Outbreak of organophosphorus compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity in water buffaloes / Surto de neuropatia tardia induzida por organofosforados em búfalos

ABSTRACT: Forty 1-2-y-old water buffaloes were simultaneously treated with trichlorfon and chlorpyrifos products in the recommended dose for cattle. After a week, 19 animals started presenting clinical signs characterized by apathy, diarrhea, aggressiveness, dehydration, and motor incoordination, followed by flaccid paralysis and permanent lateral recumbency. All affected buffaloes died after a clinical course of 1-4 days. Reduction of serum cholinesterase activity in three cases was indicative of significant exposure to organophosphorus compounds (OPs). Pathological examination of three buffaloes revealed no gross and histological lesions. By thin layer chromatography, chlorpyrifos residues and trace of trichlorfon residues were detected in fresh tissue samples. The epidemiological, clinical, pathological, and toxicological findings were highly compatible with OPs-induced delayed neurotoxicity, a neurological manifestation rarely described in domestic animals.

RESUMO: Quarenta búfalos foram simultaneamente tratados com clorpirifós e triclorfom na dose recomendada para bovinos. Após uma semana, 19 animais apresentaram sinais clínicos caracterizados por apatia, diarreia, agressividade, desidratação e incoordenação motora, seguidos por paralisia flácida e decúbito lateral permanente. Todos os búfalos afetados morreram após um curso clínico de 1-4 dias. Redução da atividade da colinesterase sérica em três casos foi indicativa de exposição significativa a organofosforados (OPs). O exame patológico de três búfalos não revelou lesões macroscópicas e histológicas. Por cromatografia em camada delgada, resíduos de clorpirifós e traços de resíduos de triclorfon foram detectados em amostras de tecidos frescos. Os achados epidemiológicos, clínicos, patológicos e toxicológicos foram compatíveis com neuropatia tardia induzida por OPs, uma manifestação neurológica raramente descrita em animais domésticos.

Identification of glycoproteins in mucous cells of the gill epithelium of Colossoma macropomum after exposure to organophosphate / Identificação das glicoproteínas nas células mucosas do epitélio branquial de Colossoma macropomum após exposição ao organofosforado

The use of organophosphates has been recommended for fish, especially the trichlorfon to control parasites. Colossoma macropomum were exposed to trichlorfon during 96 hours and of total number of mucous cells decreased in the number of cells when compared to the control group. Glycoproteins acid, acid sulphated and neutral was identified in the gill epithelium. Neutra glycoprotein had a significant decrease between control and the sublethal concentration. Acid glycoprotein didn't have any significant difference between the groups exposed to the trichlorfon, compared to the control group. Sulfated acidic glycoprotein in the group exposed to the trichlorfon was noticed a reduction in number of mucosal cells acidic sulphated. The differences between density cell and production glycoprotein was a response of these cells after exposure to xenobiotic. The reduction of neutral, acid and sulphated acid glycoprotein in the MC of the gill epithelium Colossoma macropomum may affect gills epithelial surface protection by reducing the formation of an unstirred layer and enhance the ion loss.(AU)

A utilização de organofosforados tem sido recomendada em pisciculturas, principalmente o trichlorfon, para o controle de parasitoses. Colossoma macropomum foram expostos ao trichlorfon durante 96 horas, e o número total de células mucosas diminuiu no número de células quando comparado com o grupo controle. Glicoproteínas ácida, ácida sulfatada e neutra foram identificadas no epitélio branquial. Glicoproteína neutra teve uma diminuição significativa entre o controle e a concentração subletal. Glicoproteína ácida não apresentou diferença significativa entre os grupos expostos ao triclorfon, em comparação com o grupo controle. Glicoproteína ácida sulfatada no grupo exposto ao triclorfon teve uma redução no número de células da mucosa ácida sulfatada. As diferenças entre a densidade celular e a produção de glicoproteína foi uma resposta dessas células após exposição aos xenobióticos. A redução das glicoproteínas neutra, ácida e ácida sulfatada no epitélio branquial de Colossoma macropomum pode afetar a proteção da superfície, reduzindo a formação de uma camada de muco, e aumentar a perda de íons.(AU)

Sudden death caused by trichlorfon poisoning in Korean native cattle / 대한수의학회지

Two 12-month-old cattle with anthelmintics containing trichlorfon the day before death presented to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency for diagnosis. In necropsy, they revealed enlargement of the spleens, redness of mucosa and serosa in stomachs and intestines, and friable kidneys. Histopathologically, hemorrhages in the spleens, omasums, abomasums, and intestines as well as renal tubular necrosis were observed. Trichlorfon was detected at above the lethal dose in the ruminal contents. Based on these findings, we diagnosed this case as death caused by trichlorfon poisoning.

