Clinical study of tubectomy and it’s complications

Background: Tubectomy is most accepted method of contraception in India. Female sterilization may be performed in several ways such as abdominal tubal ligation, laparoscopic and hysteroscopic methods. Although considered as minor and safe procedure, complications leading to even death have been reported. So, this study was taken up to study complications of different types of tubal ligation. Objective of this study was to study complications of different types of tubal ligation.Methods: This is a prospective analytical study over the period of 18 months. This study includes all cases that have reported or referred as female sterilization complication.Results: At study institute both laparoscopic tubal ligation (TL) and abdominal tubal ligation are done. During the period of 18 months, 50 cases of tubectomy complications were noted at our institute, out of 40 cases (80%) were of abdominal method and rest 10 (20%) were of laparoscopic method. In 33 cases (66%) sterilization was performed at primary health centre. 3 cases of death reported in this study.Conclusions: At study institute both laparoscopic tubal ligation (TL) and abdominal tubal ligation are done. During the period of 18 months, 50 cases of tubectomy complications were noted at our institute, out of 40 cases (80%) were of abdominal method and rest 10 (20%) were of laparoscopic method. In 33 cases (66%) sterilization was performed at primary health centre. 3 cases of death reported in this study.

Perception and acceptability of bilateral tubal ligation among women attending antenatal clinic at Usmanu Danfodiyo university teaching hospital Sokoto

Background: Contraception can be defined as all temporary or permanent measures designed to prevent pregnancy. Bilateral tubal ligation is a surgical and permanent form of contraception offered to women who completed their family size or for limitation of family size due to medical condition. The practices of bilateral tubal ligation is limited in Sub-Saharan African countries, Nigeria inclusive because of great desire for a large family size, cultural and religious factors, misunderstanding and fear of the procedure. The aim of the study was to determine the perception and acceptability of bilateral tubal ligation as a form of contraception among women attending Antenatal clinic at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto.Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted among women attending antenatal clinic between 1st of May to 31st of July, 2018. The information was obtained using a structured questionnaire to obtain the respondent’s socio-demographic characteristics, questions on perception and acceptability of bilateral tubal ligation. Data analysis was done with statistical package for social sciences version 22 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).Results: The study revealed that 73% of the respondents were aware of bilateral tubal ligation, but only 44% of them have good perception towards it. Majority of the respondents (63.8%) reject BTL for contraception. Most of their reasons were cultural believe (33.3%), regret (31.6%), religious believe (26.6%) and fear of surgery (8.5%).Conclusions: There was poor perception and low acceptability toward bilateral tubal ligation among the study population, mostly due to cultural and religious believes, as well as fear of regret, despite awareness of BTL among majority of the respondents.

Incidence of congenital uterine malformation in fertile female population undergoing laparoscopic tubal ligation at a tertiary care centre, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India: a study of six years

Background: Congenital uterine anomalies are not only uncommon, many are asymptomatic. A uterine malformation is a type of female genital malformation resulting from an abnormal development of the mullerian ducts during embryogenesis. The prevalence of uterine malformation is estimated to be 6.7% in general population.Methods: This study has included 2423 women who attended family planning OPD in KGMU for purpose of laparoscopic tubal ligation along with general and systemic examination. During the laproscopic ligation procedure the observed uterine anomalies were noted and compared to the data available in the existing medical literature.Results: Out of 2423 females included in this study during 2011-2016, 104 (4.29%) females were diagnosed with uterine anomalies. The Commonest uterine anomaly was arcuate uterus which was seen in 77 patients. (3.1%). Uni-cornuate uterus was seen in 19 patients (0.8%) and bi-cornuate uterus was seen in 9 patients (0.3%). 3 out of these were uni-cornuate uterus with rudimentary horn.Conclusions: Though the congenital uterine malformations are frequent findings in infertile patients but few malformations like uni-cornuate uterus, arcuate uterus and bicornuate uterus are although rare but seen in fertile females, showing their lesser impact on pregnancy and its outcome.

Carcinoma seroso de ovario. Serie de 14 casos y revisión de la bibliografía / Serous ovarian cancer. Report of 14 cases and review of the bibliography

