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1.
Colomb. med ; 51(4): e4134365, Oct.-Dec. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1154009

ABSTRACT

Abstract The liver is the most commonly affected solid organ in cases of abdominal trauma. Management of penetrating liver trauma is a challenge for surgeons but with the introduction of the concept of damage control surgery accompanied by significant technological advancements in radiologic imaging and endovascular techniques, the focus on treatment has changed significantly. The use of immediately accessible computed tomography as an integral tool for trauma evaluations for the precise staging of liver trauma has significantly increased the incidence of conservative non-operative management in hemodynamically stable trauma victims with liver injuries. However, complex liver injuries accompanied by hemodynamic instability are still associated with high mortality rates due to ongoing hemorrhage. The aim of this article is to perform an extensive review of the literature and to propose a management algorithm for hemodynamically unstable patients with penetrating liver injury, via an expert consensus. It is important to establish a multidisciplinary approach towards the management of patients with penetrating liver trauma and hemodynamic instability. The appropriate triage of these patients, the early activation of an institutional massive transfusion protocol, and the early control of hemorrhage are essential landmarks in lowering the overall mortality of these severely injured patients. To fear is to fear the unknown, and with the management algorithm proposed in this manuscript, we aim to shed light on the unknown regarding the management of the patient with a severely injured liver.


Resumen El hígado es el órgano solido más comúnmente lesionado en casos de trauma abdominal. El manejo del trauma penetrante hepático es un dilema para los cirujanos. Sin embargo, con la introducción del concepto de la cirugía de control de daños y los avances tecnológicos en imagenología y técnicas endovasculares han permitido que el enfoque del tratamiento cambie. La disponibilidad inmediata de la tomografía computarizada permite estadificar el grado de la lesión e incrementar la posibilidad de un manejo conservador en pacientes hemodinámicamente estables con trauma hepático. El trauma hepático severo que se asocia con inestabilidad hemodinámica tiene una alta mortalidad debido a la hemorragia activa. El objetivo de este artículo es proponer un algoritmo de manejo producto de un consenso de expertos acerca del abordaje de los pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables con trauma hepático penetrante. El manejo debe ser por parte de un equipo multidisciplinario que comienza desde la evaluación inicial de los pacientes, la activación temprana de protocolo de transfusión masiva y el control temprano de la hemorragia, siendo estos aspectos esenciales para disminuir la mortalidad. El miedo a lo desconocido es el dilema quirúrgico donde existen pocas opciones y es imperante decisiones rápidas y oportunas; por esta razón, se propone dar una luz de guía sobre lo desconocido respecto al manejo del paciente con trauma hepático severo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Wounds, Penetrating/surgery , Liver/surgery , Liver/injuries , Decision Trees
2.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 88(4): 470-477, 2017. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-900005

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El manejo no operatorio (MNO) es el manejo estándar del trauma cerrado esplénico y hepático en el paciente pediátrico. Se han identificado como fallas a este manejo inestabilidad hemodinámica y transfusiones masivas. Pocos trabajos evalúan si existen factores que permitan una anticipación a estos eventos. El objetivo fue determinar la existencia de factores asociados a la falla en MNO de las lesiones esplénicas y/o hepáticas secundarias al trauma abdominal cerrado. Pacientes y Método: Análisis retrospectivo 2007 a 2015 de los pacientes que ingresaron al servicio de Cirugía infantil del Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación con trauma hepático y/o esplénico cerrado. Resultados: Ingresaron 70 pacientes con trauma cerrado de abdomen, 3 fueron excluidos por cirugía inmediata (2 inestabilidad hemodinámica y 1 irritación peritoneal). De 67 pacientes que recibieron MNO, 58 tuvieron éxito y 9 presentaron falla (8 inestabilidad hemodinámica y 1 lesión de víscera hueca). Encontramos 3 factores asociados a la falla MNO: presión arterial (PAS) < 90 mmHg al ingreso (p=0,0126; RR =5,19), caída de la Hemoglobina (Hb) > 2 g/dl en las primeras 24 h (p=0,0009; RR= 15,3), y transfusión de 3 o más unidades de glóbulos rojos (UGR) (0,00001; RR= 17,1). Mecanismo del trauma, severidad e Índice de Trauma Pediátrico no se asociaron con fallo MNO. Conclusiones: Los niños con trauma cerrado hepático o esplénico responden al MNO. Los factores como PA menor de 90 al ingreso, caída de la Hb >2 g/dl en las primeras 24 h y la transfusión de 3 o más UGR pueden asociarse con la falla en el MNO.


