Efecto de Tropaeolum Tuberosum o "Mashua" (tropaeolaceae) sobre la expresión génica relacionada a espermatogénesis en ratón

Introducción: Tropaeolum tuberosum, conocido comomashua, es un tubérculo andino que tiene un valor tanto económico como nutritivo para las poblaciones de pocos recursos. Se cree que afecta la fertilidad masculina, porque los hombres andinos lo relacionan con impotencia y disminución de la capacidad fecundante. Estudios hechos en ratas que se alimentaron con mashua demostraron que hubo un 45% de decrecimiento de la tasa testosterona/dihidrotestosterona. El efecto de esta planta en la reproducción está relacionada a su contenido de isotiocianatos, compuestos que se unen covalentemente a las proteínas, las cuales pueden estar directa o indirectamente involucradas en el proceso espermatogénico. El propósito de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto del extracto acuoso de la mashua sobre la espermatogénesis y la fisiología reproductiva de ratones. Métodos: Se evaluaron los parámetros morfofuncionales in vivo de espermios de ratones (espermatograma) y se cuantificó la expresión de: Cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase, proteína reguladora de esteroidogénesis aguda, ciclina y protamina, relacionados a la espermatogénesis. Resultados: A los 7, 14 y 21 días de dosificación, se vio afectado el conteo de espermatozoides, así como su motilidad progresiva (MP); por otra parte, se observó un retardo en la maduración de los mismos. En cuanto a la expresión génica, no se encontró diferencias significativas entre la expresión de los dos genes estudiados (cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase, ciclina). Conclusión: El efecto de la mashua no se da a nivel de la expresión de los genes involucrados en la espermatogénesis, sino a nivel de sus funciones como proteína.

Introduction: Tropaeolum tuberosum, known as "mashua" is an Andean tuber that holds both economic and nutritional value for low-income populations. It is believed that it affects male fertility because Andean men associate it with impotence and decreased fertility. Studies conducted on rats fed with "mashua" showed that there was a 45% decrease in the testosterone/dihydrotestosterone ratio. The effect of this plant on reproduction is related to its content of isothiocyanates, compounds that covalently bind to proteins, which may be directly or indirectly involved in the spermatogenic process. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of the aqueous extract of "mashua" on spermatogenesis and reproductive physiology of mice. Methods: In vivo morphofunctional parameters of mouse sperm (spermatogram) were evaluated and the expression of Cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase, acute steroidogenesis regulatory protein, cyclin, and protamine related to spermatogenesis was quantified. Results: The results indicated that at 7, 14 and 21 days of dosing, the sperm count was affected, as well as their progressive motility (PM), on the other hand, a delay in their maturation was observed. Regarding gene expression, no significant differences were found between the expression of the two genes studied (Cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase, Cyclin). Conclusion: The effect of "mashua" does not occur at the level of gene expression involved in spermatogenesis, but at the level of its functions as a protein.

Efecto del extracto acuoso de "Mashua" Tropaeolum Tuberosum "en la calidad del esperma y su implicancia en el desarrollo preimplantacional embionario. Prueba pre clínica / Effect OF 'Mashua' Tropaeolum tuberosum' aqueous extract in sperm quality and its implication in the preimplantacional development of mouse embryos. Pre clinic trial