Resumen OBJETIVO: Describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas, de laboratorio, de tratamiento médico-quirúrgico y patología, en una serie de 14 pacientes con carcinoma seroso de ovario atendidas en un hospital de alta complejidad y revisión de la bibliografía con el fin de actualizar los conceptos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de serie de casos retrospectivo y descriptivo de pacientes con cáncer de ovario seroso confirmado por patología. Las pacientes se estudiaron en un hospital general de alta complejidad entre 2013 y 2016. Variables de estudio: epidemiológicas, clínicas, de laboratorio, del tratamiento médico quirúrgico, comorbilidades y patología. Revisión narrativa de la bibliografía correspondiente a la información relacionada con las variables evaluadas. RESULTADOS: Se diagnosticaron 14 mujeres, de 50 a 80 años; 3 casos con antecedente de histerectomía y 1 de salpingoclasia. Diagnóstico histológico: 10 con tumor seroso de alto grado, 2 moderadamente diferenciado, 1 seroso de bajo grado y otro no clasificado. Procedimientos quirúrgicos: histerectomía, salpingooforectomía bilateral, linfadenectomía, omentectomía en 8 casos. Clasificación en estadios: IV en 6, 3 IIIB, 2 IC, 1 IIIC y una 1 IB. Tratamiento: 10 mujeres con carboplatino y paclitaxel. Revisión de 2227 artículos encontrados, 41 seleccionados. CONCLUSIONES: El carcinoma seroso de ovario se clasifica, actualmente, en bajo y alto grado (más frecuente y agresivo). Este tipo fue el más frecuente, los factores de riesgo encontrados, por el número reducido de pacientes, no permiten emitir conclusiones.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, surgical medical management and pathology characteristics in a series of 14 patients with serous ovarian carcinoma in a highly complex hospital and review of the literature in order to update the concepts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective and descriptive case series study of a patient with serous ovarian cancer confirmed by pathology. The patients were studied in a highly complex general hospital between 2013 and 2016. Study variables: Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory surgical medical treatment, comorbidities, and pathology. Narrative review of the bibliography corresponding to information related to the evaluated variables. RESULTS: Fourteen women between the ages of 50 and 80 were diagnosed, 3 with a history of hysterectomy and 1 with tubal ligation. Histological diagnosis: 10 with high-grade serous tumor, 2 moderately differentiated, 1 low-grade serous and one not classified. Surgical procedures: hysterectomy, bilateral salpinges-oophorectomy, lymphadenectomy, omentectomy in 8 cases. They classified into states: IV in 6, 3 IIIB, 2 IC, 1 IIIC and 1 IB. Treatment 10 women with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Review 2227 articles were found, 41 sectioned. CONCLUSIONS: Serous ovarian carcinoma is currently classified as low and high grade (more frequent and aggressive). This type was the most frequent, the risk factors found by the reduced number do not allow conclusions to be drawn.

Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: an institutional study in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Ectopic pregnancy is the leading cause of maternal death during the 1st trimester of pregnancy, accounting for approximately 10% of all pregnancy related deaths. A better understanding of ectopic pregnancy risk can help prevent its occurrence. The present study was designed to evaluate the ectopic pregnancy risk factors and their strength of association with ectopic pregnancy at a tertiary care hospital.Methods: It was a prospective study with 104 cases of ectopic pregnancy and 125 controls conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SCB Medical College, Cuttack for a period of 1 year. Detailed history suggestive of risks factor for ectopic pregnancy, menstrual and obstetrics history was taken. General, systemic, abdominal and vaginal examination was done. Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy was confirmed by clinical examination, urine pregnancy test, ultrasonography and culdocentesis and only confirmed cases were included in the study group. Healthy pregnant women were taken as control group.Results: The study revealed that the risk of ectopic pregnancy was associated with the traditional risk factors including previous EP [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 9.98, 95% CI: 0.89-11.1%], previous infertility (AOR= 7.29, 95% CI:2.53-21.0) and previous history of sterilization (AOR=12.47,95% CI: 3.50 - 44.4) and previous history of abortion (AOR= 3.10, 95% CI: 1.53-6.30). Age comparison between cases and controls revealed that the ODDS of having ectopic pregnancy was 4 times in the age group 30 to 35 years as compared to uterine pregnancy and this difference was statistically significant (P value = 0.007).Conclusions: Risk factors such as previous ectopic pregnancy, induction of ovulation, intra uterine device usage, abortion as well as increased maternal age along with recent diagnostic tools aid in early detection of ectopic pregnancy in women resulting in proper and timely treatment.

The comparison of the efficacy of intra-peritoneal instillation along with local infiltration with bupivacaine versus placebo for post-operative analgesia after laparoscopic tubal ligation

Background: Intra-peritoneal instillation of local anesthetics has been shown to minimize post-operative pain after laparoscopic surgeries. The present study was undertaken with the following aim to compare the efficacy of intra-peritoneal instillation and local infiltration with bupivacaine versus placebo for post-operative analgesia after laparoscopic tubal ligation. To correlate the advantages and side effects of the drugs during the procedure. To establish a protocol for the use of bupivacaine instillation and infiltration for post-operative analgesia after laparoscopic tubal ligation.Methods: A prospective study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital attached to a teaching medical institute. Institutional ethics committee approval was obtained for this randomized control study (double blind) including 50 women who will be divided in two groups. Group A will be administered intra-peritoneal bupivacaine along with local infiltration. Group B will be administered normal saline. Post-operative pain will be monitored by a blind observer and rescue analgesia will be administered at visual analogue score of 3.Results: Both the groups were comparable with respect to age and BMI. The mean duration of analgesia in Group A with bupivacaine was 315.60±79.9 min (Median 300 min).  The mean duration of analgesia in Group B with normal saline was 138.20±46.97 min (Median 150 min, p value <0.001).Conclusions: The study depicts a significant pain relief after use of bupivacaine. Bupivacaine instillation in the peritoneal cavity along with local infiltration of the drug gives prolongs pain relief as compared to normal saline.

