ABSTRACT
Introducción: Antes de catalogar un proceso morboso como trastorno mental, es imprescindible tener presente la importancia del diagnóstico precoz de causas de origen no psiquiátrico para una posible presentación clínica. Por ello, trataremos de reflejar este hecho, que se antoja necesario recordar aunque sea bien sabido, ya que puede pasarse por alto en situaciones de urgencia en el ámbito hospitalario, con las consecuencias derivadas de un cribado incompleto y con el potencial riesgo vital para el paciente. Presentación del caso: Adolescente mujer, de 13 años, que presentó un cuadro clínico agudosugestivo de carácter disociativo. Se precisó su ingreso hospitalario para la aclaración diagnóstico-terapéutica, y mediante neuroimagen se diagnosticó inicialmente como lesión neoplásica en el tronco del encéfalo y, finalmente, como lesión isquémica de origen vasculítico en dicha localización. Discusión: Se planteó un diagnóstico diferencial a través de las diferentes etiologías tanto psíquicas como no psíquicas del cuadro clínico, pero fue necesaria la intervención del servicio de pediatría hospitalario para la orientación y filiación definitiva, ante la sospecha de enfermedad no psiquiátrica tras una evolución tórpida a pesar de intervenciones psicoterapéuticas y psicofarmacológicas. Conclusiones: A través de la presentación y revisión de un caso clínico que sucedió en nuestro hospital de trabajo, se debe insistir en un adecuado abordaje integral del paciente, especialmente con población infanto-juvenil, ante una presentación clínica aguda y sin previas evaluaciones físicas de relevancia.
Introduction: Before cataloguing a morbid process as a "mental disorder", it is essential to bear in mind the importance of early diagnosis of causes of non-psychiatric origin for a possible clinical presentation. For this reason, we will try to reflect this fact, which it seems necessary to remember even though it is well known, since it can be overlooked in emergency situations in the hospital setting, with the consequences derived from an incomplete diagnosis and with the potential life-threatening risk for the patient. Case presentation: A 13-year-old female adolescent, who presented an acute clinical picture suggestive of dissociative disorder. She required hospital admission for diagnostic-therapeutic clarification, and neuroimaging findings led to an initial diagnosis of a neoplastic lesion in the brain stem and, finally, as ischaemic lesion of vasculitic origin in said location. Discussion: A differential diagnosis was proposed through the different psychic and nonpsychic aetiologies of the clinical picture, being the intervention of the hospital's paediatric service necessary for orientation and definitive affiliation, given the suspicion of non-psychiatric illness after a torpid evolution in spite of psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological interventions. Conclusions: Through the presentation and review of a clinical case that happened in our hospital, we must insist on an adequate comprehensive approach to the patient, especially with the child-adolescent population, when faced with an acute clinical presentation and without previous studies at a relevant physical level.
ABSTRACT
La conciencia: característica esencial de esta dimensión de autorepresentación es la interpretación de ciertos estados internos del propio cuerpo como identidad mental y somática. La neurociencia de la conciencia sugiere fuertemente que un nivel de sincronización y unión entre varias partes del cerebro hasta cierto punto refleja la accesibilidad de varios contenidos mentales. Janet (1889) propuso el término désagrégation para referirse a los fenómenos de «no integración¼ y lo situó en el terreno de la anormalidad. Trastornos disociativos: en estos trastornos hay pérdida parcial o completa de la integración normal entre ciertos recuerdos del pasado, la conciencia de la propia identidad, ciertas sensaciones inmediatas y el control de los movimientos corporales (conversión)
The conscience: essential feature of this dimension of self-representation is the interpretation of certain internal states of the body itself as mental and somatic identity. The neuroscience of consciousness strongly suggests that a level of synchronization and union between various parts of the brain to some extent reflects the accessibility of various mental contents. Janet (1889) proposed the term désagrégation to refer to the phenomena of "non integration" and placed it in the terrain of abnormality. Dissociative disorders: in these disorders there is partial or complete loss of normal integration between certain memories of the past, awareness of one's own identity, certain immediate sensations and control of bodily movements (conversion)
Subject(s)
Humans , Conversion Disorder/classification , Conversion Disorder/history , Dissociative Disorders/classification , Dissociative Disorders/history , Conversion Disorder/epidemiology , Dissociative Disorders/epidemiology , HysteriaABSTRACT
