ABSTRACT
Abstract Under the directorship of Clemente Onelli (1904-1924), the Jardín Zoológico de Buenos Aires became a major public attraction and gained an international reputation for its innovations in animal keeping and as a supplier of Latin American fauna. It was a hybrid institution that combined the tasks of public instruction, zoological research, and acclimatization of useful animals, and also served as a symbol of national pride. Despite its seemingly peripheral geographical location, the institution was firmly integrated in the global network of zoological gardens. This paper utilizes a transnational perspective to tease out the numerous, multidirectional exchanges of animals and knowledge between the Jardín Zoológico de Buenos Aires and Northern metropolises.
Resumo Sob a direção de Clemente Onelli (1904-1924), o Jardín Zoológico de Buenos Aires se tornou uma importante atração pública e ganhou reputação internacional por suas inovações no abrigo e fornecimento de fauna latinoamericana. Era uma instituição híbrida que combinava instrução pública, pesquisa zoológica e aclimatação de animais úteis, sendo também símbolo de orgulho nacional. Apesar da localização geográfica aparentemente periférica, a instituição estava fortemente integrada na rede global de jardins zoológicos. O artigo utiliza a perspectiva transnacional para lançar luz sobre as muitas trocas multidirecionais de animais e conhecimento entre o Jardín Zoológico de Buenos Aires e as metrópoles do Norte.
Subject(s)
Cultural Competency , Acclimatization , Animals, Zoo , Argentina , History, 20th CenturyABSTRACT
RESUMEN La humanidad y el planeta enfrentan graves crisis socio-naturales que ponen en riesgo la sustentabilidad de la vida. En esto, mucho tienen que ver el entramado modernidad / capitalismo / desarrollo en general y las empresas transnacionales en particular Debido a la relevancia del tema, es precisamente en esta dirección que se plantea el interrogante que orienta el presente trabajo, a saber: ¿Es la organización empresarial transnacional un detonante del desarrollo, o, por el contrario, es responsable por diversas crisis civilizatorias en general y de la dimensión social en los diferentes contextos socio-naturales? Al respecto, la tesis defendida es la siguiente: las corporaciones transnacionales, al constituirse como instituciones que encuadran en y heredan los fundamentos de la modernidad-capitalista-desarrollista, contribuyen a promover las crisis civilizatorias en general y de la dimensión social en particular Finalmente, se resalta que el estudio privilegiò un paradigma constructivista - interpretativo, consecuentemente, una metodologia cualitativa. Se usaron los procesos para la construcción de textos argumentativos, los métodos de investigación-análisis documental y entrevistas a expertos. El análisis de los datos fue orientado por la teoria fundamentada. CLASIFICACION JEL M14, Q01
ABSTRACT Mankind and the earth cope several severe socio-natural crises which threaten life sustainability. Within this reality, both the framework modernity / capitalism / development as a whole and transnational companies are implied. Due to the relevance of the subject, it is precisely in that direction the guiding inquiry of this work is proposed, namely: is the transnational business organization a triggering of development, or; conversely it is responsible for civilizatory crisis in general and social crisis in different social-natural contexts? In this regard, the argued thesis is the following: insofar as transnational corporations get constitute as institutions framed in and inheritor of the fundamentals of the capitalistic-developmentalist modernity they contribute to promote civilizatory crisis in general and social crisis in particular Finally it is spotlighted that the study privileged a constructivist / interpretative paradigm, consequently, a qualitative methodology was implemented. The processes for argumentative texts construction, documentary research-analysis methods and interviews to experts were used. Data analysis was addressed by grounded theory. JEL CLASSIFICATION M14, Q01