Rising trends of caesarean section: a retrospective study

Background: The indications of Caesarean Section (CS) have been changing over time, along with a visible, much talked about rise in the rate. Without a doubt, C-sections can effectively prevent maternal and perinatal mortality when done for a medical indication. However, little is researched about the extent of maternal indications and the fetal outcomes of C-sections.Methods: Data of January to March 2012 and January to March 2017 was obtained by detailed study of the patient files from the Medical Records Department of the hospital. A predesigned proforma was used to record the relevant information. Data was analysed using standard statistical methods.Results: Cephalo pelvic disproportion (CPD) and fetal distress (FD) remained the major causes of CS in both the groups, being 50.4% in group2012 and 60.5% in group2017. Trends of CS due to maternal demand and tubal ligations are emerging. Though the rise in CS was not significant in the 5 year period having gone up from 45.41% to 48.81%, there was significant increase in deliveries without complications, having jumped up from 74.8% to 88.3%.Conclusions: As per the study, there was non-significant rise in the incidence of C-sections in the time period of study. Major contributory factors observed were CPD and FD, in which it is imperative to perform C-sections.

Comparison of Ketamine and Pentazocine with Fentanyl and Propofol combination for anaesthesia during laparoscopic tubal ligation

Background: Laparoscopic tubal ligation have advantages of minimally invasive surgical technique, without risk of major haemorrhage, early postoperative ambulation and alimentation, making it suitable for ambulatory surgery. The choice of aneasthesia for laparoscopic ligation hence should consider the anaesthetic agents with a rapid onset of action and fast recovery time, with minimal problems for intraoperative control of haemodynamic, airway and pain relief as well as take consideration of the safety, quality, efficacy, and utilization of resources available to the given situation.Methods: A total of 100 patients aged from 18 to 45 years who were scheduled to undergo laparoscopic tubal ligation  were divided into Group I-  Ketamine plus pentazocine group (n=50), Group II- Propofol plus fentanyl group (n=50) and studied  for the intraoperative parameters (hemodynamic and respiratory profile), recovery time, postoperative side effects and discharge time.Results: Intraoperatively MAP and HR were consistently higher in group I as compared to group II. Incidence of apnea and need for bag and mask ventilation was significantly more in Group II than in Group I as was the incidence of Bradycardia. Postoperative nausea and vomiting, psychomimetic effects were significantly more in Group I than in Group II. The time to reach modified PADSS ≥9 (discharge time) was significantly longer in group I (140.3±12.82 min than in group II 102.2±9.2 min), P<0.01.Conclusions: Combination of ketamine and pentazocine gives good anaesthetic conditions during procedure with less incidence of airway and haemodynamic complications intraoperatively but more incidence of postoperative side effects like nausea, vomiting, psycomimetic effects, and time to meet discharge criteria, compared to propofol plus fentanyl.

Which mode and potency of electrocoagulation yields the Smallest Unobstructed Area of the Fallopian Tubes? / Qual modo e potência produzem a menor área de nãoobstrução nas tubas de Falópio?

Abstract Objective To determine which mode and potency of electrocoagulation, using a modern electrosurgical generator, yields the smallest unobstructed area of the Fallopian tubes. Methods In an experimental study, tubes from 48 hysterectomies or tubal ligation were evaluated. Tubes were randomly allocated to one of the following groups: group A) 25 W x 5 seconds (n = 17); group B) 30 W x 5 seconds (n = 17); group C) 35 W x 5 seconds (n = 18), group D) 40 W x 5 seconds (n = 20); group E) 40 W x 5 seconds with visual inspection (blanch, swells, collapse) (n = 16); group F) 50 W x 5 seconds (n = 8). Bipolar electrocoagulation was performed in groups A to E, and monopolar electrocoagulation was performed in group F. Coagulation mode was used in all groups. Digital photomicrography of the transversal histological sections of the isthmic segment of the Fallopian tube were taken, and themedian percentage of unobstructed luminal area (mm2) was measured with ImageJ software (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). The Kruskal-Wallis test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis. Results Ninety-six Fallopian tube sections were analyzed. The smallest median occluded area (%; range) of the Fallopian tube was obtained in the group with 40 W with visual inspection (8.3%; 0.9-40%), followed by the groups 25 W (9.1%; 0-35.9%), 40 W (14.2; 0.9-43.2%), 30 W (14.2; 0.9-49.7%), 35 W (15.1; 3-46.4%) and 50 W (38.2; 3.1-51%). No statistically significant difference was found among groups (p = 0.09, Kruskal-Wallis test). Conclusion The smallest unobstructed area was obtained with power setting at 40 W with visual inspection using a modern electrosurgical generator. However, no statistically significant difference in the unobstructed area was observed among the groups using these different modes and potencies.