RESUMEN Introducción: La "mashua", Tropaeolum tuberosum, es una especie vegetal nativa del Perú. Investigaciones realizadas han comprobado sus efectos sobre la fertilidad de mamíferos. Objetivo: Evaluar la acción biológica de la solucion acuosa deT. tuberosumen el desarrollo de los embriones preimplantacionales deMus musculus y la capacidad reproductiva de Mus musculus macho. Métodos: Estudio experimental preclínico de casos y controles. La muestra estuvo conformada por 32 ratones, el grupo casos lo conformó 24 ratones agrupados en tres grupos, cada uno de 8 ratones, a quienes se les administró extracto acuoso ad libitum, en una concentración de 50 g/Kg de peso corporal durante 8, 16 y 35 días respectivamente, el grupo control lo integró 8 ratones, quienes recibieron sólo agua de grifo. Cada grupo de machos se cruzaron con hembras de edad fértil, la presencia de tapón vaginal nos indicó el día 0 de desarrollo embrionario. A las 72 h se perfusionaron los cuernos uterinos y oviductos y se evaluó el grado de desarrollo, condición y morfología embrionaria preimplantacional deMus musculushasta alcanzar el estadío blastocisto. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos de casos y control. Nuestros resultados demuestran que la administración de solución acuosa deT. tuberosuma ratones machos, altera la calidad reproductiva del ratón afectando la capacidad del embrión para desarrollarse normalmente hasta el estadio de blastocisto. Conclusión: El extracto acuoso deTropaeolum tuberosum (mashua)afecta el desarrollo embrionario preimplantacional y la capacidad reproductiva enMus musculusmacho.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The "mashua", Tropaeolum tuberosum, is a plant species native to Peru. Research carried out has proven its effects on the fertility of mammals. Objective: To evaluate the biological action of the aqueous solution of T. tuberosum in the development of preimplantation embryos of Mus musculus and the reproductive capacity of male Mus musculus. Methods: Preclinical experimental study of cases and controls. The sample consisted of 32 mice, the case group was made up of 24 mice grouped into three groups, each one of 8 mice, to whom aqueous extract was administered ad libitum, at a concentration of 50 g / Kg of body weight for 8, 16 and 35 days respectively, the control group consisted of 8 mice, who received only tap water. Each group of males were crossed with females of fertile age, the presence of a vaginal plug indicated day 0 of embryonic development. At 72 h the uterine horns and oviducts were perfused and the degree of development, condition and preimplantation embryonic morphology of Mus musculus were evaluated until reaching the blastocyst stage. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the case and control groups. Our results show that the administration of aqueous solution of T. tuberosum to male mice alters the reproductive quality of the mouse, affecting the ability of the embryo to develop normally until the blastocyst stage. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of Tropaeolum tuberosum (mashua) affects preimplantation embryonic development and reproductive capacity in male Mus musculus

Efecto de la solucion acuosa de "mashua" en la capacidad reproductiva de mus musculus machos y su implicancia en el desarrollo embrionario preimplantacional. Prueba preclínica / Effect Of The Aqueous Solution Of "Mashua" On The Reproductive Capacity Of Male Mus Musculus And Its Implication In Preimplantation Embryonic Development. Preclinical Test

La "mashua", Tropaeolum tuberosum, es una especie vegetal nativa del Perú y un recurso de gran valor nutricional. Además, son varias las investigaciones realizadas en la última década en las cuales se ha comprobado sus efectos sobre la fertilidad de mamíferos. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del extracto acuoso de T. tuberosum en el desarrollo de los embriones preimplantacionales de Mus musculus. Métodos; Se administró el extracto acuoso ad libitum, en una concentración de 50 g/Kg de peso corporal a tres grupos de ratones (n=32 ­ 8 por grupo caso y 7 control) durante 8, 16 y 35 días; el grupo control tomo solo agua. Cada grupo de machos se cruzaron con hembras de edad fértil, la presencia de tapón vaginal nos indicaba el día 0 de desarrollo embrionario. A las 72 h se perfusionaron los cuernos uterinos y se evaluó el grado de desarrollo, condición y morfología embrionarias. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias entre los grupos control y tratamiento. Discusión: Nuestros resultados demuestran que el extracto acuoso de T. tuberosum altera la calidad del espermatozoide de ratón afectando la capacidad del embrión para desarrollarse normalmente hasta el estadio de blastocisto.