RESUMO A humanidade e a terra enfrentam várias crises sócio-naturais graves que ameaçam a sustentabilidade da vida. Dentro desta realidade, tanto a estrutura de modernidade/capitalismo/desenvolvimento como um todo, quanto as empresas transnacionais estão implicadas. Devido à relevância do tema, é justamente nesta direção que se propõe a investigação orientadora deste documento, a saber: a organização empresarial transnacional é um gatilho para o desenvolvimento ou, pelo contrário, é responsável pela crise civilizacional em geral e pela crise social em diferentes contextos sócio-naturais? Neste sentido, a tese defendida é a seguinte: na medida em que as empresas transnacionais são constituídas como instituições enquadradas dentro e herdando as bases da modernidade capitalista-desenvolvimentista, elas contribuem para promover a crise civilizacional em geral e a crise social em particular. Finalmente, deve-se notar que o estudo privilegiou um paradigma construtivista/interpretativo, conseqüentemente, uma metodologia qualitativa foi implementada. Foram utilizados processos de construção de textos argumentativos, métodos de pesquisa-análise documental e entrevistas com especialistas. A análise dos dados foi abordada usando uma teoria fundamentada. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL M14, Q01
ABSTRACT
El presente trabajo se centra en comprender los procesos de construcción de salud mental de las personas mayores que se quedan en contextos de alta dinámica migratoria durante su proceso de envejecimiento. Es un estudio etnográfico, realizado en una localidad de San Luis Potosí, México, en una comunidad con alta intensidad migratoria e índice de envejecimiento alto; participaron personas mayores de 60 años, con red migrante significativa; el análisis de datos se realizó bajo la propuesta del análisis etnográfico, se generó triangulación de investigadores, así como grupos focales para devolución de la información. Se resguardó el rigor metodológico y ético correspondiente. En los resultados se identificaron cuatro grandes temáticas: Una comunidad rural potosina: un lugar donde ya casi no hay gente; Trayectorias de vida de una generación rural en un contexto migratorio; Redes de apoyo y vínculos de las personas mayores de Hacienda Vieja; Saberes y habilidades cotidianas para vivir de las personas mayores. La discusión gira en torno a tres grandes ejes, el primero relacionado con envejecimiento, migración y precariedad; el segundo en relación con las familias trasnacionales, redes de apoyo y vínculos, finalmente el tercer eje centrado en familias trasnacionales, redes de apoyo y vínculos. Las conclusiones se encaminan a los aportes disciplinares con una mirada más ampliada del metaparadigma de enfermería; a nivel conceptual se propone una mirada comprensiva de la salud mental, así mismo se plantean elementos teóricos para comprender la salud mental de las personas mayores que se quedan en contextos de alta migración. (AU)
This paper focuses on understanding the processes of building the mental health of older people who remain in contexts of high migration dynamics during their ageing process. It is an ethnographic study, carried out in a locality of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, in a community with high migratory intensity and high index of aging; people older than 60 years old, with significant migratory network, participated; the analysis of data was carried out under the proposal of the ethnographic analysis, triangulation of researchers was generated, as well as focal groups for return of the information. The corresponding methodological and ethical rigour was safeguarded. Four main themes were identified in the results: A rural community in Potosí: a place where there are hardly any people left; Life trajectories of a rural generation in a migratory context; Support networks and links of older people in Hacienda Vieja; Knowledge and daily living skills of older people. The discussion revolves around three main axes, the first related to ageing, migration and precariousness; the second in relation to transnational families, support networks and links, and finally the third axis focused on transnational families, support networks and links. The conclusions are directed to the disciplinary contributions with a more extended glance of the meta-paradigm of infirmary; at conceptual level a comprehensive glance of the mental health is proposed, likewise theoretical elements are raised to understand the mental health of the old people who remain in contexts of high migration. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Aging/psychology , Mental Health , Social Support , Aged/psychology , Rural Areas , Human Migration , Culturally Competent Care , Anthropology, Cultural , MexicoABSTRACT
Abstract This paper provides an overview of the state of Mexican genetics and biomedical knowledge during the second half of the twentieth century, as well as its impact on the visual representation of human groups and racial hierarchies, based on social studies of scientific imaging and visualization (SIV) and theoretical concepts and methods. It also addresses the genealogy and shifts of the concept of race and racialization of Mexican bodies, concluding with the novel visual culture that resulted from genetic knowledge merged with the racist phenomenon in the second half of the twentieth century in Mexico.