Resumo Objetivo Determinar em qual modo e potência, usando unidades geradoras modernas de eletrocoagulação, produz a menor área de não-obstrução das tubas de Falópio. Métodos Num estudo experimental, tubas uterinas derivadas de 48 histerectomias ou ligadura tubária foram avaliadas. As tubas foram alocadas aleatoriamente para um dos seguintes grupos: grupo A) 25 W x 5 segundos (n = 17); grupo B) 30 W x 5 segundos (n = 17); grupo C) 35 Wx 5 segundos (n = 18), grupo D) 40 W, 5 segundos (n = 20); grupo E) 40 W x 5 segundos inspeção visual (branqueia, incha e colapsa) (n = 16); grupo F) 50 Wx 5 segundos (n = 8). A eletrocoagulação bipolar foi usada nos grupos de A a E, e a eletrocoagulação monopolar, no grupo F. O modo de coagulação foi utilizado em todos os grupos. Cortes histológicos transversais do segmento ístmico das tubas de Falópio foram corados e fotografados digitalmente, e a percentagem da área luminal (mm2) não-obstruída foi medida com o software ImageJ (ImageJ, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). O teste de Kruskal-Wallis ou ANOVA foram usados para a análise estatística. Resultados Noventa e seis cortes histológicos de tubas de Falópio foram analisados. A mediana da menor área não-obstruída (%; amplitude) da tuba de Falópio foi obtida no grupo 40 W com inspeção visual (8,3%; 0,9-40%), seguido do grupo 25 W (9,1%; 0- 35,9%), 40W(14,2; 0,9-43,2%), 30 W(14.2; 0,9-49,7%), 35 W(15,1; 3-46,4%) e 50 W (38,2; 3.1-51%). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos (p = 0,09, teste de Kruskal-Wallis). Conclusão A menor área não-obstruída foi obtida com a potência de 40 W com inspeção visual usando um gerador moderno de eletrocirurgia. Contudo, nenhuma diferença significativa na área não-obstruída foi observada entre os grupos usando esses modos e potências.

Retrospective comparative analysis of transumbilical laparoendoscopic single site and conventional multi-incision laparoscopic bilateral tubal ligation and their prognosis of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer / 实用医学杂志

Objective To compare the parameters of bilateral tubal ligation by LESS and multi-incision laparoscopy and their prognosis of IVF-ET. Methods From Jun. 2016 to Dec. 2017,32 patients underwent LESS bilateral tubal ligation and 60 patients under-went multi-incision laparoscopic bilateral tubal ligation were enrolled. The demographic data ,operative parameters ,and postoperative prognosis of IVF- ET in the two groups were summarized and compared. Results The mean operating time in LESS group was prolonged and its operative hospital stay was significantly decreased compared to multi-incision laparoscopic group. No significant difference was observed in the intraoperative blood loss in two groups. Moreover,no significant differences were found in the AFC,AMH,Gn stimulation days,total Gn dosage,Ovum number,good quality embryo rate,embryo implantion rate,clinical pregnancy rate and early spontaneous abortion rate in two groups. Conclusions For experienced laparoscopic surgeons,LESS is a safe and feasible procedure with similar perioperative outcomes to multi-incision laparoscopic surgery.

Definitive Contraception: Trends in a Ten-year Interval / Contracepção definitiva: tendências em um intervalo de dez anos

Abstract Objective To evaluate the trends in definitive contraception in a ten-year interval comprising the years 2002 and 2012. Method Retrospective analysis of the tubal sterilization performed in our service in 2002 and2012,analyzingthedemographiccharacteristics,personalhistory,previouscontraceptive method, definite contraception technique, effectiveness and complications. Results Definitive contraception was performed in 112 women in 2002 (group 1) and in 60 women in 2012 (group 2). The groups were homogeneous regarding age, parity, educational level and personal history. The number of women older than 40 years choosing a definitive method was more frequent in group 1, 49.1% (n = 55); for group 2, the rate was 34.8% (n = 23) (p = 0.04). The time between the last delivery and the procedure was 11.6±6.2 and 7.9±6.4 years (p = 0.014) in 2002 against 2012 respectively. In 2002, all patients performed tubal ligation by laparoscopic inpatient regime. In 2012, the bilateral placement of the Essure (Bayer Corporation, Whippany, NJ, US) device was suggested to 56.1% (n = 37) of the patients, while laparoscopy was suggested to 43.9% (n = 29) of them. All women who underwent laparoscopic sterilization had the procedure successfully completed using silastic rings. The overall bilateral device placement rate for the Essure was 91.6%, with only one complication reported. All Essure procedures were performed in an outpatient setting; for the laparoscopy, this rate was 79% (n = 15). No intentional pregnancies occurred until this date. Conclusions There is a trend in the decrease in definitive contraception over the years in our institution, maybe as a result of the development of long-acting reversible contraceptives. The hysteroscopic procedure has become a frequent option, as it is performed in an office setting without anesthesia, being a well-tolerated, minimal invasive method.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar as tendências da contracepção definitiva feminina num intervalo de 10 anos, 2002 e 2012. Métodos Análise retrospectiva das mulheres submetidas a esterilização em 2002 e 2012 no Serviço de Ginecologia de um hospital em Portugal, atendendo às caraterísticas demográficas, antecedentes pessoais, método contraceptivo prévio, técnica de contracepção efetuada, eficácia e complicações ocorridas. Resultados Foram submetidas a contracepção definitiva 112 mulheres em 2002 (grupo 1), e 66 em 2012 (grupo 2). Os grupos eram semelhantes na idade, paridade, nível educacional e antecedentes pessoais. O número de mulheres com mais de 40 anos que optou por um método definitivo foi superior no grupo 1, 49,1% (n = 55), versus 34,8% (n = 23) no grupo 2 (p = 0,04). O tempo decorrido entre o último parto e o procedimento foi de 11.6±6.2 anos e 7.9±6.4 anos (p = 0.014) em 2002 versus 2012, respetivamente. Em 2002, todas as mulheres foram submetidas a laqueação tubária em regime de internamento. Em 2012, a colocação bilateral do Essure (Bayer Corporation, Whippany, NJ, EUA) foi proposta para 56,1% (n = 37) das pacientes, enquanto a laparoscopia foi proposta para 43,9% (n = 29) delas. A laqueação por laparoscopia foi realizada com sucesso em todos os casos com anéis de silastic. A taxa de colocação bilateral do Essure foi de 91,6%, tendo sido registrada uma complicação. Todos os procedimentos com Essure foram realizados em regime de ambulatório, enquanto que tal se verificou em 79% (n = 15) daquelas pacientes submetidas a laparoscopia. Não ocorreram gravidezes não intencionais. Conclusão Parece haver uma tendência para a diminuição da esterilização como opção contraceptiva, provavelmente devido à disponibilidade de diversos métodos contraceptivos de longa duração aliada aos benefícios não contraceptivos. A opção pelo dispositivo Essure, mais recentemente, é justificada pela sua realização em contexto de consultório, sem anestesia, sendo um método minimamente invasivo e bem tolerado.