The "mashua", Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavón, 1802 is a plant species native from Peru and a resource of great nutritional value. In addition, there are several investigations carried out in the last decade in which its effects on mammal fertility have been verified. In this work, we evaluate the effect of the aqueous extract of T. tuberosum on the development of the preimplantation embryos of Mus musculus. The aqueous extract was administered ad libitum, in a concentration of 50 g / Kg of body weight, to three groups of mice (n = 24) during 8, 16 and 35 days; the control group drank only tap water. Each group of males were crossed with females of fertile age, the presence of a vaginal plug indicated the 0th day of embryonic development. At 72 h the uterine horns were perfused and the stage of development, condition and embryonic morphology were evaluated. Differences were found between the control and treatment groups. Our results demonstrate that the aqueous extract of T. tuberosum alters the quality of the mouse sperm, affecting the ability of the embryo to develop normally to the blastocyst stage.

Efecto del extracto etanólico de Tropaeolum majus "mastuerzo" sobre la micosis inducida por Trichophyton mentagrophytes en Rattus norvegicus / Effect of the ethanol extract of Tropaeolum majus (cress) upon Trichophyton mentagrophites-induced mycosis in Rattus norvegicus

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto del extracto etanólico de Tropaeolum majus "mastuerzo" sobre la micosis inducida por Trichophyton mentagrophytes (TM) en Rattus norvegicus (RN). Materiales y métodos: Experimental aleatorizado, incluyó 21 especímenes RN machos, a los cuales se les indujo una infección micótica mediante modelo de infección superficial en piel; posteriormente al desarrollo de esta, se dividieron aleatoriamente en tres grupos de 7 especímenes cada uno; siendo tratados con placebo (Grupo I), ungüento preparado con el extracto etanólico de Tropaeolum majus "mastuerzo" al 0,4% (grupo II) y Terbinafina al 1% (grupo III), durante 30 días consecutivos, respectivamente. Se realizó un examen clínico de signos y síntomas presentes en las micosis de piel, evaluados a través de una escala arbitraria cualitativa ordinal adaptada para este estudio, asimismo, de estudio micológico con KOH al 20% y por cultivo en Agar Dextrosa Sabouraud para confirmar la dermatofitosis antes y después del tratamiento. Resultados: El Grupo II presentó disminución significativa de los signos clínicos omparado con el Grupo I (p =0,001), mientras que al compararlo con el Grupo III se obtuvo una evolución clínica positiva para ambos grupos (p =0,05). Conclusión: El extracto etanólico de Tropaeolum majus "mastuerzo" posee un efecto antimicótico sobre la micosis inducidapor TM en RN (p <0,05), pudiendo ser una alternativa segura para tratamiento tópico de tiña

Objective: To determine the effect of the ethanol extract of Tropaeolum majus (cress) upon Trichophyton mentagrophites (TM) - induced tinea in Rattus norvegicus (RN). Materials and methods: This is an experimental randomized trial which included 21 male RN specimens, who were induced a superficial fungal infection; after the infection had developed, the animals were randomly divided in three 7-individual groups; Group I received placebo, Group II received an ointment prepared with a 0.4% ethanol extract of Tropaeolum majus (cress), and Group III received 1% terbinafine during 30 consecutive days, respectively. A clinical exam looking for signs and symptoms present in skin fungal infections was performed, using an arbitrary qualitative ordinal scale that was adapted for this trial. Also, laboratory exams were performed: direct examination of skin samples with 20% KOH, and dextrose-Sabouraud agar cultures in order to confirm the presence of superficial fungal infections before and after therapy. Results: Group II showed a significant reduction of clinical findings compared with Group I (p=0.001), while when compared with Group III, a positive clinical outcome was found in both groups (p=0.05). Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Tropaeolum majus (cress) has antifungal action upon TM-induced tinea in RN (p<0.05), and it may be considered as a safe option for the therapy of tinea

Traditional usages, botany, phytochemistry, biological activity and toxicology of tropaeolum majus L: a review / Usos tradicionales, botánica, fitoquímica, actividad biológica y toxicología de tropaeolum majus L: una revisión

Tropaeolum majus presents medicinal, nutritional and ornamental value. Plant extracts and fractions have been found to exhibit diuretic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Moreover, protective effects on blood and liver, scurvy’s treatment, antithrombin activity and prevention against macular degeneration have also been observed. T. majus contains biologically active compounds such as flavonoids, glucosilonates, fatty acids, essential oil, chlorogenic acid, aminoacids, cucurbitacins, proteins and carotenoids. Acute and subchronic studies demonstrated a lack of toxic effects, but the extracts of this plant can have deleterious consequences during the pregnancy. The revised databases were SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Portal da Capes, considering studies between 1963 and 2014 and by searching for terms like Tropaeolum majus, Tropaeolaceae, Tropaeolum majus constituents, Tropaeolum majus use and Tropaeolum majus toxicity.

