Tuberculosis espinal: diagnóstico y manejo / Spinal tuberculosis: diagnosis and treatment

RESUMEN La tuberculosis espinal representa el 50 % de los casos de tuberculosis osteoarticular y, sin un tratamiento oportuno, puede ocasionar discapacidad (por complicaciones neurológicas) y deformidad. Se sospecha de esta enfermedad con base en los antecedentes del paciente, la clínica y los hallazgos radiológicos. El diagnóstico se establece con la identificación de Mycobacterium tuberculosis, las características histopatológicas y/o hallazgo de bacilos ácido-alcohol resistentes (BAAR) en el frotis. El diagnóstico diferencial más importante de la tuberculosis espinal es la espondilodiscitis piógena. La resonancia magnética es la prueba de imagen indicada para la valoración del compromiso neurológico y el estudio diagnóstico diferencial. El tratamiento principal es la quimioterapia antituberculosa, y la cirugía puede ser coadyuvante en los casos de tuberculosis espinal complicada, luego de evaluar el déficit neurológico y la deformidad resultante. Está contraindicado realizar solamente una laminectomía, y los implantes para la artrodesis se pueden utilizar en la infección activa. El 8 % de los pacientes con déficit neurológico no logra recuperarse, aun con el tratamiento.

ABSTRACT Spinal tuberculosis accounts for 50 % of all cases of osteoarticular tuberculosis, causing disability (due to neurological complications) and deformity if left untreated. This disease is suspected based on the patient's medical history, clinical manifestations and radiological findings. It is diagnosed by positive cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the histopathological characteristics of the condition and/or acid-fast bacilli (AFB)-positive smear tests. The main differential diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis is pyogenic spondylodiscitis. Magnetic resonance imaging is the appropriate imaging test to assess the neurological involvement and study the differential diagnosis of the disease. The main treatment is antituberculous chemotherapy, but surgery can be adjunctive in cases of complicated spinal tuberculosis. The decision of which treatment to implement depends on the neurological deficit and the resulting deformity. Laminectomy alone is contraindicated and arthrodesis implants can be used during the active infection. Despite treatment, 8 % of the patients with neurological deficit do not recover.

Risk factors and interventions for surgical failure of spinal tuberculosis / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the risk factors and interventions for surgical failure of spinal tuberculosis (STB).Methods:A total of 317 STB patients aged from 11 to 86 years with an average age of 53.5±16.7 years, who received debridement and fusion with bone grafting from January 2013 to December 2019, were retrospectively analyzed, including 206 males and 111 females. The follow-up duration was at least 1 year. During the follow-up, any one of the following 1)-3) was defined as surgical failure, namely 1) the same tubercular lesion treated by surgery more than 2 times, 2) the number of unplanned readmissions related to tubercular lesion≥1, 3) drug-resistant STB or delayed healing, recurrent lesion with cold abscess/sinus tract, combined with other bacterial infection, or loosening of internal fixation. The other cases were regarded as "curative" cases. Patients' symptoms, medication history, auxiliary examination and surgical plan were collected for univariate analysis. Further, the potential risk factors for surgical failure were analyzed by binary Logistic regression. Failed cases were treated with etiological intervention, such as puncture pumping pus or debridement or revision. The necrosis or granulation tissue was collected and further detected by tuberculosis culture, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR).Results:There were 27 cases with surgical failure. Abscess or sinus tract formation was developed in 17 cases, which accounted for 63% (17/27). Among these patients, there were 3 cases of resistance to isoniazid or rifampicin and 2 cases of resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin (multidrug resistance, MDR). Seventeen cases were treated by anti-tuberculosis treatment, while 14 cases by puncture drainage (or puncture catheter irrigation) and 3 cases by debridement and suturing. Seven cases with wound infection or poor healing accounted for 26% (7/27). Among them, 5 kinds of pathogens were detected, none of which showed tuberculosis drug resistance. All of them were treated by anti-infection and debridement suturing, while 2 of them were treated with internal fixation removal. Three cases (11%, 3/27) with internal fixation loosening were treated by revision surgery. There was statistically significant difference between the failed group and the cured group in involved multi-/jumping segment, history of type 2 diabetes, a history of more than three basic diseases, CRP at one week after surgery, WBC at one week after surgery, time of first dose, operation duration and intraoperative blood loss ( P<0.10). Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that multi-/jumping segment ( OR= 3.513, P=0.047), CRP at one week after surgery ( OR=1.021, P=0.005), first dose time ≥20 weeks ( OR=2.895, P=0.039), blood loss ≥800 ml ( OR=5.950, P=0.001) and more than three basic diseases involved ( OR=3.671, P=0.027) were independent risk factors for surgical failure. Conclusion:Early diagnosis, especially the diagnosis of drug-resistant STB and standardized anti-tubercular treatment, should be carried out effectively. Puncture and drainage of abscess is an effective therapy to treat the cases with abscess/sinus tract formation. Some cases involved multi-/jumping segments could be with higher risk of failure after internal fixation. Thus, they should be treated individually with emphasis on the segmental stability reconstruction.