Esterilización tubaria transvaginal: Experiencia en el Hospital Universitario de Caracas

Objetivo: Evaluar las ventajas de la técnica de esterilización tubaria por vía vaginal en pacientes que acudieron al servicio de Ginecología del Hospital Universitario de Caracas y Ambulatorio del IVSS Patrocino Peñuela Ruíz, de enero a noviembre de 2014. Métodos: Investigación tipo ensayo clínico multicéntrico, en 49 mujeres no puérperas en edad fértil que solicitaron la esterilización quirúrgica. Se realizó la técnica de colpotomía posterior para localizar las trompas y realizar la esterilización. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 32,5 años. El 80 % tenía de 1 a 3 partos. El 12,2 % tenía una cesárea previa y dos el 16, 3 %. El tiempo promedio de intervención fue de 22,8 minutos y de pérdida sanguínea de 32,5 cm³, sin necesidad de hemoderivados. Las complicaciones intraoperatorias se presentaron en 6 % de los casos, ameritando laparotomía 2 casos. Se pudo demostrar que las adherencias retrasan el tiempo quirúrgico. Según la escala visual análoga (EVA), 53,1 % de las pacientes a las seis horas no tenía dolor y a las 12 horas había disminuido notoriamente en el 85,7 %. Conclusión: La esterilización quirúrgica por colpotomía es beneficiosa porque el tiempo quirúrgico es corto, el sangrado escaso, el dolor leve y las complicaciones bajas.

Objective: To evaluate the advantages of tubal ligation by colpotomy incision in patients who assisted to the Gynecology Unit of University Hospital of Caracas and Patrocino Peñuela Ruíz Hospital form January to November 2014. Methods: Multicentric clinical assay, performed in 49 patients of reproductive age who demanded tubal ligation. Posterior colpotomy was performed to access the Fallopian tubes. Results: Mean age was 32,5 years. Eighty percent had 1 to 3 vaginal deliveries. One previous C section was reported in 12 %, and 2 in 16, 3 %. Mean surgery time was 22,8 minutes, and the mean blood loss 32,5 cc; blood transfusión was not required. Intraoperatory complications were present in 6 % of cases, 2 of them required laparotomy. The presence of adherences was related to longer surgical time. According to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), 53,1 % of the patients had no pain 6 hours after the surgery, and pain decreased significantly in 85. 7 % of the patients 12 hours after the procedure. Conclusion: Tubal ligation by colpotomy is highly recommended due to the short surgical time and low rate of complications, blood loss and pain.

Laparoscopic Tubal Ligation in Women with Previous Pelvic or Abdominal Surgery.

Objectives: Laparoscopic tubal ligation (LTL) is a surgical procedure done on women as a permanent method of contraception and the most prevalent form of contraception worldwide. Study design: We have prospectively collected and evaluated data for 50 women with previous pelvic or abdominal surgery who underwent LTL in the family planning clinic at our tertiary care referral hospital from October 2007 to July 2009. Results: The mean age of patients was 29 years and mean parity 3.2. The most common previous pelvic or abdominal surgeries were caesarean sections followed by open appendicectomy. Omental adhesions up to abdominal wall and in the pelvis were seen in 10 (20%) patients; adhesions to the bladder were observed in 4 (8%) and perihepatic adhesions in 3 (6%) patients; flimsy peritubal and periovarian adhesions were detected in 16 (32%) patients. Conclusion: In women with previous pelvic or abdominal surgery, keeping in mind the risk of postsurgical adhesions, LTL can be performed safely with low morbidity.

Exploration of perception of contraceptives among married women in rural West Bengal.

