Concentración de aluminio en carne cocida almacenada en bandejas de aluminio descartables / Aluminum concentration in cooked beef stored in disposable aluminum trays

El aluminio puede ser consumido por personas a través de la contaminación de alimentos y el agua. Los metales pesa­dos en alimentos de origen animal son un riesgo potencial para la salud de los consumidores. En algunos países, es una práctica habitual que las comidas cocinadas listas para el consumo se presenten y mantengan calientes en bandejas de aluminio en tiendas minoristas, como locales de comida rápida y supermercados. No hay información disponible sobre el desprendimiento de metal en este tipo de recipiente de conservación de alimentos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la concentración de aluminio en la carne y en los líquidos de cocción almacenados en bandejas de aluminio descartables. El diseño del estudio incluyó carne bovina cocida almacenada sola, en una salsa acuosa de hierbas a pH 7, y en una salsa acuosa cítrica (a base de limón) a pH 4, para simular condiciones encontradas en la práctica minorista. El Comité Mixto FAO / OMS de Expertos en Aditivos Alimentarios estableció una ingesta semanal tolerable provisional de 2 mg Al kg-1 de peso corporal. Una sola porción de 250 g de carne en salsa ácida almace­nada en una bandeja de aluminio calentada durante 1, 2, 4 u 8 horas contribuiría con 0,9%, 3,4%, 6,9% y 19,8% respectivamente de acuerdo al límite tolerable. Aunque la carne se mantiene caliente durante largos períodos en bandejas de aluminio descartable, el contenido de aluminio no se acerca a los límites actualmente recomendados. Este estudio proporciona datos que sugieren que puede ser prudente limitar el consumo de este tipo de comidas a base de carne con salsas ácidas almacenadas calientes por tiem­pos extendidos en contenedores de aluminio.

Aluminium can be consumed by people through contamination of foods and in water. Heavy metals in foods of animal origin are a potential risk to the health of consumers. It is common practice in some countries that ready-to-eat cooked meals are often presented and maintained hot in aluminium trays in retail outlets such as fast food take-out stores and supermarkets. There are not available information about the detachment of metal in this kind of container food preservation. The objective of this study was to determine the concentration of aluminium in meat and cooking liquids stored in disposable aluminium trays. The design of the study included cooked beef meat stored either alone, or in an aqueous sauce of herbs at pH 7, or in a citric (base of lemon) aqueous sauce at pH 4, to simulate a range of conditions found in retail practice. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives established a provisional tolerable weekly intake of 2 mg Al kg body weight-1. A single 250 g portion of meat in acid sauce stored in a heated aluminium tray for 1, 2, 4, or 8 hours would contribute 0.9%, 3.4%, 6.9% or 19.8% towards this tolerable limit, respectively. Although the aluminium content in meat held warm for long periods in aluminium foil trays does not approach the consumption limits currently recommended, this study provides data that suggest that is may be prudent to limit consumption of ready-to eat meat-based meals with acid sauces stored warm in aluminium containers for extended times.

Analysis of Malay Arch Width and Anthropometric Correlations

@#The objectives of the study were to determine the normal dental arch width of Malays, their correlation with the facial framework and the ideal size of orthodontic impression trays that fit the dental arch. Eighteen adult Malays with normal Class I occlusion were evaluated. Arch width was measured on each subject’s dental cast. Direct anthropometric measurements were taken for 8 facial landmarks. Orthodontic impression trays were tried on each subject’s dental cast to determine the best fitting tray. Correlations analysis was made between the arch widths and the best fitting impression trays used and also with various craniofacial anthropometric measurements. The eight measurements from the craniofacial region were compared with the maxillary and mandibular intercanine, interpremolar and intermolar widths. In the maxillary arch, there were significant correlation between the face width and the interpremolar and intermolar widths respectively, while in the mandibular arch, significant correlations were noted between the mandible depth and the interpremolar and intermolar widths respectively. The most common fitting impression tray was size 6 for the upper jaw and size 5 for the lower jaw. There was a significant correlation between the maxillary intercanine width and the size of the impression trays. The significant correlation between upper and lower interpremolar and intermolar widths and the anthropometric measurements of this Malay population may assist in predicting arch expansion to achieve Class 1 occlusion during orthodontic or maxillofacial surgical treatment. The significant correlation between the upper intercanine width and the size of impression tray can be a useful parameter when determining the size of impression tray.

