ABSTRACT
A total of 45 native Costa Rican tree species are threatened or in danger of extinction, but the Convention on International Trade Endangered Species (CITES) includes only eight of these in its Appendices. However, the identification of other species based on their wood anatomy is limited. The present study objective was to describe and to compare wood anatomy and fluorescence activity in some endangered or threatened species of Costa Rica. A total of 45 (22 endangered and 23 threatened with extinction) wood samples of these species, from the xylaria of the Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica and the Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, were examined. Surface fluorescence was positive in eight species, water extract fluorescence was positive in six species and ethanol extract fluorescence was positive in 24 species. Almost all species were diffuse porous except for occasional (Cedrela odorata, C. fissilis, Cordia gerascanthus) or regular (C. salvadorensis and C. tonduzii) semi-ring porosity. A dendritic vessel arrangement was found in Sideroxylon capari, and pores were solitary in Guaiacum sanctum and Vantanea barbourii. Vessel element length was shortest in Guaiacum sanctum and longest in Humiriastrum guianensis, Minquartia guianensis and Vantanea barbourii. Finally, anatomical information and fluorescence activity were utilized to construct an identification key of species, in which fluorescence is a feature used in identification.
Un total de 45 especies de árboles de Costa Rica se catalogaron como amenazadas o en peligro de extinción, de las cuales, CITES (Convention on International Trade Endangered Species) incluye solamente ocho en sus Apéndices. Sin embargo, la identificación de las especies basadas en su anatomía es muy limitada. El presente estudio tiene el objetivo describir y comparar la anatomía y la fluorescencia de las especies amenazadas o en peligro de extinción de Costa Rica. Muestras de madera de las especies en peligro de extinción o amenazadas de la xiloteca del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica y del Laboratorio de Productos Forestales de los Estados Unidos en Wisconsin se examinaron, se describió su anatomía, se evaluó su actividad fluorescente y se midió su densidad. La superficie de la madera fue fluorescente en ocho especies, el extracto en agua fue fluorescente en seis especies y el extracto en etanol fue positivo en 24 especies. Muchas de las especies presentaban porosidad difusa, excepto algunas Cedrela odorata, C. fissilis, Cordia gerascanthus C. salvadorensis y C. tonduzii que presentaban porosidad semi-anular. Vasos con distribución déndrica se encontró en Sideroxylon capari y poros solitarios en Guaiacum sanctum y Vantanea barbourii. Los vasos más cortos se encontraron en Guaiacum sanctum y los vasos más largos en Humiriastrum guianensis, Minquartia guianensis y Vantanea barbourii. Finalmente, la información de la anatomía y de su fluorescencia se utilizó para construir una clave de identificación, donde la actividad de fluorescencia juega un papel importante en la identificación.
Subject(s)
Endangered Species , Trees/classification , Wood/anatomy & histology , Costa Rica , Fluorescence , Trees/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de painéis aglomerados produzidos com resíduos de processamento em serraria de nove espécies de madeiras tropicais da Amazônia. As espécies estudadas foram: Scleronema micranthum Ducke (Cardeiro), Ecclinusa guianensis Eyma (Caucho), Scleronema sp. (Castanha-de-paca), Copaifera multijuga Hayne (Copaíba), Ocotea sp. (Louro), Ocotea guianensis Aubl (Louro-espinho), Caryocar villosum Pers. (Piquiarana), Couratari oblongifolia Ducke & R. Knuth (Tauari) e Virola surinamensis Rol. Warb (Virola). Foram produzidos painéis experimentais com densidade nominal de 0,75 g.cm-3, utilizando a resina uréia-formaldeído na proporção de 8 por cento de sólidos - base peso seco das partículas. Os painéis foram prensados com pressão específica de 4,0 MPa, temperatura de 160 ºC e tempo de prensagem de oito minutos. As avaliações dos resultados de ensaios obtidos nesta pesquisa indicam a viabilidade técnica de utilização das nove espécies provenientes de florestas tropicais da Amazônia na produção de painéis de madeira aglomerada, com destaque para Ecclinusa guianensis Eyma (Caucho) que, de uma forma geral, apresentou melhores resultados de propriedades físico-mecânicas.
This research was developed to evaluate the quality of particleboards manufactured from sawmill waste of nine tropical wood species of Amazônia. The following species were studied: Scleronema micranthum Ducke (Cardeiro), Ecclinusa guianensis Eyma (Caucho), Scleronema sp. (Castanha-de-paca), Copaifera multijuga Hayne (Copaíba), Ocotea sp. (Louro), Ocotea guianensis Aubl (Louro-espinho), Caryocar villosum Pers. (Piquiarana), Couratari oblongifolia (Tauari) e Virola surinamensis Rol. Warb (Virola). The experimental boards were manufactured with the nominal density of 0.75 g.cm-3, using the urea-formaldehyde resin in the proportion of 8 percent of solid content based on oven dried wood particles. The boards were pressed at the specific pressure of 40 kgf/cm², temperature of 160 ºC and press time of eight minutes. The evaluations of test results obtained in this study indicate the potential use of the nine species from Amazon rainforest in the production of particleboard, highlighting Ecclinusa guianensis (Caucho) that, in general, showed better results of physical and mechanical properties.
Subject(s)
Urea , FormaldehydeABSTRACT
A indústria da madeira do estado de Amazonas (Brasil) contribui com a produção de uma quantidade grande de resíduos. Este trabalho visa indicar o uso final para espécie florestal pau-rainha (Brosimum rubescens Taubert, Moraceae). Os resíduos descartados durante o processamento mecânico da madeira foram utilizados na confecção de artefatos como: instrumentos musicais e artigos decorativos gerando resíduos menores (serragens). Foram obtidos extratos das serragens do cerne e alburno por maceração com hexano e metanol. O teor extrativo no cerne foi 19,87 por cento e a porcentagem (com relação a serragem) de xantiletina (2,2-dimetilcromeno cumarina) obtida foi 2,35 por cento. Não foi detectada a cumarina nos extratos do alburno. A xantiletina é reportada pelas atividades antiplaquetária, antifúngica e herbicida e alguns derivados possuem atividade em linhagens de células leucêmicas. A proposta de uso final adequado dos resíduos de pau-rainha para confecção de artefatos tem uma grande importância social e a busca de metabólitos secundários é bastante promissora pois estes podem ser transformados em novos produtos.
Timber industry of Amazonas state (Brazil) contribute with the production of great amount of residues. This paper aims to indicating end-uses for this forest species pau-rainha (Brosimum rubescens Taubert, Moraceae). The residues discharged during the mechanical processing in timber production were used as manufactured goods such as: musical instruments and decorative articles generating less wastes in sawmills. They were carried sawdust of the heartwood and sapwood and extraction by maceration with hexane and methanol. The heartwood extractive yield was 19.87 percent and content of xanthyletin (2,2-dimethylchromene coumarin) was 2.35 percent with basis dry mass. It was not detected the coumarin in extracts of sapwood. Xanthyletin is reported as antiplatelet, antifungal and herbicide and some its derivatives have a leukaemic cells lineage activities. The proposal of adequate end-uses of "pau-rainha" as manufacture-goods is a great social benefit and the search of secondary metabolites is quite promising it can be transformed into novel products.