Introduction: Unregulated fertility not only has adverse impact on the health of a woman and her child but also disrupts the economy society and nation. Thus appropriate knowledge and practice of contraception by couples can help in reducing population burden in a major way and thus markedly improve both health and economy of the nation. Aim: This study was undertaken to determine the knowledge and practice of contraception among married women in rural West Bengal and association of practice with female literacy. Material and methods: A cross-sectional, clinic-based study was conducted using a pre-designed semi-structured questionnaire on 104 married women in the reproductive age group, attending the outpatient department of a rural health centre at Singur block, West Bengal. Pregnant women were excluded from the study. Results: Majority of the women had knowledge about permanent methods (99.03%), oral pills (95.19%) and condoms (94.23%) but very few knew about emergency contraceptives (8.65%)and none about female condoms, diaphragms and implants .Social circle (41.3%) and health personnel (31.7%) served as the major sources of information. 85.57% were currently using some form of contraception. Most of the current users (49.04%) had undergone tubal ligation but none adopted male sterilization. Completion of family was the main reason of usage (57.3%) and fear of side effects (46.7%) and desire for children (40%) were the main reasons behind non usage. Husbands mostly decided the method of contraception (64.04%) Education served as a significant determinant of contraceptive use. Conclusion: Elimination of stigma related to vasectomy a improve contraceptive use.

Esterilização cirúrgica feminina no Brasil, 2000 a 2006: aderência à lei de planejamento familiar e demanda frustrada¹ / Female surgical sterilization in Brazil, 2000 to 2006: Compliance with the family planning law and frustrated demand / Esterilización quirúrgica femenina en Brasil, 2000 a 2006: adhesión a la ley de planificación familiar y demanda frustrada

A Lei n. 9.263, de 1996, findou uma omissão histórica do Estado brasileiro no âmbito do planejamento familiar, além de legislar a provisão de esterilização cirúrgica no sistema público de saúde. Já as portarias do Ministério da Saúde n. 144, de 1997, e n. 48, de 1999, contêm critérios potencialmente restritivos à obtenção da laqueadura tubária e à sua obtenção nos termos regulatórios. Se a não aderência à regulamentação relaciona-se ao período de aconselhamento de 60 dias e à proibição da laqueadura até o 42º dia após o parto, parte das recusas dos profissionais envolvidos na provisão da laqueadura é consequência das percepções e posturas destes sobre critérios tais como idade e número de filhos e sobre as eventuais implicações da esterilização para a requisitante. As recusas explícitas ou implícitas nesta filtragem resultam em uma demanda frustrada. Esta lógica aplica-se ao nível municipal da gestão da saúde, refletindo-se na inexistência de serviços credenciados na maioria dos municípios brasileiros com capacidade hospitalar para oferecer o procedimento. Empregando os dados da PNDS 2006 e as Autorizações de Internação Hospitalar, este artigo analisa, primeiramente, a aderência à regulamentação das laqueaduras tubárias realizadas no SUS no período 2000-2006 e a dimensão da rede de municípios com serviços credenciados em 2006 e 2013. A demanda frustrada é estudada a partir das informações da PNDS 2006 sobre as tentativas malogradas devido à recusa do serviço procurado, à não obtenção sem especificação do motivo e à não concordância do cônjuge.

Brazilian Act 9263, of 1996, ended a historic omission by the Brazilian State regarding family planning policies. Among other provisions, the law legalized surgical sterilization in the public health system. In contrast, Ministry of Health ordinances No. 144, of 1997, and No. 48, of 1999, set down potentially restrictive criteria for obtaining tubal ligation in compliance with law. If non-compliance with the regulation is related to the mandatory 60-day counselling period and to the prohibition of tubal ligation until the 42nd day postpartum, some refusals by professionals involved in providing ligation result from these individuals' personal perceptions and attitudes regarding criteria such as age and number of children, and regarding the possible implications of the sterilization for the petitioner. Explicit and implicit refusals result in frustrated demand. The same logic applies to the municipal level of health management and is reflected in the non-existence of accredited services in most municipalities with hospital capacity to offer the procedure. Employing data from the 2006 PNDS and hospitalization authorization records, this paper first examines compliance with the regulation on tubal sterilizations performed in the Federal Public Health System (SUS) between 2000-2006 as well as the number of municipalities, even with accredited hospitals in 2006 and 2013. The frustrated demand is examined on the basis of information from the PNDS (DHS) 2006 regarding failed attempts due to refusals of the service sought, failure to provide motives, and non-consent by spouses.

La Ley Nº 9.263, de 1996, puso fin a una omisión histórica del Estado brasileño en el ámbito de la planificación familiar, además de legislar sobre la prestación de la esterilización quirúrgica en el sistema público de salud. Sin embargo, las ordenanzas del Ministerio de Salud Nº 144, de 1997, y Nº 47, de 1999, contienen criterios potencialmente restrictivos para la obtención de la ligadura de trompas de conformidad con las reglamentaciones. En tanto que la no adhesión a la reglamentación se relaciona con el período de consejería obligatorio de 60 días y la prohibición de la esterilización hasta los 42 días después del parto, parte de las negaciones de los profesionales involucrados en la prestación del procedimiento resultan de sus percepciones y posturas sobre criterios como la edad y el número de hijos y sobre las posibles consecuencias para la solicitante. Los rechazos explícitos o implícitos producen una demanda frustrada. Esta lógica se aplica al nivel municipal de la gestión de salud y se refleja en la falta de servicios acreditados en la mayoría de los municipios con capacidad hospitalaria para ofrecer el procedimiento. Empleando datos de la Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde (PNDS) de 2006 y de las autorizaciones de internación hospitalaria, este artículo examina la adhesión a la regulación de las esterilizaciones quirúrgicas femeninas realizadas en el Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) en el período 2000-2006 y la extensión de la red de municipios con servicios acreditados en 2006 y 2013. La demanda frustrada se analiza a partir de la información provista por la PNDS de 2006 sobre los intentos fallidos de obtención del servicio debidos a su negación, los casos de no obtención cuyo motivo no está especificado y la negativa del cónyuge.