Introduction: The non operative management (NOM) is the standard management of splenic and liver blunt trauma in pediatric patients.Hemodynamic instability and massive transfusions have been identified as management failures. Few studies evaluate whether there exist factors allowing anticipation of these events. The objective was to identify factors associated with the failure of NOM in splenic and liver injuries for blunt abdominal trauma. Patients and Method: Retrospective analysis between 2007-2015 of patients admitted to the pediatric surgery at University Hospital Saint Vincent Foundation with liver trauma and/or closed Spleen. Results: 70 patients were admitted with blunt abdominal trauma, 3 were excluded for immediate surgery (2 hemodynamic instability, 1 peritoneal irritation). Of 67 patients who received NOM, 58 were successful and 9 showed failure (8 hemodynamic instability, 1 hollow viscera injury). We found 3 factors associated with failure NOM: blood pressure (BP) < 90 mmHg at admission (p = 0.0126; RR = 5.19), drop in hemoglobin (Hb) > 2 g/dl in the first 24 hours (p = 0.0009; RR = 15.3), and transfusion of 3 or more units of red blood cells (RBC) (0.00001; RR = 17.1). Mechanism and severity of trauma and Pediatric Trauma Index were not associated with failure NOM. Conclusions: Children with blunted hepatic or splenic trauma respond to NOM. Factors such as BP < 90 mmHg at admission, an Hb fall > 2 g/dl in the first 24 hours and transfusion of 3 or more units of RBC were associated with the failure in NOM.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Spleen/injuries , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/diagnosis , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/therapy , Conservative Treatment , Liver/injuries , Prognosis , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/physiopathology , Retrospective Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Treatment Failure
3.
ABCD (São Paulo, Impr.) ; 28(4): 286-289, Nov.-Dec. 2015. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-770269

ABSTRACT

Background : The liver is the most injured organ in abdominal trauma. Currently, the treatment in most cases is non-operative, but surgery may be necessary in severe abdominal trauma with blunt liver damage, especially those that cause uncontrollable bleeding. Despite the damage control approaches in order to achieve hemodynamic stability, many patients develop hypovolemic shock, acute liver failure, multiple organ failure and death. In this context, liver transplantation appears as the lifesaving last resource Aim : Analyze the use of liver transplantation as a treatment option for severe liver trauma. Methods : Were reviewed 14 articles in the PubMed, Medline and Lilacs databases, selected between 2008-2014 and 10 for this study. Results : Were identified 46 cases undergoing liver transplant after liver trauma; the main trauma mechanism was closed/blunt abdominal trauma in 83%, and severe trauma (>grade IV) in 81 %. The transplant can be done, in this context, performing one-stage procedure (damaged organ removed with immediate transplantation), used in 72% of cases. When the two-stage approach is performed, end-to-side temporary portacaval shunt is provided, until new organ becomes available to be transplanted. If two different periods are considered - from 1980 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2014 - the survival rate increased significantly, from 48% to 76%, while the mortality decreased from 52% to 24%. Conclusion : Despite with quite restricted indications, liver transplantation in hepatic injury is a therapeutic modality viable and feasible today, and can be used in cases when other therapeutic modalities in short and long term, do not provide the patient survival chances.