La conciencia: característica esencial de esta dimensión de autorepresentación es la interpretación de ciertos estados internos del propio cuerpo como identidad mental y somática. La neurociencia de la conciencia sugiere fuertemente que un nivel de sincronización y unión entre varias partes del cerebro hasta cierto punto refleja la accesibilidad de varios contenidos mentales. Janet (1889) propuso el término désagrégation para referirse a los fenómenos de «no integración¼ y lo situó en el terreno de la anormalidad. Trastornos disociativos: en estos trastornos hay pérdida parcial o completa de la integración normal entre ciertos recuerdos del pasado, la conciencia de la propia identidad, ciertas sensaciones inmediatas y el control de los movimientos corporales (conversión)
The conscience: essential feature of this dimension of self-representation is the interpretation of certain internal states of the body itself as mental and somatic identity. The neuroscience of consciousness strongly suggests that a level of synchronization and union between various parts of the brain to some extent reflects the accessibility of various mental contents. Janet (1889) proposed the term désagrégation to refer to the phenomena of "non integration" and placed it in the terrain of abnormality. Dissociative disorders: in these disorders there is partial or complete loss of normal integration between certain memories of the past, awareness of one's own identity, certain immediate sensations and control of bodily movements (conversion)
Subject(s)
Humans , Conversion Disorder/classification , Conversion Disorder/diagnosis , Conversion Disorder/epidemiology , Dissociative Disorders/classification , Dissociative Disorders/diagnosis , Dissociative Disorders/epidemiology , HysteriaABSTRACT
Las alteraciones psicopatológicas secundarias a experiencias religiosas más frecuentes son los trastornos disociativos y los fenómenos de trance. Esta clínica no es frecuente observarla en los consultorios de práctica privada ni hospitalaria. Para realizar esta revisión se concurrió a sitios de culto donde los fenómenos de trance y posesión son frecuentes para observar su clínica y los métodos de inducción. Además se revisó la literatura publicada sobre el tema. Conclusiones: en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires los fenómenos de trance y los trastornos disociativos tienen una tasa de diagnóstico menor que en otros sitios. Los trances que evidenciamos fueron en su totalidad producto de inducciones.
The more frequent psychopathological alteration after religious experiences are the dissociative disorders and trance. It's not frequent to see this clinic in private practice or hospitals in Buenos Aires. To do this revision we went to religious sites where the trance and possession status are frequent, in order to observe their clinic and the methods to induce them. We made a bibliographic revision about trance. Conclusion: In Buenos Aires city the dissociative disorders and the trance are less diagnosed than in other sites. The trances that we saw were totally induced.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Child , Religion , Dissociative Disorders/etiology , Argentina , PsychopathologyABSTRACT
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Abstract: Introduction: Dissociative disorders are characterized by impaired conscious integration functions, personal identity, memory and environment perception. Their frequent psychopathological manifestations are amnesia, depersonalization, fugue states, extra sensorial experiences, trance states and total personality changes. They usually appear under different life stressors, and their clinical course is highly variable. Prevalence estimates give figures ranging from 5 to 10% among general population, and reach 10.2 to 41.4% among psychiatric populations. This wide variation is one of the indicators of the complexity of this diagnostic entities and of its difficulty to be studied. Culture is a key factor in functionality of subjects with a dissociative disorder, because the acceptance of many of its clinical features varies. It is accepted that these diagnostic categories are barely-recognized, not only by general physicians, but by experienced mental health specialists. The original Structured Diagnostic Interviews (SCID, CIDI, SADS, SCAN), did not include them in their widely distributed packages, and many of them decided to create a separate appendix to address them. Unfortunately, structured interviews face an important limitation as there is a lack of trained, and some times, experienced psychopathologist, a fact that difficults to use them in large samples. Self-report instruments, when they show good reliability and validity, are of great value in terms of time, costs and feasibility. Their major limitation is the low reliability that they show in psychiatric conditions