Prooxidant-antioxidant balance and malondialdehyde over time in adult rats after tubal sterilization and vasectomy / 대한생식의학회지

OBJECTIVE: Sterilization (tubal sterilization and vasectomy) is a widely applied contraceptive method worldwide. Although most studies have described sterilization as a safe method, there are reports of tubal ligation (TL) and vasectomy complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of TL and vasectomy on the serum oxidative stress, specifically prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, over time. METHODS: Male and female rats were classified into vasectomy, sham-vasectomy, TL, and sham-TL groups, respectively. The PAB and MDA levels were measured on days 15 and 45 and months 3 and 6 after the intervention. For female rats, blood sampling was performed during the diestrous phase and estradiol and progesterone were also measured. RESULTS: Serum PAB and MDA increased after TL (p<0.05). Vasectomy increased serum MDA remarkably after 45 days, 3 months, and 6 months (p<0.05). After vasectomy, serum PAB also increased although not significantly. Serum estradiol and progesterone decreased remarkably in the TL group compared to the sham group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Bilateral TL and vasectomy both increase the serum oxidative stress; however the imbalance after TL was very noticeable. As for the TL, the reduction of serum estrogen levels can be involved in this imbalance. Complications followed by TL or vasectomy could be due to increased levels of oxidants. Thus, prescribing antioxidants during and or after surgery may be a solution.

El futuro de la cirugía reproductiva

Es necesario revisar la intervención de la cirugía reproductiva desde la perspectiva de un tratamiento preparatorio para el de fecundación in vitro (FIV). Si hay hidrosálpinx, es necesaria una salpingectomia laparoscópica antes de ingresar a un programa de FIV, considerando que la cirugía no compromete la estimulación ovárica ni las tasas de embarazo con respecto a las pacientes con las trompas sanas. No se ha demostrado alteraciones en los índices de implantación ni de embarazo por efecto de la endometriosis; por tanto, no vale la pena llevar a la paciente a los riesgos de una cirugía. Frente a una ligadura de trompas, los mejores resultados se logran si se llevó a cabo por aplicación de clips en el parte media del istmo, y los peores cuando el procedimiento se realizó distalmente con la eliminación del extremo fimbrial. Las pacientes con miomas subserosos o intramurales menores a 4 cm, que no afectan la cavidad uterina, tienen resultados de FIV/ICSI similares a las que no los tienen; ellas no requieren una miomectomía. En los casos de pérdida recurrente del embarazo, útero septado y polipectomía (>9 mm), los resultados reproductivos de la resectoscopia (histeroscopia quirúrgica) muestran beneficios significativos. El futuro de la cirugía reproductiva, debe considerar preservar la capacidad de tener hijos antes de pensar en eliminar la patología. Todos los ensayos futuros deberán abordar los posibles efectos a largo plazo en detrimento de la fertilidad femenina.

It is necessary to review reproductive surgery from the perspective of in vitro fertilization (IVF) preparatory treatment. When hydrosalpinx is present, laparoscopic salpingectomy is required before entering to an IVF program, considering that surgery does not compromise ovarian stimulation or pregnancy rates with respect to patients with healthy fallopian tubes. As rates of implantation and pregnancy are not altered by endometriosis, carrying the patient to surgery risks is not worth. Faced with tubal ligation, best results are achieved when clips were applied in the middle of the isthmus and worst results when the procedure removed the distal end of the fimbria. Patients with less than 4 cm subserosal or intramural fibroids that do not alter the uterine cavity have IVF / ICSI results similar to those that do not have them, and do not require myomectomy. In cases of recurrent pregnancy loss, uterine septum and polypectomy (>9 mm), resectoscopy (by hysteroscopy) shows significant reproductive benefits. The future of reproductive surgery should consider preserving the ability to have children before considering eliminating pathology. All future trials should address the potential female fertility detrimental long-term effects.