Resumo Este artigo traça um panorama do estado da genética e do conhecimento biomédico no México durante a segunda metade do século XX, assim como seu impacto na representação visual de grupos humanos e hierarquias raciais, baseado em estudos sociais da imagem e visualização cientifica e de seus métodos e conceitos teóricos. Também aborda a genealogia e as mudanças nos conceitos de raça e racismo nos corpos mexicanos, que resultaram na nova cultura visual fruto do conhecimento genético, interligando-se ao fenômeno do racismo na segunda metade do século XX no México.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Racial Groups/genetics , Biological Evolution , Genetics, Medical/history , Medical Illustration/history , Internationality/history , Racism/history , MexicoABSTRACT
Abstract Theodosius Dobzhansky has been studied for how he integrated field naturalism and laboratory experimentation in ways that helped produce the Modern Synthesis, as well as how he leveraged biological expertise to support liberal and cosmopolitan values amidst Second World War and the Cold War. Moreover, Dobzhansky has been central in analyses of the institutionalization of genetics in Brazil, where he spent several years. This article situates Dobzhansky's Brazilian research within the science of variation and the politics of diversity. I conclude by raising questions about how the ways in which science figured in politics depended on ideas about the role of scientists in society whichwere advanced in parallel, suggesting research on the "co-production" of natural and social orders.
Resumo Theodosius Dobzhansky tem sido estudado pelo modo como ele integrou o naturalismo de campo e a experimentação científica, que deram origem à síntese moderna, assim como a alavanca que ele deu ao conhecimento biológico para apoiar valores liberais e cosmopolitas em meio à Segunda Guerra Mundial e à Guerra Fria. Além disso, Dobzhansky tem sido fundamental para a análise da institucionalização da genética no Brasil, onde ele morou e trabalhou por muito tempo. O trabalho contextualiza a pesquisa brasileira de Dobzhansky dentro da ciência da variabilidade e nas políticas de diversidade. A conclusão levanta questionamentos sobre como a ciência figurava na política dependendo das ideias sobre o papel dos cientistas na sociedade, que foram avançando em paralelo, sugerindo uma pesquisa na coprodução das ordens social e natural.
Subject(s)
Humans , Genetics , Institutionalization , Politics , Racial Groups , EugenicsABSTRACT
Anthropological genetics emerged as a new discipline to investigate the origin of human species in the second half of the twentieth century. Using the genetic database of blood groups and other protein polymorphisms, anthropological geneticists started redrawing the ancient migratory history of human populations. A peculiarity of the Korean experience is that clinical physicians were the first experts using genetic data to theorize the historical origin of the respective population. This paper examines how South Korean physicians produced the genetic knowledge and discourse of the Korean origin in the 1970s and 1980s. It argues that transnational scientific exchange led clinical researchers to engage in global anthropological studies. The paper focuses on two scientific cooperative cases in medical genetics at the time: the West German-South Korean pharmacogenetic research on the Korean population and the Asia-Oceania Histocompatibility Workshop. At the outset, physicians introduced medical genetics into their laboratory for clinical applications. Involved in cooperative projects on investigating anthropological implications of their clinical work, medical researchers came to use their genetic data for studying the Korean origin. In the process, physicians simply followed a nationalist narrative of the Korean origin rather than criticizing it. This was partially due to their lack of serious interest in anthropological work. Their explanations about the Korean origin would be considered “scientific” while hiding their embracing of the nationalist narrative.
Subject(s)
Humans , Blood Group Antigens , Databases, Genetic , Education , Genetics , Genetics, Medical , HistocompatibilityABSTRACT
Resumo Nos últimos anos têm ocorrido mudanças no sistema obstétrico brasileiro, em função da distância entre o cenário nacional e recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde e da atuação de movimentos sociais. Isso evidencia a necessidade de considerar tanto o contexto nacional como o internacional. A fim de compreender a influência da transnacionalização no parto normal no Brasil, conduziu-se uma pesquisa documental para rastrear a evolução do sistema obstétrico no país. Como resultado, observou-se que a trajetória histórica do parto normal não se restringiu às fronteiras nacionais, tendo padrões e recomendações transnacionais impactado localmente, direcionando a criação de novas regulamentações.