Recipientes e substratos na produção de mudas e no cultivo hidropônico de tomilho (Thymus vulgaris L. ) / Containers and substrates on seedling production and hydroponic cultivation of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L. )

Bandejas com diferente número de células (128, 200 e 288) e dois substratos (fibra de casca de coco e casca de pinus) foram avaliados para a produção de mudas de tomilho e sobre o desempenho das plantas em sistema hidropônico. Para ambos os experimentos, o delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso. As mudas provenientes de estaquia foram avaliadas aos 30 dias quanto ao comprimento e massa seca de raízes. Aos 40 dias após o transplante das mudas, as plantas cultivadas em sistema hidropônico foram avaliadas quanto à massa fresca da parte aérea, massa seca da parte aérea e massa seca das raízes. A maior massa seca de raízes foi obtida para as mudas cultivadas em substrato à base de casca de fibra de coco. As mudas com maior comprimento de raízes foram obtidas nas bandejas com 128 e 200 células. As plantas de tomilho provenientes de mudas produzidas em bandejas de 128 células apresentaram maior massa fresca da parte aérea, massa seca da parte aérea e massa seca das raízes.

Trays with different number of cells (128, 200 and 288) and two substrates (coir and pine bark-based) were studied for thyme seedling production and plant development in hydroponic system. In both experiments, experimental design was in randomized blocks. Seedlings from cuttings were evaluated at 30 days as to root length and dry matter. At 40 days after transplanting, plants grown in hydroponic system were evaluated for shoot fresh matter, shoot dry matter and root dry matter. The highest root dry matter was detected in seedlings grown in coir-based substrate. Seedlings that presented the greatest root length were obtained by using trays with 128 and 200 cells. Thyme plants from seedlings produced in trays with 128 cells had higher shoot fresh matter, shoot dry matter and root dry matter.

Produção de abobrinha em função da idade das mudas / Squash production as a function of seedling age

A idade do transplante de mudas é um fator de grande importância, pois pode afetar a qualidade e a produtividade das plantas, se o volume da célula da bandeja não for ideal ao tempo de permanência da muda. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da idade das mudas na produção de abobrinha ´Sandy'. Os tratamentos consistiram em cinco idades de transplante das mudas (36, 32, 28, 24 e 20 dias após a semeadura). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições e cinco plantas por parcela. As semeaduras foram realizadas a cada quatro dias, em bandejas de poliestireno de 128 células, com o objetivo de transplantar muda com diferentes idades, na mesma data (17/08/2007). Foram avaliados, no dia do transplante, o número de folhas na muda, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea das mudas e, após o transplante, a produção total de frutos por planta (número e massa) e a produção de frutos comerciais por planta (número e massa). As mudas transplantadas com 32 dias após a semeadura apresentaram maior número de folhas e massa fresca da parte aérea, porém, a maior produção de frutos por planta é obtida com mudas transplantadas aos 27 dias após semeadura, o que corresponde às mudas com 3,2 folhas.

The seedling transplant age is an important factor, since it may affect the quality and yield of plants if the tray cell size is not ideal to the time that the seedlings remain in the tray. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of seedling age on the 'Sandy' zucchini production. Treatmeats consisted of five seedling transplanting ages (36, 32, 28, 24 and 20 days after sowing). The experimental design was randomized blocks, with six replicates and five plants per plot. Sowings were performed at each four days in polystyrene trays contaning 128 cells, in order to transplant seedlings with different ages at same day (08/17/2007). At the transplanting day, the number of seedling leaves, fresh and dry mass of the shoot, were avaluated and after transplanting, the fruit total yield per plant (number and mass) and commercial fruit yield per plant (number and mass). Seedlings with 32 days after sowing showed a higher number of leaves and shoot fresh mass, however, the highest fruit yield per plant is obtained with seedlings 27 days after sowing, which corresponds to seedlings with 3.2 leaves.