Toxicity of trichlorfon exposure using an experimentally induced model with Silver Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus) / Efectos toxicológicos generados por la exposición a triclorfón en un modelo inducido experimentalmente en cachama blanca (Piaractus brachypomus) / Efeitos toxicológicos no peixe Pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus) gerado pela exposição a triclorfon em um modelo induzido experimentalmente

The trichlorfon (TCF) is an organophosphate insecticide widely used in agricultural systems and livestock production. However, its indiscriminate use has generated serious problems affecting organisms in aquatic ecosystems that are not direct targets of the chemical. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess acute toxicity (LC50) and chronic subletal of TCF in cachama blanca fingerlings (Piaractus brachypomus). Acute toxicity was evaluated at 96 hours, using four concentrations of TCF (0.01, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 mg/L) and a control group, each group consisted of 8 animals (2.5 ± 0.5 g). The LC50 value calculated using the Trimmed Spearman-Karber software was 0.18 mg/L (p<0,05). The evaluation of the effect of chronic exposure to sublethal TCF on the immune response of P. brachypomus was performed by testing respiratory burst, showing significant increase in animals exposed to 0.029 mg / L during the first 10 days of exposure compared to control. Likewise, the plasma bactericidal capacity was evaluated in TCF exposed fish using Aeromonas hydrophila, finding greater of colony forming units on day 20 and 30 of exposure to the concentration 0.018 mg/L as opposed to the control. In addition, a histopathological study was performed, finding gill lesions compatible with epithelial cell hypertrophy and lamellar detachment in fish exposed to 0,05 mg/L on day 30 of exposure. This work showed the cachama blanca as a biomarker in contaminations associated with these xenobiotics.

El Triclorfón (TCF) es un insecticida organofosforado ampliamente utilizado en sistemas de producción agrícola y pecuario; sin embargo, su uso indiscriminado ha generado serios problemas en ecosistemas acuáticos afectando organismos que no son blanco directo del compuesto químico. Por este motivo, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivos evaluar la toxicidad aguda (CL50) y crónica subletal del TCF en alevinos de cachama blanca (Piaractus brachypomus). La toxicidad aguda se evaluó a 96 horas, empleando cuatro concentraciones de TCF (0,01, 0,1, 0,25, 0,5 mg/L) y un grupo control, cada grupo consto de 8 animales (2,5 ± 0,5 g). El valor de CL50 calculado mediante el software Trimmed Spearman-Karber fue 0,18 mg/L (p<0,05). La evaluación del efecto de la exposición crónica subletal a TCF sobre la respuesta inmune de P. brachypomus se realizó mediante el ensayo de explosión respiratoria, evidenciándose aumento significativo en animales sometidos a 0,029 mg/L durante los primeros 10 días de exposición en comparación con el control. Asimismo, se evalúo la capacidad bactericida del plasma de los peces expuestos a TCF frente Aeromonas hydrophila, presentándose mayor conteo de unidades formadoras de colonia para el día 20 y 30 de exposición a la concentración de 0,018 mg/L a diferencia del control. Aunado a esto, se realizó estudio histopatológico, hallándose lesiones branquiales compatibles con hipertrofia de células epiteliales y desprendimiento lamelar en los peces expuestos a 0,05 mg/L para el día 30 de exposición. Este trabajo demuestra que la cachama blanca se constituye en un bioindicador de contaminación asociado a estos xenobióticos.

O triclorfom (TCF) é um inseticida organofosforado amplamente utilizado em sistemas de produção agrícola e pecuária; no entanto, seu uso indiscriminado tem levado a sérios problemas que afetam os organismos nos ecossistemas aquáticos que não são alvos diretos da substância química. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a toxicidade aguda (CL50) e crônica subletal de TCF em alevinos de cachama blanca (Piaractus brachypomus). A toxicidade aguda foi avaliada em 96 horas, usando quatro concentrações de TCF, com um grupo control, cada grupo com 8 animais (2,5 ± 0,5 g). O valor de CL50 calculado com o software de Spearman-Karber foi de 0,18 mg/L (p<0,05). A avaliação do efeito da exposição crônica a concentrações subletais de TCF na resposta imune de P. brachypomus foi realizada pelo teste de explosão respiratória, mostrando um aumento significativo nesta, em animais expostos a 0,029 mg/L, durante os primeiros 10 dias de exposição. Também, a capacidade bactericida do plasma dos peixes expostos a TCF foi avaliada frente a Aeromonas hydrophila, os quais apresentaraõ maior unidades formadoras de colônias no dia 20 e 30 de exposição a concentração de 0,018 mg/L, ao contrario do controle. Alem disso, um estudo histopatológico foi realizado, emcontrando lesões de brânquia compatíveis com hipertrofia e desprendimento de células epiteliais nas lamelas de peixes expostos a 0,05 mg/L no dia 30 de exposição. este trabalho mostra ao cachama blanca como um biomarcador de contaminação asociado com estes xenobióticos.