Abstract In recent years, changes have taken place in Brazilian obstetrics in response to the distance between the national scenario and World Health Organization recommendations and the work of organized civil society. This indicates the need for the national and international contexts to be considered. As such, the aim here is to understand the influence of transnationalism on normal childbirth in Brazil. Documental research was conducted to trace out the development of obstetrics in the country. It was found that the historical trajectory of normal childbirth in Brazil has not necessarily been restricted to national borders, but has been influenced by transnational recommendations and standards, orienting the creation of new regulations.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , History, 20th Century , Delivery, Obstetric/history , Parturition , Social Change , Brazil , Internationality , HumanismABSTRACT
Abstract INTRODUCTION: High endemic levels of pulmonary tuberculosis in prisons result from overcrowding, limited access to healthcare, delayed diagnosis, sustained transmission owing to poor control measures, and multidrug resistance. This study evaluated locally implemented measures for early pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis and evaluated resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs. METHODS: This transversal study employed data from the Mato Grosso do Sul State Tuberculosis Control Program obtained from 35 correctional facilities in 16 counties for 2 periods (2007-2010 and 2011-2014). RESULTS: Statewide prevalence (per 100,000) was 480.0 in 2007 and 972.9 in 2014. The following indicators showed improvement: alcohol-acid-fast bacillus testing (from 82.7% to 92.9%); cultures performed (55.0% to 81.8%); drug susceptibility testing of positive cultures (71.6% to 62.4%); and overall drug susceptibility testing coverage (36.6% to 47.4%). Primary and acquired resistance rates for 2007-2014 were 21.1% and 30.0%, respectively. Primary and acquired multidrug resistance rates were 0.3% and 1.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence rates increased, and laboratory indicators improved as a result of capacity building and coordination of technical teams and other individuals providing healthcare to inmates. Resistance rates were high, thereby negatively affecting disease control.
Subject(s)
Humans , Prisons/statistics & numerical data , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy , Antitubercular Agents/administration & dosage , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiology , Early DiagnosisABSTRACT
Abstract Policy transfer, diffusion and circulation studies are a fertile ground for innovation in public policy analysis. In a globalized world, where state boundaries are permeable and public policy travels transnationally, the diffusion of policies is what naturally connects domestic to international policy. Te recent surge of publications in the feld consolidated an important and dense body of knowledge. However, afer years of research, there now seems stasis if not stagnation, with relatively little conceptual innovation. In this article we propose to address fresh avenues for future research, considering what needs to be better understood in the policy diffusion phenomenon. Te new frontiers to be explored are not only associated to heuristic dimensions of the feld, but also to empirical dynamics that emerged in the past years. We highlight six new frontiers for policy transfer and diffusion research: (1) the role of the private sector and consultants; (2) internationalization of domestic coalitions; (3) transnational spaces and transfer agents; (4) policy translation; (5) resistance to transfer; and (6) South-South or South-North transfers.
Resumen Los estudios sobre transferencia, difusión y circulación de políticas son un campo fértil para la innovación en el campo del análisis de políticas públicas. En un mundo globalizado, donde las fronteras del Estado son permeables y la política pública transita transnacionalmente, la difusión de políticas es lo que conecta naturalmente la política nacional a la internacional. El reciente aumento de publicaciones en el campo consolidó un cuerpo de conocimiento denso y relevante. No obstante, después de años de investigación, parece que ahora hay un cierto letargo -por no decir paralización-, con relativamente poca innovación conceptual. En este artículo proponemos abordar nuevos caminos para futuras investigaciones, considerando lo que requiere una mejor comprensión sobre el fenómeno de la difusión de políticas. A nuestro parecer, las nuevas políticas por explorar no están solamente asociadas a dimensiones heurísticas del campo, sino también a dinámicas empíricas que emergieron en los últimos años. Destacamos seis nuevas fronteras para la investigación sobre la transferencia y la difusión de políticas públicas: (1) el papel del sector privado y de los consultores; (2) la internacionalización de las coaliciones nacionales; (3) los espacios transnacionales y agentes de transferencia; (4) la traducción de políticas; (5) la resistencia a la transferencia; y (6) las transferencias Sur-Sur o Sur-Norte.