Introdução : O fígado é um dos órgãos mais afetados nos traumas abdominais. Atualmente, o tratamento de escolha na maioria dos casos é o não operatório; porém, a intervenção cirúrgica pode ser necessária nos traumas abdominais severos com lesão hepática grave, principalmente naqueles que provocam hemorragias de difícil controle. Apesar das abordagens de controle de danos visando a estabilidade hemodinâmica, muitos pacientes evoluem para choque hipovolêmico, insuficiência hepática aguda, falência múltipla de órgãos e óbito. Nesse contexto, o transplante hepático surge como última opção de tratamento. Objetivo : Analisar a utilização do transplante hepático como modalidade terapêutica em traumas hepáticos graves. Método : Foram revisados 14 artigos obtidos nas bases de dados Pubmed, Medline e Lilacs entre 2008-2014, sendo selecionados 10 para o presente estudo. Resultados : Foram identificados 46 relatos de casos de pacientes submetidos à transplante de fígado após trauma hepático; o principal mecanismo de trauma foi o fechado/contuso com 83%, e traumas graves (>grau IV) em 81%. O transplante pôde ser realizado em uma etapa (paciente com órgão lesado removido e imediatamente recebia o enxerto), utilizado em 72% dos casos. Nos procedimentos em duas etapas realizava-se shunt temporário portocava até que um órgão fosse disponibilizado. Na análise de dois períodos distintos - 1980 a 2000 e 2000 a 2014 -, taxa de sobrevida aumentou significativamente, passando de 48% para 76% e a mortalidade caiu de 52% para 24%. Conclusão : O transplante hepático apesar de ter indicações bastante restritas no cenário do trauma hepático, representa modalidade terapêutica nos dias de hoje viável e factível, podendo ser empregada em casos onde o tratamento cirúrgico, assim como outras modalidades terapêuticas, não ofereçam ao paciente chances de sobrevida a curto e longo prazo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Liver/injuries , Liver/surgery , Injury Severity Score , Liver Transplantation
4.
Rev. méd. Minas Gerais ; 24(4): 447-456, out.-dez. 2014.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-749266

ABSTRACT

Objetivos: Analisar os resultados obtidos com a implantação do protocolo de tratamento não operatório (TNO) do trauma abdominal contuso no Hospital João XXIII (HJXXIII). Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo em pacientes submetidos ao TNO vítimas de trauma abdominal contuso atendidas no HJXXIII no período de novembro de 2004 a dezembro 2013. Resultados: Durante o período, 1.768 pacientes preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Do total, 17 pacientes (0,99%) apresentavam lesões das três vísceras,197 (11,1%) de duas vísceras e 1.554 (87,9%) de uma víscera. Os 1.768 pacientes tinham 1.999 lesões assim distribuídas: 790 (39,5%) lesões hepáticas, 761 (38%) esplênicas e 448 (22.5%) renais. Na lesão hepática, a falha foi de 4,3%. As lesões graus II e III foram as mais frequentes - 74,2% do total. Nesse grupo de pacientes o índice de falha não superou2%. Nas lesões graus IV e V a falha foi mais frequente, ocorrendo em, respectivamente, 12,5 e 25% dos pacientes. Na lesão esplênica a falha de TNO foi de 7,9%. As lesões graus II e III foram as mais comuns - 75,3% do total de pacientes. A falha do TNO foi maior na lesão esplênica grau III (11,3%) e grau IV (33,3%). O sangramento foi a causa principal dafalha. Na lesão renal a falha foi de 6,6%. As lesões graus II e III foram as mais frequentes (63,3%). O TNO falhou em 22,8% dos pacientes com lesão grau IV. Conclusão: o sucesso do TNO depende do grau de lesão, recursos institucionais e protocolo inflexível.