Ambientes de cultivo, recipientes e substratos na produção de biomassa foliar e radicular em mudas de maracujazeiro amarelo em Aquidauana - MS / Environments of cultivation, recipients and substrates in the production of leaf and root biomass of yellow passion fruit seedlings at Aquidauana - MS

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes tipos de ambientes protegidos, tipos de recipientes e composições de substratos no acúmulo de biomassa em mudas de maracujazeiro amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.) na região do Pantanal, nos meses de setembro a novembro de 2006. Utilizaram-se quatro ambientes protegidos, dois tipos de recipientes e três composições de substratos. Os ambientes foram: A1 (estufa plástica com filme de polietileno de baixa densidade de 150 mícrons de espessura), A2 (viveiro com tela de monofilamento preta e 50 por cento de sombreamento), A3 (viveiro com tela aluminizada e 50 por cento de sombreamento) e A4 (viveiro coberto com palha de buriti, palmeira nativa da região); os recipientes foram sacos de polietileno (R1) (15 X 25 cm) e bandejas de poliestireno (R2), (contendo 72 células) e os substratos foram: S1 (solo + composto orgânico + vermiculita, 1:1:1 v/v), S2 (solo + composto orgânico + pó-de-serra, 1:1:1 v/v) e S3 (solo + composto orgânico + vermiculita + pó-de-serra, 1:1:1/2:1/2 v/v). O experimento foi avaliado num delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, com quinze repetições, onde as parcelas principais foram os ambientes de cultivo, as subparcelas foram os recipientes e as subsubparcelas foram as composições de substratos (4 x 2 x 3 = 24 tratamentos). Foram avaliadas as massas fresca e seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular. Os ambientes telados promoveram maiores acúmulos de biomassa em mudas de maracujazeiro amarelo produzidos em sacolas de polietileno. As sacolas de polietileno foram os recipientes que proporcionaram maiores biomassas. Os substratos que continham vermiculita promoveram melhor desenvolvimento às mudas em ambos recipientes de cultivo. O substrato com maior porcentagem de pó-de-serra não proporcionou bons resultados para a produção de mudas de maracujazeiro.

The objective of the work was to evaluate the effects of environment, recipients, and substrate compositions in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.) seedlings biomass production in Pantanal region from September to November of 2006. Experimental trials were conducted in four protected environments, in two types of containers and three different substrate compositions. The environments were: A1 (greenhouse covered with low-density, 150-microns-thick polyethylene film), A2 (monofilament black screened with mesh for 50 percent of shade), A3 (aluminized screened with mesh for 50 percent of shade) and A4 (environment covered with straw of native coconut palm); the recipients were: polyethylene bags (R1) (15 x 25 cm) and polystyrene trays (R2) (with 72 cells). There substrates were: S1 (soil + organic compost + vermiculite, 1:1: 1 v/v), S2 (soil + organic compost + sawdust, 1:1: 1 v/v) and S3 (soil + organic compost + vermiculite + sawdust, 1:1: 1/2: 1/2 v/v). The experimental design was completely randomized statistical analysis in split-split-plot, with fifteen replications. The treatments in the plot were environments, in the subplots were pots, and subsubplots were substrates (4 x 2 x 3 = 24 treatments). Fresh and dry mass of aerial and root system parts were evaluated. Environments with screen showed better results for seedlings of yellow passion fruit biomass in polyethylene bags. Polyethylene bags promoted higher biomasses. The substrate with vermiculite showed better results for both types of containers. The substrate with a higher percentage of sawdust showed the worst result.

Characterization of foams obtained from cassava starch, cellulose fibres and dolomitic limestone by a thermopressing process

Cassava starch, dolomitic limestone and eucalypt cellulose fibres were used to prepare foam trays that could be used to pack foodstuffs. The influence of the cellulose fibre concentration in the composite formulation was investigated using 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 percent of fibres. The results indicated that an increase in cellulose fibre concentration promoted a decrease in density and tensile strength of the foam samples. The tensile strength at break for foam trays containing 5 percent of cellulose fibres was 3.03MPa, whilst the commercial trays of expanded polystyrene used to pack foods in supermarkets presented a tensile strength of 1.49 MPa. The elongation at break of the foam trays obtained in this work varied slightly with increase in cellulose fibre concentration, the values being about 20 percent lower than the elongation at break observed for commercial foam trays of expanded polystyrene. Thus, the materials developed in this work represented a possible alternative to the use of EPS foam trays for packing dry foods. The trays' properties need to be improved for their use with moist foods.