Resumo Os estudos sobre transferência, difusão e circulação de políticas são um campo fértil para a inovação no campo da análise de políticas públicas. No mundo globalizado, onde as fronteiras do Estado são permeáveis e a política pública viaja transnacionalmente, a difusão de políticas é o que conecta naturalmente a política doméstica à internacional. O recente aumento de publicações no campo consolidou um corpo de conhecimento denso e importante. No entanto, após anos de pesquisa, parece que há agora uma certa estase, para não dizer uma estagnação, com relativamente pouca inovação conceitual. Neste artigo propomos abordar novos caminhos para futuras pesquisas, considerando o que precisa ser mais bem compreendido sobre o fenômeno da difusão de políticas. As novas políticas a serem exploradas não estão, em nossa opinião, somente associadas às dimensões heurísticas do campo, mas também às dinâmicas empíricas que emergiram nos últimos anos. Destacamos seis novas fronteiras para a pesquisa sobre a transferência e a difusão de políticas públicas: (1) o papel do setor privado e dos consultores; (2) a internacionalização das coalizões domésticas; (3) os espaços transnacionais e agentes de transferência; (4) a tradução de políticas; (5) a resistência à transferência; e (6) as transferências Sul-Sul ou Sul-Norte.
Subject(s)
Public Policy , Private Sector , Internationality , PolicyABSTRACT
Resumen Chile constituye un polo de atracción para inmigrantes trabajadores/as, provenientes principalmente de América Latina y el Caribe en un contexto de crisis mundializada. Bajo este escenario, el presente artículo busca comprender los significados que otorgan las mujeres otavaleñas, indígenas ecuatorianas, al proceso migratorio y vida laboral en Santiago de Chile. Se realizaron acompañamientos, observación y entrevistas cualitativas de trayectorias sociales vinculadas a la práctica laboral. Los hallazgos sugieren que si bien la movilidad es motivada por mejorar su situación económica, los trayectos sociales que viven en Chile las confrontan a una existencia precaria y conflictiva que abordan mediante estrategias individuales y sociales. Esto es, a partir de la incorporación de su cultura y los recursos valóricos con los que cuentan.
Abstract Chile is a pole of attraction for immigrant workers, coming mainly from Latin America and the Caribbean in a context of globalized crisis. Under this scenario, this article seeks to understand the meanings granted by Otavaleñas women, indigenous Ecuadorians, to the migratory process and working life in Santiago de Chile. In order to do that, we accompanied, observed and did qualitative interviews of social trajectories related to their labor practice. The findings suggest that although mobility is motivated by improving their economic situation, the social paths that live in Chile confront them to a precarious and conflictive existence, which they approach through individual and social strategies. This is, from the incorporation of their culture and their valuable resources. Keyword: Otavaleña; transnational migration; informal commerce; criminalization. Introducción
Subject(s)
Women , Human Migration , Criminal BehaviorABSTRACT
En esta investigación se realizó un estudio comparado entre una muestra de jóvenes brasileños y españoles en las que se analizó la relación entre estatus de empleo (empleados versus desempleados) y bienestar psicológico. Se constata una asociación entre desempleo juvenil y deterioro en la salud mental, tanto en la muestra española como en la muestra brasileña. Las diferencias observadas son mayores en el caso de los jóvenes desempleados que en el caso de las jóvenes desempleadas, quienes parecen beneficiarse menos, desde el punto de vista del bienestar psicológico del hecho de tener un empleo. Estas diferencias podrían deberse a la sobrecarga de roles que experimentan las jóvenes, si bien este es un factor que debe ser analizado en futuras investigaciones. (AU)
In this research, a comparative study was conducted among a sample of young Brazilians and Spaniards in which the relationship between employment status (employed versus unemployed) and psychological well-being was analyzed. There is an association between youth unemployment and deterioration in mental health, both in the Spanish sample and in the Brazilian sample. The differences observed are greater in the case of unemployed young men than in the case of unemployed young women, who seem to benefit less, from the point of view of the psychological well-being, of having a job. These differences could be due to the overload of roles that young women experience, although this is a factor that should be analyzed in future research. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Unemployment/psychology , Mental Health , Young Adult/psychology , Spain , Brazil , Employment/psychologyABSTRACT
Resumo O ensaio analisa a historiografia das exposições internacionais, encaradas como fenômenos geopolíticos da modernidade aos quais estariam associados a ordem burguesa, movimentos nacionalistas e colonialistas e uma rede expositiva que conectava distintos espaços e tempos. A maior parte dos estudos históricos recentes analisa o repertório e o padrão de linguagem dessas exposições, bem como a sua relação com questões políticas, econômicas, sociais e culturais. Destaca-se dentre as abordagens em curso, a produção latino-americana, ainda pouco visível ou integrada a um campo já consolidado e faz-se sugestões para ampliar sua visibilidade.