Tropaeolum majus presenta valor medicinal, alimenticio y ornamental. A partir del extracto y las fracciones de la planta se han encontrado actividades biológicas, que incluyen efecto diurético, antihipertensivo, anti-inflamatorio, antimicrobiano y antioxidante. Además, efectos protectores sobre la sangre y el hígado, tratamiento del escorbuto, actividad antitrombina y prevención contra la degeneración macular. T. majus contiene compuestos biológicamente activos como flavonoides, glucosilonates, ácidos grasos, aceite esencial, ácido clorogénico, aminoácidos, cucurbitacinas, proteínas y carotenoides. Estudios de toxicidad aguda y subcrónica demostraron una falta de efectos toxicológicos, pero los extractos de esta planta pueden tener consecuencias perjudiciales durante el embarazo. Las bases de datos revisadas fueron SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect y Portal da Capes, teniendo en cuenta los estudios entre 1963 y 2014 y mediante la búsqueda de términos como Tropaeolum majus, Tropaeolaceae, Tropaeolum majus constituyentes, Tropaeolum majus usos y Tropaeolum majus toxicidad.

Influência do extrato hidroetanólico das folhas de Tropaeolum majus na restauração tecidual em lesões cutâneas / Influence of hydroethanolic extract from the leaves of Tropaeolum majus for tissue restoration of skin lesions

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ação cicatrizante do extrato hidroetanólico de folhas de Tropaeolum majus em lesões cutâneas em ratos. Para isso foram utilizados 15 ratos Wistar distribuídos em 3 grupos denominados de G7, G14 e G21, de acordo com o período de observação em 7, 14 e 21 dias após o procedimento cirúrgico. Na região dorsal de cada animal foram realizadas duas feridas de 1 cm de diâmetro, sendo a da esquerda tratada com gel base de Carbopol, e a da direita com gel de Tropaeolum majus. Os tratamentos nas lesões ocorreram diariamente nos períodos citados. Realizou-se estudo comparativo entre os dois grupos por meio da análise micro e macroscópica. Observou-se formação de crosta em todas as feridas até o sétimo dia. Na avaliação histológica, as lesões tratadas com o extrato de Tropaeolum majus apresentaram uma menor quantidade de infiltrado inflamatório e de proliferação fibloblástica com relação às lesões tratadas com o gel base e uma maior colageneização bem como mais acentuada angiogênese no 7º, 14º e 21º dia do pós-operatório. Conclui-se que o extrato hidroetanólico de folhas de Tropaeolum majus promoveu melhora do processo de cicatrização por aumento da formação de neovasos e colageneização.

The healing activity of the hydroethanolic extract of Tropaeolum majus leaves on rats´ skin lesions is provided. Fifteen Wistar rats were used, distributed in three groups, G7, G14 and G21, according to observation period 7, 14 and 21 days after surgery. Two wounds, diameter 1 cm, on the dorsal region of each animal, were treated with Carbopol gel on the left side and by Tropaeolum majus on the right side. Lesions were treated daily during the periods above. A comparative study was undertaken between the two groups by micro- and macroscopy. The formation of a wound scab on all wounds up to the seventh day was observed. Histological assessment revealed that lesions treated with Tropaeolum majus extract had a lower inflammatory infiltrate rate and fibroblastic proliferation when compared to lesions treated with gel, coupled to a greater collagenization and deeper angiogenesis on the 7th, 14th and 21st day after surgery. Results showed that hydroethanolic extract of Tropaeolum majus leaves caused a better improvement in the healing process through the increase in the formation of neo-vases and collagenization.