Amido de mandioca, calcário dolomítico e fibras celulósicas de eucalipto foram usados para preparar bandejas biodegradáveis que podem ser usadas como embalagens para alimentos. A influência da concentração de fibras na formulação dos compostos foi investigada, usando 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 e 40 por cento de fibras. Os resultados indicaram que o aumento na concentração de fibras celulósicas promove uma diminuição na densidade e na resistência a tração das amostras. A tensão na ruptura para as bandejas contendo 5 por cento de fibras celulósicas foi de 3,03 MPa, enquanto as bandejas comerciais de poliestireno expandido (EPS) usadas para embalagens alimentícias em supermercados apresentaram uma tensão de 1.49 MPa. A elongação na ruptura das bandejas obtidas neste trabalho variou ligeiramente com o aumento da concentração de fibra celulósica, os valores são aproximadamente 20 por cento mais baixos do que a elongação na ruptura observada para bandejas comerciais de poliestireno expandido. Os resultados indicaram que as propriedades das bandejas devem ser melhoradas na utilização de embalagem de alimentos úmidos. Assim os materiais desenvolvidos neste trabalho representam uma possível alternativa para o uso de bandejas de EPS para embalar alimentos secos. As propriedades das bandejas necessitam ser melhoradas para sua utilização com alimentos úmidos.

Desenvolvimento vegetativo de porta-enxertos de citros produzidos em diferentes recipientes / Vegetative development of citric rootstocks produced in different containers

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo de diferentes porta-enxertos cítricos semeados em bandejas de isopor, em comparação com a semeadura em tubetes cônicos irrigados por capilaridade. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, e os tratamentos foram dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, testando os dois tipos de recipientes na parcela principal (tubetes e bandejas de isopor), com volume de substrato de 120cm³, e nas subparcelas três variedades de porta-enxertos cítricos ('Trifoliata' - Poncirus trifoliata [L.] Raf., citrangeiro 'FEPAGRO C37' - Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. x Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck. e tangerineira 'Sunki' - C. sunki hort. ex Tan.). Foram utilizadas 20 plantas por subparcela e três repetições. O desenvolvimento vegetativo, 150 dias após a semeadura, foi superior, de modo geral, nas plantas cultivadas em bandejas. Ao longo do tempo, os porta-enxertos 'FEPAGRO C37' e 'Trifoliata' apresentaram crescimento em altura semelhante entre si e ambos foram superiores à tangerineira 'Sunki'. O citrangeiro 'FEPAGRO C37' foi superior aos demais porta-enxertos em relação ao diâmetro e acúmulo de massa seca.

This work aimed to compare the vegetative development of citric rootstocks sowed in isoprene trays on in stiff plastic tubes irrigated by capillarity. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with split plot scheme, testing both containers at the plot (tubes and isoprene trays) with 120cm³ of substrate volume, and, in the subplot, three citric rootstock varieties (trifoliate orange - Poncirus trifoliata [L.] Raf.), citrange FEPAGRO 'C37' - Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. x Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck.] and tangerine 'Sunki' - C. sunki hort. ex Tan.). Twenty plant per subplot were used and three replications. After 150 days of sowing, plants cultivated in trays showed higher vegetative development. Rootstocks FEPAGRO 'C37' and trifoliate orange presented similar height growth and both were higher than tangerine 'Sunki'. Citrange FEPAGRO 'C37' showed longer diameter and dry mass accumulation in relation to other rootstocks.

Custom sectional impression trays with interlocking type handle for microstomia patients.

Making impressions in microstomia patients is often cumbersome. A modification of standard impression procedure is often necessary while treating such patients. This article describes the fabrication of a custom sectional impression tray with interlocking type of a handle for definitive impression procedures in a microstomia patient.