in which lack of insight is present (psychotic disorders). To evaluate the psychometric properties of translated versions of instruments is highly desirable. This is specially important when elusive disorders are being evaluated. Given that the cultural environment of Mexico is surrounded by several factors that influence this kind of disorders, the availability of reproducible research instruments is of outmost relevance. Therefore, the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) -the most widely used measure in this field- in contrast with the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule (DDIS), was evaluated, with the purpose to give a first approach to a 12 month prevalence of some Dissociative disorders in Mexican psychiatric patients. Methods: Subjects: A non-random, consecutive sample of male and female patients, between 18 and 63 years old were included. They were receiving treatment, regardless of the diagnosis, at the Institute of Mental Health of Jalisco, from the State's Ministry of the Health in Mexico. The ethics committee authorized the study, and they all gave informed consent. Translation: The Spanish version of the DES, has a Spanish translation, and a Mexican Spanish idiomatic adaptation was performed by consensus. The DDIS was translated by one bilingual psychiatrist, and independently reviewed by another. Consensus was reached in controverted items. Once a final translated version was obtained, it was given to 10 subjects (mainly with primary school level), to assess item understanding. A second review was performed to reach a culturally compatible version, concentrating in respecting item content validity. Back translation was not considered, because this method does not capture common language of low school population, which is the case of most Mexicans. Measures: Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES): This is a 28 items, self-report scale, designed to evaluate different kinds and severity of Dissociative conditions, in a 0 to 100 range. Most populations without a psychiatric condition or with a non-Dissociative disorder, scored under 20. A cut-off point of 30, usually indicates the possibility of a Dissociative disorder diagnosis. Given that a Spanish version of the DES is available from Spain, only an idiomatic adaptation to Mexican Spanish was performed (changes in slang or word content differences between countries). Dissociative Disorder Interview Scale (DDIS): This is a structured diagnostic interview, of 132 yes/no items, designed to assess the presence of DSM-IV Dissociative disorders entities. It is to be applied by mental health professionals, properly trained on its use. It does not give a total score, it assesses each disorder independently. As previous studies performed in different languages, it has adequate psychometric properties, and is the usual golden standard for Dissociative categories. Previous reports on DDIS correlation with DES have shown variations between disorders, with Kappa values for Identity Dissociative Disorder ranging 0.68 to 0.95. Procedures: A 4th year general psychiatry residency doctor was trained in the DDIS, and, after obtaining the patient's consent, applied the DDIS interview, and then gave the patient the DES to be completed. Demographic and clinical variables were obtained, as well as the diagnosis assigned in the patient chart. To analyze results two procedures were planned: 1) compare DES total score punctuation between positive and negative presence of Dissociative disorders according with the DDIS and 2)compare between patients with a Dissociative disorder with or without concomitant major depression. Results: A total of 100 subjects were included, 63% female, with a mean age of 32.4±12.5 (range 18 - 63) years old. The DES internal consistency index was 0.96. Patients with a Dissociative Disorder (according to the DDIS), showed clinically and significantly higher DES values than non-Dissociative patients (34.7±24.8 n= 38 vs. 10.7±9.6 n=62; T -6.8, d.f. 98, p< 0.001). Frequency of Dissociative disorders and symptoms: Mean DES total score was 19.8±20.6. According to DDIS criteria, 38 subjects fulfilled DSM IV diagnostic criteria for a Dissociative disorder: Dissociative identity disorder 24, Depersonalization Disorder 6, psychogenic fugue 3. The most common concomitant diagnosis as assessed in the patient chart was unipolar major depression (17 44.7%. When a Dissociative disorder was comorbid with major depression, comparing it with Dissociative disorders only, the difference was greater (34.7±24.2 n= 38, 9.3±8.55, T 6.3, d.f. 80, p<000.1. Discussion: Dissociative disorder measurements evaluated, seem to work adequately in Mexican population. Prevalence of dissociative disorders found in this psychiatric population, is consistent with other studies. Further research in the field is needed, to evaluate the influence of cultural factors, including rural and indigenous samples.