Objectives: to analyze the results obtained with the implementation of the non-operative treatment protocol (TNO) for blunt abdominal trauma in the João XXIII Hospital (HJXXIII). Methods: this was a retrospective study of patients submitted to TNO, victims of blunt abdominal trauma and tended at the HJXXIII, between November of 2004 and December of 2013. Results: a total of 1,768 patients met the inclusion criteria. Seventeen patients (0.99%)presented lesions in the three viscerae, 197 (11.1%) in two viscerae, and 1,554 (87.9%) in one viscera. The 1,768 patients had 1,999 lesions distributed as follows: 790 (39.5%) liver lesions, 761 (38%) splenic, and 448 (22.5%) renal. Failure was 4.3% in liver lesions, Grades II and III lesions were the most frequent - 74.2% of the total. In this group of patients the failure index was not over 2%. Failure was more frequent in Grades IV and V lesions occurring in, respectively, 12.5 and 25% of the patients. TNO failure was 7.9% in splenic lesions, Grades II and III lesions were the most common - 75.3% of the patients. TNO failure wasgreater in splenic lesions grade III (11.3%) and IV (33.3%). Bleeding was the main cause of failure. Failure was 6.6% in renal lesions. Grades II and III lesions were the most frequent (63.3%). TNO failed in 22.8% of patients with grade IV lesion. Conclusion: the success of TNO depends on the lesion grade, institutional resources, and an inflexible protocol.

5.
GED gastroenterol. endosc. dig ; 32(4): 123-127, out.-dez. 2013. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-761190

ABSTRACT

Hemobilia é rara e potencialmente fatal. A suspeita de sangramento em trato biliar é maior em casos recentes de trauma hepático ou cirurgia hepatobiliar. Ruptura de pseudoaneurisma de artéria hepática é causa comum de hemobilia. Relatamos 3 casos de hemobilia em indivíduos jovens, acometidos por trauma abdominal, que evoluíram com ruptura de pseudoaneurisma e necessidade de embolização angiográfica de vaso sangrante.


Hemobilia is rare and potentially fatal. Suspect bleeding in the biliary tract is higher in recent cases of liver trauma or hepatobiliary surgery. Rupture of hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm is a common cause of hemobilia. We report 3 cases of hemobilia in young individuals suffering from abdominal trauma, who developed pseudoaneurysm rupture and need for angiographic embolization of bleeding vessel.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Rupture , Hemobilia , Biliary Tract , Aneurysm, False , Diagnosis, Differential , Embolization, Therapeutic , Hemobilia/etiology , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/surgery , Hepatic Artery
6.
GED gastroenterol. endosc. dig ; 32(2): 57-59, abr.-jun. 2013. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-756165

ABSTRACT

A hemobilia ocorre quando doenças ou injúrias causam comunicação entre o sangue de vasos intra-hepáticos com o trato biliar. O diagnóstico de hemobilia foi apresentado pela primeira vez por Francis Glisson em 1654, porém o primeiro caso documentado data de 1777 por Antoni Portal. O objetivo do presente relato é apresentar um caso de hemobilia em paciente atendido no Hospital Universitário de Maringá por ferimento de arma branca que apresentou tardiamente hemorragia digestiva alta e diagnosticado hemobilia submetido a tratamento não operatório.


Hemobilia occurs when injury or disease cause comunication between intrahepatic blood vessel and the biliary tract. Francis Glisson introduced the diagnosis of hemobilia in 1654, but Antoine Portal documented the first case in 1777. The aim of this report is to present a case of late presentation of hepatic pseudoaneurysm with hemobilia for penetrating abdominal trauma submeted a non-operative management of hemobilia at the Hospital of Maringá State University.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Young Adult , Hemobilia , Wounds, Stab , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage , Liver
7.
Brasília méd ; 49(2): 87-92, 2012. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-664941

ABSTRACT

O fígado é o órgão intra-abdominalmais comumente lesado em pacientes vítimas detrauma. A lesão ocorre mais frequentemente notrauma penetrante do que no trauma contuso