Abstract This essay examines the historiography of international exhibitions, seen as geopolitical phenomena of modernity to which are associated the rise of middle classes, nationalist and colonialist movements, as well as an exhibitionary network connecting distinct spaces and times. Most of the recent studies analyses this repertoire and this pattern, and their relationship with political, economic, social and cultural issues. This study stresses, among ongoing approaches, the Latin American work - still barely visible or integrated into a field which is already consolidated -, and suggests how its visibility can be improved.
Subject(s)
Humans , Exhibitions as Topic , Historiography , PoliticsABSTRACT
La predicción afectiva es un proceso de sobrestimación emocional previo a un acontecimiento. Suele asociarse a altas expectativas y a un coste socioemocional posterior. Para estudiar las diferencias entre las predicciones afectivas antes y después de la reagrupación familiar transnacional, se analizan a 188 madres inmigrantes residentes en España, bien expectantes por reagrupar, bien reagrupadas con sus hijos. Se hipotetiza y confirma la existencia de diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las mujeres en situación antes y después en relación a satisfacción con la vida, control emocional, resiliencia, estrés y soledad social. Además, se, resalta la función positiva del pronóstico afectivo en el ajuste socio cognitivo de las madres transnacionales. Previamente al evento, éste media entre la satisfacción y la soledad social, y después de la reagrupación, tiene una función mediadora entre la satisfacción vital y el descontrol emocional asociado al encuentro lo que expresa su papel protector en la conciliación familiar.
Affective forecasting is an emotional process of overestimation of the future. Previous studies indicate that if these expectations are excessive and do not coincide with reality they can lead to a high socio emotional cost after the event. In order to analyze the differences in affective predictions before and after transnational reunification 188 immigrant mothers resident in Spain were divided in two groups according to whether or not they had regrouped with their children. Both groups were homogeneous in socio-demographics (age, number of children, education level, employment status, and reasons for migrating). The results confirm the existence of significant differences between emotional experience, before and after reunification. It was found that affective forecasting played a positive role before and after the event for the variables affecting socio-cognitive regulation in both groups (well-being, emotional regulation, resilience and stress), but in different manner during the process of transnational family reunification.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Personal Satisfaction , Emigrants and Immigrants , Family Relations , Mothers/psychology , Spain , Linear Models , Emotions , Resilience, Psychological , Latin AmericaABSTRACT
Resumo O artigo estuda a circulação transnacional de métodos de identificação de pessoas na América do Sul. Analisa a implementação do sistema antropométrico nas polícias de Argentina, Uruguai e Brasil a partir da última década do século XIX e as críticas que esse sistema recebeu no momento de consolidação da datiloscopia na região, no início do século XX. Em um contexto de intenso trânsito mundial de ideias, especialistas e tecnologias policiais, o bertillonage foi discutido e hibridado na América Latina. A história do sistema antropométrico nas repúblicas do rio da Prata e do Brasil envolveu diversas viagens de médicos, juristas e policiais a Paris, debates sobre sua adequação às realidades locais e a constituição de uma aberta polêmica sobre as técnicas de identificação.
Abstract The article explores the transnational circulation of methods for identifying people in South America. It analyzes both the implementation of the anthropometric system at police departments in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil starting in the 1890s, as well as the criticisms that were aimed at this method when fingerprinting took hold in the region in the early twentieth century. In a context of a heavy worldwide flow of ideas, experts, and technologies in policing, “bertillonage” was discussed and underwent hybridization in Latin America. The history of the anthropometric system in these three countries involved many travels by physicians, jurists, and police agents to Paris, debates over its suitability to local contexts, and an open controversy about identification techniques.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Anthropometry , Police , Identity Recognition , South America , Technology , History, 19th Century , History, 20th CenturyABSTRACT
Abstract Mobile players in men's football are highly skilled professionals who move to a country other than the one where they grew up and started their careers. They are commonly described as migrants or expatriate players. Due to a much less advanced stage of professionalism and production of the game in women's football mobility projects are different. At describing the cases of Brazil, Equatorial Guinea, Mexico, Colombia and Portugal, the aim of this paper is to conceptualise an umbrella category for mobile players that can include current realities in the women's game, namely the transnational player who has gained and displays transnational football experience in different countries and socio-culturally contexts. Furthermore, analyses allow introducing two new subcategories besides the “expatriate”, namely diaspora players and new citizens.