An advance in one-stage posterior debridement, interbody fusion with instrumentation for treatment of spinal tberculosis / 中国医师杂志

The incidence of spinal tuberculosis ranks the first place among the bone and joint tuberculosis, and surgery is an important method of therapy, which can shorten the course of spinal tuberculosis, reduce treatment time and disability rate, and improve the quality of life. One-stage posterior debridement, interbody fusion with instrumentation is a safe and effective surgical approach that conforms to the " minimally invasive" concept, and has gradually become the mainstream surgical method for the treatment of spinal tuberculosis. In addition, radical debridement is relative, and strong internal fixation can better correct deformities and increase the stability of the spine.

Posterior vertebral column resection (pvcr): a safe and effective option to treat kyphosis from spinal tuberculosis / Ressecção da coluna vertebral por via posterior (rcvp): opção segura e eficaz para tratar cifose por tuberculose vertebral / Resección de la columna vertebral por vía posterior (rcvp): opción segura y eficaz para tratar cifosis por tuberculosis vertebral

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the clinical and radiological results of posterior vertebral column resection (PVCR) for the treatment of kyphosis from spinal tuberculosis. Methods: Retrospective study of a series of 14 cases, 9 female and 5 male, with a mean age of 28 years (1 to 64) at the time of surgery, with spinal tuberculosis with mean kyphosis of 56.42° (2° to 95°). Results: All patients underwent surgical treatment with PVCR, with a mean number of 2.57 (1 to 6) resected vertebrae and a mean number of instrumented vertebrae of 6.14 (4 to 8). The mean kyphosis correction was 64% after up to one year of follow-up. Prior to surgery, eight patients had signs of spinal cord impairment (ASIA score ranging from A to D), and six did not present any deficit of strength or sensory function (ASIA E). There was no neurological worsening and everyone with deficits improved by at least one degree on the scale. In the postoperative follow-up, bone consolidation was observed in all patients, except one. Among the intra- and postoperative complications, pleurotomy was the most prevalent. Conclusion: Posterior vertebral column resection has proven to be a safe and effective option for the treatment of kyphotic deformity from spinal tuberculosis. Level of evidence IV; Therapeutic studies - Investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliação dos resultados clínicos e radiológicos da ressecção da coluna vertebral por via posterior (RCVP) no tratamento da cifose por tuberculose vertebral. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de uma série de 14 casos, sendo 9 do sexo feminino e 5 do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 28 anos (1 a 64) à época da cirurgia, portadores de tuberculose vertebral, com média de cifose de 56,42° (2° a 95°). Resultados: Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico com RCVP, com número médio de 2,57 (1 a 6) vértebras ressecadas e número médio de vértebras instrumentadas de 6,14 (4 a 8). A média de correção da cifose foi de 64%, com até um ano de seguimento. Antes da cirurgia, oito pacientes apresentavam sinais de sofrimento medular (escore ASIA variando de A a D) e outros seis não apresentavam déficit de força ou sensibilidade (ASIA E). Não houve piora neurológica, e todos os que tinham déficits melhoraram no mínimo um grau na escala. No seguimento pós-operatório, foi evidenciada consolidação óssea em todos os pacientes, exceto um. Dentre as complicações intra e pós-operatórias, a pleurotomia foi a mais prevalente. Conclusões: A ressecção por via posterior mostrou ser uma opção segura e eficaz no tratamento da cifose por tuberculose vertebral. Nível de evidência IV; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluación de los resultados clínicos y radiológicos de la resección de la columna vertebral por vía posterior (RCVP) en el tratamiento de la cifosis por tuberculosis vertebral. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de una serie de 14 casos, 9 del sexo femenino y 5 del sexo masculino, con promedio de edad de 28 años (1 a 64) en el momento de la cirugía, portadores de tuberculosis vertebral con promedio de cifosis de 56,42° (2º a 95°). Resultados: Todos los pacientes fueron sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico con RCVP, con número promedio de 2,57 (1 a 6) vértebras resecadas y número promedio de vértebras instrumentadas de 6,14 (4 a 8). El promedio de corrección de la cifosis fue de 64%, con hasta un año de seguimiento. Antes de la cirugía, ocho pacientes presentaban señales de sufrimiento medular (puntuación ASIA variando de A a D), y otros seis no presentaban déficit de fuerza o sensibilidad (ASIA E). No hubo empeoramiento neurológico, y todos los que tenían déficit mejoraron al menos un grado en la escala. En el seguimiento postoperatorio, fue evidenciada consolidación ósea en todos los pacientes, excepto en uno. Entre las complicaciones intra y postoperatorias, la pleurotomía fue la más prevalente. Conclusiones: La resección por vía posterior mostró ser una opción segura y eficaz en el tratamiento de la cifosis por tuberculosis vertebral. Nivel de evidencia IV; Estudios terapéuticos: investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Clinical study of deformed complex vertebral osteotomy (DCVO) in the treatment of angular kyphosis of cured spinal tuberculosis / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To evaluate the feasibility and clinical efficacy of deformed complex vertebral osteotomy (DCVO) technique on the treatment of angular kyphosis of cured spinal tuberculosis.Methods:A retrospective study was performed on patients with angular kyphosis of cured spinal tuberculosis who underwent the DCVO technique or posterior vertebral column resection (PVCR) technique from Jan, 2007 to Jan, 2019. 33 patients were included, 18 males and 15 females, the average age was 39.5±15.0 years old (ranged 9-78 years old). The vertebral deformity in thoracic vertebrae 14 cases, thoracolumbar vertebrae 16 cases, and lumbar vertebrae 3 cases. 20 cases underwent the DCVO technique, while 13 cases underwent PVCR technique. For DCVO group, the multiple malformed vertebrae were considered a malformed complex, and a larger range and angle wedge osteotomy was performed within the complex using the DCVO technique. PVCR technique would resect the whole deformed vertebrae, and subsequently brought the two separated spinal columns together with instruments and titanium mesh. The intro-operative blood loss, operating time and complications were recorded. The radiological measurements included preoperative and postoperative spinopelvic parameters, which including thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), sacral slope (SS) and segmental kyphosis. The recovery of neurological function was evaluated by Frankle classification.Results:All patients were followed up for 7-72 months. Comparing with the cases underwent PVCR technique, the DCVO group has a significantly lower blood loss (1315.00±462.57 ml), operating time (293.00±83.86 min) and complications rate (1.5%). At the time of preoperation, postoperation and last follow-up, the deformity angle of DCVO group was 96.80°±6.32°, 29.10°±6.96°and 29.05°±6.49°, which gained an average 69.9% correction rate. The statistical analysis suggested that deformity angle was enormously corrected. And there was an insignificant difference between DCVO group and PVCR group. Meanwhile, the preoperative, postoperative and follow-up TK of DCVO group was 96.96°±29.13°, 37.15°±4.88° and 37.00°±3.89°respectively, whosecorrection rate was 67.1%; LL was 66.70°±21.21°, 42.25°±5.53° and 41.90°±4.98°, which have a significant difference between pre-operation and post-operation/follow-up ( F=23.997, P<0.001) ; SVA was 75.95±18.63 mm, 16.30±6.88 mm and 16.55±7.30 mm. PI was 47.50°±6.12°, 47.35°±5.54°and 47.90°±5.93°, PT was 37.25°±9.63°, 18.50°±1.99° and 19.00°±1.65°; SS was 10.25°±8.27°, 29.15°±5.91° and 28.85°±5.77°. The sagittal and spinopelvic parameters of two groups improved significantly at postoperation and follow-up. No obviously difference of spinal parameters was found between two groups at preoperation and postoperation. Both groups have cases with dysneuria. And all of these cases achieved different degrees of recovery at follow-up. Conclusion:The use of DCVO technique for the treatment of post-tubercular angular kyphosis is safe and efficiency. DCVO leads a better clinical outcomes and lower complication rate than VCR technique.