Viabilidade do sistema de produção de mudas em bandejas em três cultivares de cebola / Viability of onion seedling production on polyestyrene trays in three cultivars

O presente trabalho foi conduzido em Ponta Grossa (PR), com o objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade do sistema de produção de mudas em bandejas, comparativamente ao sistema convencional, em canteiros, em três cultivares de cebola. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados segundo esquema fatorial 3 x 3, sendo três tipos de mudas (de bandeja com 200 e com 288 células e da sementeira) e três cultivares (Mercedes, Bola Precoce e Crioula). A produção de mudas em bandejas foi conduzida sob cultivo protegido e da sementeira em ambiente natural. A semeadura ocorreu no dia 15/05/2004, nas bandejas e na sementeira. Aos 57 dias, as mudas foram avaliadas e transplantadas em parcelas com quatro fileiras de plantas arranjadas no espaçamento de 0,40 x 0,08m, perfazendo um estande de 312.500 plantas.ha-1. A colheita foi realizada de acordo com a maturação das plantas. Após a cura, avaliou-se a produtividade de bulbos e foram calculados os custos de produção dos diferentes tipos de mudas e a sua viabilidade. Observou-se que as mudas provenientes de bandejas apresentaram superioridade quando comparadas às da sementeira, obtendo destaque as obtidas em 200 células. A qualidade superior dessa muda refletiu-se no desempenho posterior, obtendo-se maior rendimento de bulbos com mudas de bandejas de 200 células. O desempenho foi intermediário, quando proveniente de bandejas de 288 células e inferior, quando a muda usada foi de sementeira. Destaca-se que o aproveitamento de mudas da sementeira durante a seleção foi baixo (50 por cento), e o custo para sua produção é alto quando se utiliza semente de híbrido, comparável ao custo de cultivar de polinização aberta em bandejas de 288 células. As cultivares mais produtivas foram Crioula e Mercedes. A produção de mudas em bandejas, principalmente na de 200 células, é viável e representa uma alternativa para aumento da produtividade no cultivo da cebola...

The present trial was realized in Ponta Grossa (PR) and aimed to evaluate the viability of onion seedling production in polyestyrene trays, compared to conventional system on seedbed, using three cultivars The experimental design used was a randomized block with three replications. The treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme 3x3, being three seedlings type (from trays with 200 and 288 cells and from seedbed), and three cultivars (Mercedes, Bola Precoce and Crioula). Seedlings production on trays were realized under protected cultivation and seedlings from seedbeds produced in the field. Seeds were sowed in May,15th. At 57 days the seedlings were evaluated and then transplanted in plots with four rows and plants arranged in 0,40x0,08m, with 312.500 plants.ha-1. The harvest was realized according to the plant maturation stage. Bulbs were dried and then yield were evaluated. The production cost and seedlings viability were calculated. It was observed the seedlings from trays were superior when compared to seedlings from seedbed, mainly those from 200 cells.This higher seedling quality reflected on later performance obtaining the highest yield from trays of 200 cells. It was intermediary with 288 trays and lower from seedbed seedling. It was observed low seedling useful from seedbed during the selection process (50 percent). In the case of hybrid the cost of seedling production in seedbed was high, almost comparable to seedling production of open pollinated cultivars on trays of 288 cells. The best cultivars were Crioula and Mercedes. Seedlings production on trays mainly on 200 cells showed viability and represents an important alternative to increase onion yield in a competitive market.

The fitness of adjustable dental impression trays on the Koreans / 대한치과보철학회지

Purpose: this study was to evaluate the fitness of adjustable dental impression trays on the Koreans : the trays used in the previous study by Kim et al. as part of the dental adjustable tray development project were improved and modified. Material and method: The patterns of tray were made through CAD-CAM process, and a simple silicone-base molds were made from them. The trial products were reproduced by pouring polyurethane into these molds. 30 male students(Wonkwang University, Dental College) and 30 female students (Wonkwang Health Science College, Department of Dental Hygiene) were selected and Reversible hydrocolloid impression materials were used for this study. The fitness of the trays was evaluated by measuring the width and length of impression materials of each measurement sites. Results and conclusion: 1. In adapting the trays inside the mouth, a uniform width of impression material(3.6mm) was obtained in most sites due to the tooth stops and the inclined planes accommodating the width of the tray. 2. The thickness of impression material in the central part of the palate was a mean 9.8 mm, which turned out to be somewhat thick. 3. In the mandible, the thickness of the impression material in the lingual side inferior to the contact point of the 1st and 2nd molars was 2.7mm, and the thickness of the material in the lingual side of the rearmost margin was 2.5 mm. The thickness of the impression material of these areas was relatively thin.