Anestesia regional subaracnoidea para cesárea y pomeroy postparto: aplicación de anestésico local a una velocidad de inyección menor o mayor a 60 segundos / Regional spinal anesthesia for c-section and postpartum pomeroy: administering a local anesthetic at a <60 or >60 seconds injection rate

Objetivo. Describir si existe o no relación entre la velocidad de aplicación del anestésico en anestesia subaracnoidea y la presentación de hipotensión y efectos colaterales en las pacientes programadas para cesárea y Pomeroy postparto. Métodos. Estudio observacional de serie de casos, en el Instituto Materno Infantil-Hospital La Victoria. Se incluyó a 60 pacientes intervenidas por cesárea o Pomeroy postparto, y en quienes se midieron dos variables: la velocidad de aplicación de la anestesia subaracnoidea (menor o mayor a 60 segundos) y los efectos de dos mezclas anestésicas (bupivacaína hiperbárica al 0,5 % 7,5 mg, más morfina 100 mcg, y bupivacaína hiperbárica al 0,5 % 12 mg, más fentanil 20 mcg). Se registraron las cifras de presión arterial media y los efectos colaterales al aplicar el anestésico, en los minutos 1, 5, 10 y 15, y al final de la cirugía. Resultados. La evidencia obtenida sugiere que no hay diferencias entre los efectos hemodinámicos de las mezclas o entre las técnicas anestésicas, así como tampoco las hay en cuanto a la presentación de efectos secundarios.

Objective. To identify any potential relationship between the rate of administration of the anesthetic agent in the subarachnoid space and thedevelopment of hypotension and side effects in patients scheduled for C-section and postpartumPomeroy. Methods. Observational case series study at the Instituto Materno Infantil-Hospital La Victoria. 60patients who underwent a C-section procedure or a postpartum Pomeroy were included and two variables were measured: the rate of administrationof the anesthetic agent in the subarachnoid space (<60 or >60 seconds) and the effects of two anesthetics combined (0.5 % hyperbaricbupivacaine 7.5 mg, plus morphine 100 mcg, and 0.5 % hyperbaric bupivacaine 12 mg, plus fentanyl 20 mcg). The mean blood pressure values were recorded, together with any side effectsfollowing the administration of the anesthetic agent at 1, 5, 10 and 15 minutes and at the end of surgery.Results. The evidence obtained suggests that there are no differences in the hemodynamic effects of the combination or the anesthetic technique used, nor with regards to the occurrence of side effects.

Analgesia preventiva en mujeres programadaspara esterilización definitiva conelectrofulguración de trompas uterinas porlaparoscopia: Experimento clínico controlado, aleatorizado, con doble enmascaramiento / Preventive analgesia in women scheduled for definitive sterilization with electrofulguration of uterine tubes by laparoscopy Controlled, randomized clinical trial with double masking

Antecedentes: La analgesia preventiva continúa siendo fuente de discusión y desacuerdo entre los especialistas que manejan el dolor. Hay resultados contradictorios, incluidos algunos metaanálisis, sobre la efectividad de la analgesia preventiva con ketamina. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de la ketamina preventiva en la cirugía ambulatoria de mujeres programadas para esterilización definitiva con electrofulguración por laparoscopia, en la disminución del dolor postoperatorio, comparada contra ketamina administrada de manera no preventiva. materiales y métodos: Entre diciembre de 2007 y enero de 2008 se incluyeron 130 mujeres de la Clínica Piloto de Profamilia, en Bogotá (Colombia), que deseaban planificar mediante ligadura de trompas. Fueron asignadas de manera aleatoria simple a dos grupos: a 71 pacientes se les administró ketamina antes de la incisión quirúrgica (0.25 mg/kg) y a 59 pacientes se les administró ketamina a la misma dosis al fnal del procedimiento. La administración de ketamina y la evaluación de los desenlaces se realizaron de manera enmascarada. Resultados: El nivel de dolor medido mediante la Escala Visual Análoga (EVA) fue similar para ambos grupos, aunque hubo una mayor proporción de pacientes con dolor al minuto 15 en el grupo de ketamina preventiva (19.7% vs. 6.8%, p=0.03). El grupo de ketamina no preventiva presentó más náusea (15% vs 10%) y mareo (46% vs. 37%), aunque esto no fue significativo (p>0,05) Conclusión: La eficacia de la ketamina preventiva para el alivio del dolor postoperatorio no fue diferenre a la de la ketamina no preventiva .

Background: The pre-emptive analgesia keeps being a source of discussion and discord between the spe-cialists in the pain management. There are contradictory results, even in meta-analysis, about effectiveness of preemptive analgesia with ketamine. Objective: To evaluate effectiveness of ketamine as preemptive analgesia in women under laparoscopic electrofulguration of Falopio tubes, in control of postoperative pain, compared with ketamine administered in a non preemptive way. material and methods: 130 women who wanted a defnitive contraceptive method as laparoscopic tubal ligation were included with the diagnosis of satisfed parity, from the Clínica Piloto de Profamilia, in Bogotá (Colombia), between december 2007 and january o2008. They were randomly assigned in two groups: 71 received preemptive ketamine (before initiating the surgical procedure, dose of 0,25 mg/kg) and the other 59 patients received ketamine, the same doses, at the end of the procedure. Both, administration of ketamine and evaluation of patients outcomes, were made in blinded form. Results: Patients were similar at the start of the study. The level of pain measured with a visual analog scale (VAS) was similar for both groups, there was a higher proportion of patients with pain in the preemp-tive ketamine group to the minute 15 (29.7% vs 6.8%) Ketamine non preemptive group, felt more nauseous (25% vs. 10% and seasickness (46% vs 37%), this was not signifcative (p>0.05)). Conclusions: The preemptive ketamine wasn't different in effectiveness to ketamine administered in non preemptive way for the relief of postoperative pain .