Distribución y abundancia de piojos (Werneckiella equi) y eficacia del tratamiento con Triclorfón en caballos mestizos / Distribution and Abundance of Lice (Werneckiella equi) and Efficacy of Treatment Using Trichlorfon in Crossbred Horses

El piojo masticador Werneckiella equi es un ectoparásito comúnmente encontrado en equinos; puede causar irritación, llevando a hiperqueratosis, prurito intenso y alopecia. Existen diversos productos en el mercado utilizados para el tratamiento de ectoparásitos; sin embargo, la información disponible sobre su efectividad es escasa. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la abundancia y distribución de W. equi y la eficacia de triclorfón en el control de los phthirapteras en caballos mestizos, utilizando una dosis única, aplicada mediante aspersión. Se utilizaron 34 caballos mestizos naturalmente infestados con piojos, que se distribuyeron al azar en dos grupos: Control (sin tratamiento; n=17) y Tratado con triclorfón diluido al 0,15% (n=17). La distribución y abundancia de los piojos fue estimada por medio de recuento directo de los phthirapteras en diferentes zonas del cuerpo del caballo, observándose solo diferencias significativas (P≤0,05) en la región de la mano con respecto a zona del abdomen y dorso lateral del tronco. La efectividad fue evaluada a los 28 días posttratamiento, observándose diferencias significativas entre el grupo Control y Tratado, resultando en un porcentaje de eficacia del 93,5% y demostrándose que triclorfón aplicado al 0,15% muestra un efectivo tratamiento para piojos en equinos.

The chewing louse, Werneckiella equi, is an ectoparasite commonly found in equine. This parasite may cause irritation, leading to hyperkeratosis, intense pruritus, and alopecia. There are several products in the market used in the treatment of ectoparasites; however, available information regarding their effectiveness is scarce. A study was undertaken to determine both the abundance and distribution of W. equi and the efficacy of trichlorfon (an organophosphate) in controlling the horse lice, using a single dose, employing the spray method. A total of 34 crossbred horses, naturally infested with lice were used. The animals were randomly distributed into two groups: Control group (without treatment; n=17); and Treatment group (n=17): animals treated with 0.15% w/v trichlorfon. The distribution and abundance of lice were determined by direct counting of phthiraptera in different areas of the horse body. The results show only minor significant differences (P≤0.05) in the hand region, when compared to the abdomen and the dorso-lateral trunk. The efficacy was evaluated 28 d posttreatment, showing significant differences between the two groups, being the treatment efficacy of 93.5%. It is concluded that trichlorfon, when applied as a 0.15% w/v spray, results in an effective treatment for equine lice.

Effects of trichlorfon exposure on serum paraoxonase activity of pregnant mice and development of embryos / 上海第二医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the effects of maternal long-term exposure to low-dose trichlorfon on the serum paraoxonase (PON) activity of pregnant mice and development of embryos. Methods Female ICR mice (n=120) were randomly divided into control group and trichlorfon groups of different doses,and were managed by intragastric injection with trichlorfon of 0,2,10 and 50mg/kg,respectively. All the mice were managed once a day for a consecutive of 27 days,and were subjected to mating. The pregnant mice were continued to be managed with trichlorfon for 3 days,and were sacrificed on day 3 of gestation. The serum PON and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activities were detected,and the development of embryos was evaluated. Results The serum PON activity of 2,10 and 50mg/kg trichlorfon group were (14.15?1.22),(12.78?1.80) and (10.45?1.95)IU/mL,respectively,and that of 50mg/kg trichlorfon group was significantly lower than that of control group [(13.37?2.31)IU/mL] (P0.05),while the the percentage of abnormal embryos of 50mg/kg trichlorfon group had an increased tendency. Conclusion Long-term exposure to low-dose trichlorfon can inhibit serum PON and AchE activity in pregnant mice without obvious effect on the development of embryos.