Resumo A mobilidade internacional de jogadores de futebol se caracteriza, geralmente, pelo deslocamento de profissionais de alto nível para países diferentes daquele em que cresceram e iniciaram carreira. São descritos, comumente, como migrantes ou expatriados. Em estágio muito menos avançado de profissionalização, a mobilidade entre jogadoras acontece diferentemente. Ao descrever casos do Brasil, na Guiné Equatorial, no México, na Colômbia e em Portugal, o artigo procura desenvolver uma categoria conceitual capaz de abarcar o deslocamento que configura uma jogadora transnacional, cuja experiência se dá diferentes países e contextos socioeconômicos. Introduz ainda duas novas subcategorias, para além da “expatriada”: jogadoras em diáspora e novas cidadãs.
Resumen La movilidad internacional de jugadores de fútbol se caracteriza con frecuencia por el desplazamiento de profesionales de alto nivel a países distintos de aquellos en que crecieron y comenzaron sus carreras. Aparecen en general como jugadores migrantes o expatriados. En un grado mucho más bajo de profesionalización, la movilidad de jugadoras se presenta de otra manera. Al describir los casos de Brasil, Guinea Ecuatorial, México, Colombia y Portugal, el artículo procura desarrollar una categoría conceptual que pueda incluir las realidades actuales en el juego femenino, es decir, la jugadora transnacional, que ha alcanzado y disfruta de una experiencia transnacional en distintos países y contextos socioculturales. Introduce, además, dos nuevas subcategorías, más allá de la situación de «expatriada¼: jugadoras de la diáspora y nuevas ciudadanas.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences is the only national university in Mongolia and has produced more than 90% of health professionals in the country. Experts from Mongolia and Korea embarked on a collaborative effort to develop educational programs for faculty development based on the personal and professional needs of faculty members. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of those educational programs to determine whether this transnational collaboration was successful. METHODS: A needs assessment survey was conducted among 325 faculty members. Based on the results of this survey, the joint expert team developed educational programs on seven core topics: clinical teaching, curriculum development, e-learning, item writing, medical research, organizational culture, and resident selection. Surveys evaluating the satisfaction and the attitudes of the participants were conducted for each program. RESULTS: Throughout the 17-day program, 16 experts from Korea and 14 faculty members from Mongolia participated as instructors, and a total of 309 participants attended the program. The average satisfaction score was 7.15 out of 8.0, and the attitudes of the participants towards relevant competencies significantly improved after each educational program. CONCLUSION: The faculty development programs that were developed and implemented as part of this transnational collaboration between Mongolia and Korea are expected to contribute to the further improvement of health professions education in Mongolia. Future studies are needed to evaluate the long-term outcomes of these educational programs.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cooperative Behavior , Curriculum , Education , Health Occupations , Joints , Korea , Medical Writing , Mongolia , Needs Assessment , Organizational CultureABSTRACT
Las migraciones internacionales se han erigido como un campo de preocupación de los procesos de control y gobierno en las sociedades europeas contemporáneas, conformándose como "problema social" que es preciso atender desde diferentes estamentos públicos. De la necesidad de gestión de estos grupos poblacionales emergen leyes, reglamentos, discursos, planes de actuación y procesos de intervención cuyo efecto principal es la reproducción y solidificación de las relaciones de poder presentes en las sociedades de instalación. A partir de diversas investigaciones en el campo de los servicios que se prestan a mujeres inmigradas en el Estado español, se analizan las maneras en las que se instalan mecanismos de gubernamentalidad que contribuyen a la construcción de una "otra problemática y carente" que es necesario atender para su correcta integración social; mecanismos que ayudan a legitimar la necesidad de adaptación de estas personas a un contexto de desigualdad jurídica, social y cultural que resulta incuestionado.
International migration has emerged, in contemporary European societies, as an area of concern for control and governmentality processes, by means of its definition as a "social problem" that must be addressed by public organisms. Different laws, regulations, discourses, plans and intervention processes emerge from the need to manage these populations, generating as main effect the reproduction and solidification of power relations in host societies. Departing from different researches developed in the field of services provided to immigrant women in Spain, we propose to analise the ways in which governmentality mechanisms contribute to construct a subject that is understood as an "Other problematic and needing" that requires attention to achieve proper social integration. These mechanisms contribute to justify the urge for this population to adapt to a context of legal, social and cultural inequality that results unquestioned.