Atividade de tropaeolum majus l. sobre a mobilização e migração leucocitária em modelo de bolsão inflamatório / Activity of tropaeolum majus l. on the mobilization and leukocyte migration in an air pouch model

Tropaeolum majus L. (Tropaeolaceae) é uma importante planta medicinal conhecida popularmente no Brasil como chaguinha, capuchinha ou nastúrcio. Toda parte aérea da planta tem sido utilizada há séculos pela medicina popular. Suas folhas secas ou em infusão são usadas popularmente para o tratamento de várias doenças, incluindo processos inflamatórios. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o perfil da migração leucocitária em vigência de resposta inflamatória aguda, após um tratamento subcrônico com T. majus. Para isto, ratos Wistar machos foram tratados por cinco dias com três diferentes doses do extrato hidroetanólico (EHTM) obtido de T. majus (75, 150 e 300 mg/kg). Os animais controle receberam volume equivalente de solução salina (5,0 ml/kg) ou indometacina (5,0 mg/kg). Durante este período, os animais receberam 10 ml de ar estéril na cavidade subcutânea (air pouch) em três dias alternados. No quinto dia, uma hora após os tratamentos, a resposta inflamatória foi induzida com a administração de 1 ml de carragenina (solução 1%) na cavidade subcutânea, e 6 horas após, amostras de sangue e do exsudato foram coletadas para a determinação de leucócitos totais e para a realização da contagem diferencial. Os resultados demonstraram que a indometacina reduziu o número de leucócitos totais para o exsudato em aproximadamente 65%. O EHTM nas doses de 75 e 300 mg/kg também reduziram significativamente a migração destas células, com valores estimados em 23 e 40%, respectivamente. Estes resultados indicam uma possível atividade anti-inflamatória do T. majus neste modelo experimental, justificando, pelos menos em parte, o uso popular desta espécie.

Tropaeolum majus L. (Tropaeolaceae) is an important medicinal plant popularly known in Brazil as chaguinha, capuchinha or nasturtium. This species has been used for centuries in popular medicine. Dried leaves are popularly used in infusion for the treatment of various diseases, including inflammatory processes. The aim of this study was to assess the profile of leukocyte migration during an acute inflammatory response after a subchronic treatment with T. majus. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were treated for five days with three different doses of hydroalcoholic extract (HETM) obtained from T. majus (75, 150 and 300 mg/kg). Control animals received equivalent volume of saline solution (5.0 ml/kg) or indomethacin (5.0 mg/kg). During this period, the animals received 10 ml of sterile air in the subcutaneous cavity (air pouch) on three alternate days. On the fifth day, one hour after treatment, the inflammatory response was induced by administration of 1 ml carrageenan solution (1%) in the subcutaneous cavity, and 6 hours after, blood and exudate samples were collected for determination of total and differential leukocytes. The results showed that indomethacin reduced leukocyte migration in the exudates to about 65%. The HETM at doses of 75 and 300 mg/kg also significantly reduced the migration of these cells, with values ??of 23 and 40%, respectively. These results indicate a possible anti-inflammatory activity of T. majus in this experimental model, explaining, at least in part, the popular use of this species.

Ação acaricida in vitro de Tropaeolum majus sob teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus / in vitro acaricidal effect of Tropaeolum majus on the engorged female of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

O objetivo desse estudo foi o de avaliar a eficácia acaricida in vitro do extrato aquoso e etanólico a 70 por cento da Tropaeolum majus em teleóginas do Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Extrato das partes aéreas (caule e folhas) e de flores foram testados na concentração final de 2 por cento. A coleta de teleóginas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus foi realizada em propriedades do município de São Francisco de Assis e São Pedro do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O extrato das partes aéreas em etanol a 70 por cento alcançou eficácia de 99,1 por cento. Esse estudo é o primeiro relato de ação carrapaticida de Tropaeolum majus.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro acaricide effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Tropaeolum majus on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus engorged females. Extracts from the aerial parts (stems and leaves) and from the flowers were tested at a final concentration of 2 percent. The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus engorged females were collected in farms in two municipalities (São Francisco de Assis and São Pedro do Sul), in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. An efficacy of 99,1 percent was found using extract of aerial parts in ethanol at 70 percent. This is the first report of acaricidal effect of Tropaeolum majus.