Minimally invasive direct lateral approach debridement, interbody bone grafting, and interbody fusion combined with posterior percutaneous pedicle screw fixation for lumbar spinal tuberculosis / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical efficacy and superiority of direct lateral interbody fusion combined with posterior percutaneous screw fixation in the treatment of lumbar tuberculosis.@*METHODS@#From June 2013 to August 2016, the clinical data of 83 patients with lumbar tuberculosis were retrospectively analyzed, including 55 males and 28 females, aged from 27 to 72 (49.5±13.5) years. These 83 patients were divided into two groups according to different operation methods, 35 cases in group A were treated with direct lateral interbody fusion combined with posterior percutaneous screw fixation;48 cases in group B were treated with anterior traditional extraperitoneal debridement combined with posterior internal fixation. After operation, regular quadruple antituberculosis drugs were continued for 18 months. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay, bone graft fusion time and complications were compared between the two groups. Visual analogue score (VAS) of lumbar pain, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), sagittal Cobb angle, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein(CRP) values before and after operation were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The operation was successfully completed in both groups, and the operation mode was not changed during operation. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss and hospital stay were (149.4±13.3) min, (354.3±69.0) ml, (9.4±1.6) d in group A and(116.8±10.0) min, (721.9±172.3) ml, (11.8±1.7) d in group B, respectively, with significant difference between the two groups (@*CONCLUSION@#The two kinds of operation can obtain satisfactory clinical effect. Direct lateral interbody fusion combined with posterior percutaneous screw fixation can reduce intraoperative blood loss and hospital stay, which is conducive to early rehabilitation of patients.

Comparative analysis of binding multi-fold rib graft, iliac bone graft and titanium mesh graft during surgery of tuberculosis of thoracic vertebra / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the clinical effects of three different methods of binding multi-fold rib graft, iliac bone graft and titanium mesh graft in tuberculosis of thoracic vertebra by approach of transverse rib process.@*METHODS@#A hundred and seven patients with tuberculosis of thoracic vertebra received surgical treatment from January 2010 to December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into three groups according different methods of bone graft. The surgical approach of the transverse rib process was used in all 107 patients, after thoroughly remove the necrotic tissue of tuberculosis, three different bone grafts were used respectively including iliac bone graft (36 cases, group A), binding multi-fold rib graft (35 cases, group B), titanium mesh bone graft (36 cases, group C). Perioperative indexes, the time required for bone graft during operation, intraoperation blood loss, the loss rate of the anterior edge of the lesion, Cobb angle, postoperative bone graft fusion time, spinal nerve recovery and Oswestry Disability Index were compared among three groups.@*RESULTS@#All the patients were followed up for 13 to 24 months, and the operation time required for bone graft was (23.2±4.1) min in group A, (23.8± 4.4)min in group B, and (25.5±4.2) min in group C, with no statistically significant difference among three groups (@*CONCLUSION@#The approach of transverse rib process for debridement of lesions can effectively treat tuberculosis of thoracic vertebra by binding multi-fold rib graft, iliac bone graft and titanium mesh graft, but binding multi-fold rib graft can effectively avoid iliac bone donor complications, and is an effective alternative to iliac bone graft, which is worth popularizing.