Retentive force of adjustable dental impression trays with different retention forms / 대한치과보철학회지

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The adjustable dental impression trays were made for being adjusted their width automatically along the width of dental arch. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the best retentive form of adjustable dental impression tray, and so to make it a more satisfactory product. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The eight pairs of adjustable trays were made of ABS(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) with different distribution of holes and with or without the rim on the border area of them. The experiment was done with the horse-shoe shaped metal plate to pull out the set impression body from the tray, and the tray jig which was made for holding the tray on a lower part of Universal Testing achine(UTM, Zwick Z020, Zwick Co., Germany). After the impression in the tray was allowed to set four minutes, a tensile force was applied at right angles to the tray which had been previously seated on the jig. The force was applied to measure a maximum retentive force by use of a UTM at a constant strain rate of 100mm per minute. A 2-factor analysis of variance (p.05) 4. The rimless trays were more retentive generally, than the rimmed trays except 2 case: upper tray group-all area / 2 mm. intervals and lower tray group-margin only / 2 mm. intervals.(p<.05) 5. Most of the adjustable trays were showed higher retentive force than perforated metal tray except the lower group that perforated on the all area at intervals of 2 mm.

A Study the Procurement of HLA Class I Typing Trays Using Gushed Out Blood During Placental Delivery

BACKGROUND: Microlymphocytotoxicity test is most widely used for HLA Class l typing but almost all laboratories depend on imported HLA Class 1 typing trays. Matching criteria for the selection of HLA- matched platelets to treat platelet refractoriness is not as strict as for bone marrow transplantation. Therefore, with the acquisition of various antisera against high frequency HLA antigens, self-made HLA typing trays can be used for HLA typing of HLA-matched platelet donors. METHODS: 140 samples obtained during placental delivery were tested for the presence of HLA antibodies against a well-characterized panel of 90 cells. Specificity of HLA antisera were determined by evaluating the correlation coefficient r of the 2 x 2 table, x2 test. Antisera strength was evaluated by the strength index. RESULTS: HLA antibodies were detected in 25 samples by primary screening and 23 samples also showed a positive reaction in secondary screening(16%). Among 23 samples, 1 1 antisera were of reagent grade quality and 7 were monospecific antisera. DISCUSSION: Imported HLA typing trays can be replaced by harvesting HLA antisera against HLA antigens which are relatively common in Koreans through continuous HLA antibody screening using gushed out blood during placental delivery. (Korean J Blood Transfusion 10(1): 53-60, 1999)

A Study on the Procurement of HLA Class I Typing Trays Using Gushed Out Blood During Placental Delivery / 대한수혈학회지

BACKGROUND: Microlymphocytotoxicity test is most widely used for HLA Class I typing but almost all laboratories depend on imported HLA Class I typing trays. Matching criteria for the selection of HLA-matched platelets to treat platelet refractoriness is not as strict as for bone marrow transplantation. Therefore, with the acquisition of various antisera against high frequency HLA antigens, self-made HLA typing trays can be used for HLA typing of HLA-matched platelet donors. METHODS: 140 samples obtained during placental delivery were tested for the presence of HLA antibodies against a well-characterized panel of 90 cells. Specificity of HLA antisera were determined by evaluating the correlation coefficient r of the 2x2 table, kappa2 test. Antisera strength was evaluated by the strength index. RESULTS: HLA antibodies were detected in 25 samples by primary screening and 23 samples also showed a positive reaction in secondary screening (16%). Among 23 samples, 11 antisera were of reagent grade quality and 7 were monospecific antisera. DISCUSSION: Imported HLA typing trays can be replaced by harvesting HLA antisera against HLA antigens which are relatively common in Koreans through continuous HLA antibody screening using gushed out blood during placental delivery.