Produção da capuchinha em cultivo solteiro e consorciado com os repolhos verde e roxo sob dois arranjos de plantas / Yield of nasturtium in monocrop and intercropped with 'green' and 'purple' cabbage under two arrangements of plants

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, estudar a produção de flores da capuchinha e das " cabeças" do repolho, cultivadas como culturas solteiras e consorciadas. Foi estudada a capuchinha 'Jewel' (Ca), em cultivo solteiro e consorciado com os repolhos de folhas verdes 'Sooshu' (RV) ou roxas 'Red Extra Early' (RR), sob duas (2) ou três (3) fileiras de plantas no canteiro. Os dez tratamentos resultantes (Ca2, Ca3, RV2, RV3, RR2, RR3, Ca2RV3, Ca3RV2, Ca2RR3, Ca3RR2) foram arranjados no delineamento experimental blocos casualizados, com três repetições. As colheitas das flores da capuchinha foram efetuadas entre 30 e 155 dias após o transplante (DAT) e as das " cabeças" dos repolhos, entre 102 e 140 DAT. O maior número de flores e a maior massa fresca das flores da capuchinha foi em cultivo solteiro (12.022.220 ha-1 e 8,20 t ha-1, respectivamente). No consórcio, os maiores valores foram com o repolho roxo (7.555.560 ha-1 e 5,04 t ha-1, respectivamente). As produções médias de massas fresca das " cabeças" do repolho com folhas verdes em cultivo solteiro e consorciado foram de 33,78 e 35,76 t ha-1 e do repolho roxo foram de 23,19 e 19,50 t ha-1, respectivamente. O cálculo da razão de área equivalente foi de 1,56 (Ca2RV3), 1,33 (Ca3RV2), 1,30 (Ca2RR3) e 1,45 (Ca3RR2), indicando ser viável cultivar em consórcio. Considerando a renda bruta, pode-se concluir que o consórcio da capuchinha e do repolho foi viável para o produtor de repolho, devendo optar-se pelo arranjo Ca2RV3. O produtor de capuchinha deve optar pelo cultivo solteiro, com duas fileiras no canteiro.

This work has as aim to study yield of nasturtium flowers and of cabbage 'heads' that were cultivated as monocrops and intercrops. 'Jewel' nasturtium (Ca) was studied in monocrop and intercropped with 'Sooshu' green leaves (RV) or 'Red Extra Early' purple leaves (RR) cabbages, under two (2) or three (3) rows of plants per plot. The ten resultant treatments (Ca2, Ca3, RV2, RV3, RR2, RR3, Ca2RV3, Ca3RV2, Ca2RR3, Ca3RR2) were arranged in a randomized block experimental outline, with three replications. Harvests of nasturtium flowers were between 30 and 155 days after transplant (DAT) and the ones of cabbages between 102 and 140 DAT. The highest number and the greatest fresh mass of nasturtium flowers (12,022,220 ha-1 and 8.20 t ha-1, respectively) were obtained from monocrop system. For intercropping, the highest values were with purple cabbage (7,555,560 ha-1 and 5.04 t ha-1, respectively. Average yields of fresh mass of cabbage plants of green leaves in monocrop system and intercropped were of 33.78 and 35.76 t ha-1 and of plants with purple leaves were of 23.19 and 19.50 t ha-1, respectively. Land Equivalent Ratios were 1.56 (Ca2RV3), 1.33 (Ca3RV2), 1.30 (Ca2RR3) and 1.45 (Ca3RR2), what indicates that is viable to cultivate in monocrop system. Considering the gross income one may conclude that the intercrop of nasturtium and cabbage was viable for cabbage producer, who must opt for the Ca3RR2 arrangement. For nasturtium producer, the monocrop system with two rows per plot was the best.