Subject(s)
Emigration and Immigration , Interpersonal RelationsABSTRACT
Este artículo indaga las lecturas y traducciones al castellano de la obra de Henri Wallon en la Argentina, desde la perspectiva de la historia transnacional. Se reconstruye la trayectoria política de Wallon en Francia y la conformación de un circuito intelectual y científico antifascista, filosoviético y comunista que propició la circulación y edición de sus obras. Se analiza la caracterización de la figura de Wallon y el uso de sus ideas por intelectuales antifascistas, pedagogos cercanos al comunismo y psiquiatras de izquierda críticos del comunismo. Finalmente, se realizan algunas indicaciones historiográficas en pos de una historia de la psicología en América Latina, desde el marco de la historia transnacional.
This article examines readings and translations to Spanish of the work of Henri Wallon in Argentine from the perspective of Transnational History. The political trajectory of Wallon in France is reconstructed as well as the constitution of an intellectual and scientific circuit in anti-fascism, philo-Sovietism, and communism that promoted the circulation and edition of his work. Wallon's characterization and use of his ideas by antifascist intellectuals, pedagogues close to communism and leftist psychiatrist critical of communism is analyzed. Finally, some remarks on historiographical issues are made so as to propose a transnational history of psychology in Latin America.
Subject(s)
Argentina , Communism , Psychology, DevelopmentalABSTRACT
Muitos países no continente americano se autodenominam “nações de imigrantes”. Nos EUA, o mito da “terra prometida” sugere que estrangeiros prosperam ao chegar ali porque a nação é intrinsicamente extraordinária. No Brasil, contudo, a relação entre imigração e identidade nacional é outra. Intelectuais, políticos, além de líderes culturais e econômicos viam (e veem) os imigrantes como agentes de melhoria de uma nação imperfeita marcada por anos de colonialismo português e escravidão africana. Como resultado, os imigrantes muitas vezes eram considerados salvadores por trazer mudanças e melhorias para o Brasil, e não por ter melhorado graças ao Brasil. Essas “melhorias” ocorreram com a absorção, a miscigenação e o uso de categorias raciais e étnicas cada vez mais flexíveis.
Many countries in the Americas describe themselves as “nations of immigrants.” In the United States, the myth of the “promised land” suggests that foreigners better themselves upon arrival because the nation is intrinsically great. In Brazil, however, the relationship between immigration and national identity is different. Many intellectuals, politicians, and cultural and economic leaders saw (and see) immigrants as improving an imperfect nation that has been tainted by the history of Portuguese colonialism and African slavery. As a result, immigrants were often hailed as saviors because they modified and improved Brazil, not because they were improved by Brazil. This “improvement” took place through absorption, mixture and with the use of increasingly flexible racial and ethnic categories.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Emigrants and Immigrants , Brazil , Japan/ethnology , World War IIABSTRACT
O presente artigo trata da “descoberta” do minério de ferro brasileiro a partir de duas perspectivas. A primeira analisa a crescente ênfase das geociências em sua aplicação prática e em sua globalidade desde a segunda metade do século XIX. Enquanto no Brasil a geologia econômica foi integrada passo a passo às instituições do Estado, no nível global ela viveu momento de triunfo com o 11 o Congresso Geológico Internacional, em 1910. A segunda trata de uma rede social específica com papel decisivo na corrida pelo minério de ferro brasileiro: experts transnacionais movimentandose entre as lógicas do mercado e as da academia. O artigo mostra a importância das negociações locais na incorporação do subsolo mineiro ao espaço global de mineração.
This article deals with the “discovery” of Brazilian iron ore from two perspectives. The first examines the increasing emphasis of the geosciences and their practical application and global reach since the second half of the nineteenth century. While in Brazil economic geology was integrated step by step into state institutions, at the global level it experienced its moment of triumph with the 11th International Geological Congress in 1910. The second deals with a specific social network with a decisive role in the race for Brazilian iron ore: with transnational experts juggling between the logic of the market and that of the academy. The article reveals the importance of local negotiations in the incorporation of the subsoil of Minas Gerais into the global space of mining.