Tuberculosis vertebral con afectación pleural: reporte de un caso / Spinal tuberculosis with pleural involvement: a case report

Resumen La tuberculosis extrapulmonar representa hasta el 25% de todos los casos de tuberculosis. Los órganos más frecuentemente afectados son los ganglios linfáticos y la pleura. Alrededor del 10-11% de casos de tuberculosis extrapulmonar tienen afectación osteoarticular y de ellos la mitad con compromiso vertebral. La infección es causada por la diseminación hematógena del bacilo desde un foco primario al hueso esponjoso de los cuerpos vertebrales torácicos o lumbares principalmente. El síntoma característico es el dolor crónico de la columna vertebral, generalmente en el sitio afectado, sin otros síntomas o signos concomitantes. La asociación de tuberculosis vertebral con afectación pleural sin un foco pulmonar establecido es infrecuente, se ha descrito en 2.5% de pacientes e intriga acerca de su fisiopatología. En Colombia, no se encontraron reportes similares. Se describe el caso de una paciente joven con historia de dolor lumbar crónico que debutó con síntomas respiratorios persistentes asociado a síntomas constitucionales; en quien se comprobó la infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis en vértebras toracolumbares y pleura. Este caso evidencia una historia natural atípica de la enfermedad, en la cual el mecanismo fisiopatológico parece haber sido la diseminación directa por contigüidad, y resalta la importancia de la sospecha clínica para garantizar un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno. MÉD.UIS.2020;33(3): 67-73

Abstract Extrapulmonary tuberculosis represents up to 25% of all cases of tuberculosis. The most frequently affected organs are lymph nodes, pleura and bone. Around 10-11% of cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis have osteoarticular involvement and a half of them present vertebral involvement. The infection is caused by hematogenous spread of the bacillus from a primary focus to the cancellous bone of the thoracic or lumbar vertebral bodies mainly. The characteristic symptom is the chronic pain in the spine, usually in the affected site, without other concomitant symptoms or signs. The association between vertebral tuberculosis and pleural involvement without an established pulmonary focus is infrequent, it has been described in 2.5% of patients, an intrigue about its pathophysiology. Similar cases in Colombia have not been reported. This article describes a case of a young patient with a history of chronic low back pain that debuts with persistent respiratory symptoms associated with constitutional symptoms; whose Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was proven in thoracolumbar vertebrae and pleura. This case shows an atypical natural history of the disease, in which the pathophysiological mechanism of the disease would seem to have been the direct dissemination by contiguity, and emphasizes the importance of clinical suspicion to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment. MÉD.UIS.2020;33(3): 67-73