8.
Rev. cuba. cir ; 51(2): 187-200, abr.-jun. 2012.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-647031

ABSTRACT

Se presenta a un paciente de 37 años de edad que acude a nuestro Cuerpo de Guardia politraumatizado, con lesiones torácicas y abdominales, con síntomas y signos sugestivos de fracturas costales múltiples, con hemotórax derecho y hemoperitoneo, corroborado imaginológicamente y en la punción abdominal. Se realiza pleurostomía mínima intermedia y laparotomía exploratoria. Se le encuentran lesiones hepáticas de los segmentos VI, V, VIII y IV, con una profundidad mayor de 3 cm, además, deserosamientos en las asas delgadas intestinales y colon. Se realiza hepatorrafia y empaquetamiento hepático. Posteriormente van apareciendo complicaciones, por lo que tiene que ser reintervenido en máqs de 60 ocasiones. Entre ellas, la aparición de una fístula de alto gasto, que lo llevó a la desnutrición y a la permanencia con el abdomen expuesto durante 7 meses hasta el egreso. Se revisa la literatura correspondiente a estas entidades(AU)


A 37 years-old multi-traumatized male patient went to our emergency service. He had many injures in the thorax and the abdomen, together with symptoms and signs suggestive of multiple costal fractures, with right hemothorax and hemoperitoneum, all of which was confirmed by imaging techniques and by abdominal puncture. Minimal intermediate pleurostomy and exploratory laparoscopy were performed. We found hepatic lesions in the 6th, 5th, 8th and 4th segments, over 3 cm deep; additionally, the loss of serosa from the intestinal ansae and from the colon. Hepatorrhaphy and hepatic packing were also performed. Later on, more complications appeared, so he had to be re-operated more than 60 times. The occurrence of a high output fistula led him to malnutrition and his abdomen remained exposed for 7 months until he was finally discharged from hospital. This paper also presented a literature review on this topic(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Thoracic Injuries/diagnostic imaging , Cholecystostomy/methods , Intestinal Fistula/surgery , Jejunostomy/methods , Cholangiography/methods
9.
Radiol. bras ; 45(1): 63-64, jan.-fev. 2012. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-618399

ABSTRACT

Hemobilia é causa rara de hemorragia digestiva e complicação incomum no trauma hepático. Ocorre devido à comunicação entre ductos biliares e vasos intra-hepáticos. Os autores relatam um caso de paciente vítima de ferimento penetrante abdominal que evoluiu, após três meses da hepatorrafia, com dor, icterícia e hemorragia digestiva. Foi realizada angiografia, que demonstrou pseudoaneurisma de artéria hepática direita, e efetuada embolização com sucesso.


Hemobilia is a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding and uncommon complication in cases of liver trauma. It occurs due to communication between bile ducts and intrahepatic vessels. The authors describe the case of a patient victim of penetrating abdominal injury, who progressed after three months of liver suture with pain, jaundice and gastrointestinal bleeding. Angiography diagnosed right hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm, and embolization procedure was successfully performed.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Young Adult , Hemobilia , Hepatic Artery , Wounds, Gunshot , Angiography , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
10.
Rev. cuba. cir ; 50(3)jul.-sept. 2011.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-616279

ABSTRACT

Entre las urgencias atendidas por traumatismos diversos, en el Centro Diagnóstico Integral Dr Salvador Allende, en Caracas, Venezuela, se destacó el caso que se expone, luego de estar 60 días procurando atención médica en diferentes instituciones hospitalarias, sin recibir credibilidad la joven enferma. Se expone la historia de la paciente, y sus eventualidades con los hallazgos laparotómicos. Se corrobora la necesidad laparotómica con la presunción inicial por juicio clínico y se logra el consentimiento informado familiar. Como refuerzo de la praxis se efectuó el procedimiento omentun mayus, que combate la sepsis futura y garantiza la integridad subfrénica. Este caso trauma visceral circunscrito al lóbulo derecho del hígado favorece, por su carácter y modo, la enseñanza a educandos y especialistas, en caso de afrontar traumas no recientes(AU)


