, compartilhar documentos e conhecimentos. Desde a perspectiva dos chefes, a liderança transacional correlacionou significativamente (r=0,63; p=0,01) com compartilhar conhecimento, mas esta conduta não se correlacionou com a liderança transformacional (r=0,39; p=0,084). Nos colaboradores, a liderança transformacional e a transacional mostraram uma relação significativa com compartilhar conhecimento (r=0,29; p<0,001; r=0,26; p=0,001, respectivamente). Conclui-se que nos líderes, a liderança transacional se relaciona com a conduta de compartilhar conhecimento, e as recompensas têm um papel importante. Não confirmou-se a relação entre liderança transformacional e a conduta de compartilhar conhecimento, mas a mesma se dá nos colaboradores. Sugere-se a cultura organizacional como variável mediadora na relação entre liderança transformacional e compartilhar conhecimento.

Research in mechanism of influence of transformational leadership on nursing team effectiveness / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the status quo of transformational leadership,psychological empowerment,team psychological safety and team effectiveness,and test whether the supposed structural equation is tenable.Methods Totally 380 nurses completed the Transformational Leadership Questionnaire,Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire,Team Psychological Safety Questionnaire and Team Effectiveness Questionnaire,structural equation model was used to verify the relationship of the above,Bootstrapping confidential interval and product of coefficient were used to test the mediating effect.Results Significant correlations were found between transformational leadership,psychological empowerment,team psychological safety and team effectiveness (P ＜ 0.01),transformational leadership played indirect effect on team effectiveness (Z=6.195,P ＜ 0.05),psychological empowerment and psychological safety had a totally mediation effect.Conclusions Healthcare workers should make psychological empowerment and team psychological safety as the breakthrough point,fully play the advantages of transformational leadership on team effectiveness in order to increase the working ability of nurses and make them complete the clinical work effectively and with high quality.