Case-control study on cortical bone trajectory screw and pedicle screw internal fixation for the treatment of senile patients with lumbar tuberculosis / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To compare clinical effect of cortical bone trajectory (CBT) screw and pedicle screw (PS) internal fixation in treating senile patients with lumbar tuberculosis.@*METHODS@#From January 2014 to January 2017, 42 senile patients with lumbar tuberculosis were divided into CBT group and PS group, 21 patients in each group. In CBT group, there were 12 males and 9 females, aged from 64 to 81 years old with an average of (72.52±9.25) years old, T value of bone mineral density was (-2.69±0.17) g / cm, posterior CBT screw internal fixation and anterior debridement, interbody fusion with bone grafting was performed. In PS group, there were 11 males and 10 females, aged from 63 to 85 years old with an average of (71.42±9.81) years old, T value of bone mineral density was (-2.70±0.21) g / cm, PS internal fixation and anterior debridement, interbody fusion with bone grafting were performed. Length of posterior incision, intraoperative bleeding volume, operation time, time of bone graft fusion and complications between two groups were compared. Level of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), segment kyphotic Cobb angle before and after operation were compared, VAS score was used to evaluate pain releasing, JOA score was applied to evaluate clinical effect.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up from 12 to 21 months with an average of (15.00±3.57) months. No reoccurrence of lumbar tuberculosis and screw loosing occurred. There were statistical difference in length of incision, intraoperative bleeding volume, operation time between two groups (0.05). There were no statistical differences in complications, time of bone graft fusion and segment kyphotic Cobb angle at 1 week after operation between two groups (>0.05). There was difference in Cobb angle at 12 months after operation (0.05), but VAS score at 3 months after operation were improved after operation between two groups (<0.05).For JOA score, there were no difference between two groups before operation, 3 and 12 months after operation, and JOA score at 3 and 12 months after operation were improved than that of before operation between two groups (<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Both of CBT screw internal fixation and PS screw internal fixation could achieve satisfying results for the treatment of elderly patients with lumbar tuberculosis. PSinternal fixation has a long fixation but great trauma. However, CBT screw internal fixation only needs to fix adjacent segments of the lesion to reduce the fixation range, which has advantages of less trauma and strong screw holding force.

Posterior vertebral column resection in multiple levels in children with vertebral tuberculosis / Vertebrectomia posterior multinível em crianças com tuberculose vertebral / Vertebrectomía posterior en múltiples niveles en niños con tuberculosis vertebral

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the clinical and radiological results of posterior vertebral column resection in the treatment of kyphosis due to vertebral tuberculosis in children under 9 years of age with neurological deficit. Methods Retrospective study of a series of 5 cases, 4 females and 1 male, mean age of 4.7 years at the time of surgery, with spinal tuberculosis and mean kyphosis of 89 degrees. Results All patients underwent surgical treatment with PVCR in multiple levels, with a mean number of 3.6 resected vertebrae, mean surgical time of 359 minutes, mean postoperative stay of 21.2 days. The mean follow-up was 29 months. The mean kyphosis correction was 62.6%. Before surgery, all patients had signs of spinal cord injury, one of which did not present a deficit of strength or sensibility (ASIA E), but there were pyramidal signs and a history of falls. The other 4 had some degree of sensory-motor dysfunction, with ASIA score varying from A to D. Postoperative complications included two dehiscences of suture, one pneumothorax and one pneumonia, all with favorable evolution. Four patients progressed with neurological improvement and one of them had persistence of the neurological deficit until the last follow-up. Conclusions Multiple-level PVCR has proven to be a safe and effective option for the treatment of kyphotic deformity in spinal tuberculosis in children with neurological deficit. Level of evidence IV; Case Series.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliação dos resultados clínicos e radiológicos da vertebrectomia posterior multinível no tratamento da cifose por tuberculose vertebral em crianças menores de 9 anos apresentando déficit neurológico. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo de uma série de 5 casos, sendo 4 do sexo feminino e 1 do sexo masculino, média de idade de 4,7 anos na época da cirurgia, portadoras de tuberculose vertebral múltiplos níveis, com média de cifose de 89°. Resultados Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico com RCVP múltiplos níveis, com número médio de 3,6 vértebras ressecadas, média de tempo cirúrgico de 359 minutos, período médio de internação pós-operatória de 21,2 dias. O seguimento médio foi de 29 meses. A média de correção da cifose foi de 62,6%. Antes da cirurgia, todos os pacientes tinham sinais de sofrimento medular, sendo que um deles não apresentava déficit de força ou sensibilidade (ASIA E), porém havia a presença de sinais piramidais e história de quedas. Os outros 4 possuíam algum grau de disfunção sensitivo-motora, com escore ASIA variando de A a D. Como complicações pós-operatórias ocorreram duas deiscências de sutura, um pneumotórax e uma pneumonia, todas com evolução favorável. Quatro pacientes evoluíram com melhora neurológica e um deles apresentou manutenção do déficit neurológico até o último seguimento. Conclusão A RCVP múltiplos níveis se mostrou uma opção segura e eficaz no tratando da cifose na TB vertebral em crianças com déficit neurológico. Nível de evidência IV; Série de Casos.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar los resultados clínicos y radiológicos de la vertebrectomía posterior en múltiples niveles en el tratamiento de la cifosis por tuberculosis vertebral en niños menores de 9 años con déficit neurológico. Métodos Estudio retrospectivo de una serie de 5 casos, siendo 4 del sexo femenino 1 del sexo masculino, con promedio de edad de 4,7 años en el momento de la cirugía y múltiples niveles de tuberculosis espinal con cifosis promedio de 89 grados. Resultados Todos los pacientes se sometieron a tratamiento quirúrgico por RPCV en niveles múltiples, con una media de 3,6 vértebras resecadas, tiempo operatorio promedio de 359 minutos y estancia promedio postoperatoria de 21,2 días. El seguimiento promedio fue de 29 meses. La corrección de la cifosis promedio fue del 62,6%. Antes de la cirugía, todos los pacientes tenían signos de lesión de la médula espinal, uno de los cuales no tenía déficit de fuerza o sensibilidad (ASIA E), pero tenía signos piramidales y antecedentes de caídas. Los otros 4 tenían algún grado de disfunción sensoriomotora con puntuación de ASIA que variaba de A a D. Las complicaciones postoperatorias incluyeron dos dehiscencias de sutura, un neumotórax y una neumonía, todas con evolución favorable. Cuatro pacientes tuvieron mejoría neurológica y uno de ellos tuvo persistencia del déficit neurológico hasta el último seguimiento. Conclusiones La RPCV ha demostrado ser una opción segura y eficaz en el tratamiento de la deformidad cifótica en la tuberculosis espinal en niños con déficit neurológico. Nivel de evidencia IV; Serie de Casos.