Among all the emergencies seen due to different traumata in the Dr Salvador Allende Integral Diagnosis Center in Caracas Venezuela is emphasized the present case, after 60 days seeking medical in different hospital institutions without to receive medical care. Her history is exposed and its eventualities with the laparotomy findings. Laparotomy need is corroborated according an early clinical criterion and the achievement of the family informed consent. As a praxis effort, the omentum mayus procedure was carried out preventing the future sepsis and to guarantee the subfrenic integrity. Present case —visceral trauma restricted to liver right lobule, due to its character and mode, favors the teaching to students and specialists when they to face non-recent traumata(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Hematoma/diagnostic imaging , Abdominal Injuries/diagnostic imaging , Liver/injuries , Abdominal Injuries/surgery
11.
Brasília méd ; 46(4)dez. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-540144

ABSTRACT

O pseudoaneurisma de artéria hepática é complicação rara do trauma abdominal fechado. Ocorre quando há ruptura da parede arterial com extravasamento de sangue para um hematoma intraparenquimatoso, onde uma cápsula de tecido fibroso é formada. Relatam-se dois casos de pseudoaneurisma de artéria hepática pós-trauma. Achados por tomografia computadorizada e arteriografia confirmaram o diagnóstico. Em ambos os casos, o tratamento consistiu em embolização. Neste relato de caso, enfatiza-se a importância desse diagnóstico porque mesmo os pseudoaneurismas assintomáticos devem ser tratados. Há elevado risco de ruptura, associada a elevada morbidade.


Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm is a rare complication of blunt abdominal trauma. It originates from a disruption of arterial wall with extravasation of blood and forming of an intraparenchymal hematoma, where a fibrous tissue capsule is formed. This paper aims at describing two cases studies of post-traumatic hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm. Computed tomography and arteriography findings confirmed the diagnosis. Treatment on both patients consisted in embolization. This case report emphasizes the importance of this diagnosis because even asymptomatic pseudoaneurysms should be treated. They have a high risk of rupture, associated with high morbidity.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Angiography , Hepatic Artery , Aneurysm, False , Liver/injuries , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Abdominal Injuries/complications
12.
Rev. venez. cir ; 62(2): 94-96, jun. 2009. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-548724

ABSTRACT

Exponer la experiencia en el manejo del trauma hepático con clampeamiento prolongado, en el Servicio de Cirugía Uno. Hospital General del Este "Dr. Domingo Luciani". Paciente masculino de 28 años que ingresa a la Unidad de Politraumatizados (UPT) posterior a accidente en motocicleta. Hemodinámicamente estable, examen físico, tórax: murmullo vesicular disminuido en base derecha y abdomen; signos de irritación peritoneal, Rx de tórax hemoneumotórax y fractura del tercero al séptimo arcos costales derechos; toracotomía mínima que drena abundante burbujeo y 500 cc serohemático, FAST: moderada cantidad de líquido libre. Se realiza laparotomía exploradora con hallazgos de: hemoperitoneo 3000cc y lesión hepática grado IV; se realiza primera fase de control de daños, con clampeamiento y empaquetamiento hepático como estrategia para el control de la hemorragia; y cierre abreviado. Segunda fase de control de daños en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) durante 48 horas, posterior a lo cual, se realiza tercera fase de control de daños, con hallazgos de ausencia de hemoperitoneo, 100cc de secreción biliar, lesión en segmento VIII hepático no sangrante. Se retiran comprensas y clamps hemostático lavado, drenaje de cavidad y cierre con puntos de tensión. Evoluciona satisfactoriamente, egresando de la UTI, complicado con fístula biliar resuelta con papilotomía electiva en el postoperatorio tardio.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Hemoperitoneum/etiology , Liver/injuries , Laparotomy/methods , Motorcycles , Radiography/methods , Abdominal Injuries/etiology , Craniocerebral Trauma/etiology , Craniocerebral Trauma/physiopathology , Accidents, Traffic , Cholecystography , Rib Fractures/diagnosis , Hemorrhage/diagnosis
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