Clinical symptoms of spinal tuberculosis in children and the effect of surgical treatment / 中国基层医药

Objective To analyze the clinical symptoms of spinal tuberculosis in children and the effect of surgical treatment.Methods From October 2012 to October 2017,60 cases of spinal tuberculosis admitted to Shanxi Dayi Hospital were selected,including 31 male children and 29 female children.The age of the children was (7.92 ±2.93)years old;4 children with cervical vertebra lesions,3 children with cervical thoracic junction lesions,23 children with thoracic vertebra lesions,28 children with lumbar vertebra lesions,and 2 children with lumbar sacral vertebra lesions.There were 27 children with neurological damage.Among them,2 children with Frankel classification of A,4 children with B,7 children with C,and 14 children with D.All children were treated by surgery,and standing full spine X-rays were taken before and after operation.The sagittal deviation distance and sagittal Cobb angle of the children's trunk were measured,and spinal fusion and fixation of all children were recorded.Results In 52 cases (86.67％),the main symptoms were pain or radiation pain,45 cases (75.00％) showed local palpable mass,and 7 cases (11.67％) had palpable paraspinal or abdominal mass.There were 37 cases (61.67％) with kyphosis and different degrees of spinal bulge,11 cases (18.33％) showed abnormal sensation and limb numbness.There were 11 cases (18.33％) with walking difficulty.All 60 cases of spinal tuberculosis had abnormal X-ray manifestations.There were abnormal physiological curvature or kyphosis in the diseased area of children,the intervertebral space of children became narrow,and the edge of vertebral body was blurred,there were widening,flattening or wedge-like changes.The operative time was (184.29 ± 23.28) min,and the intraoperative bleeding was (475.39 ± 30,28) mL.The fusion fixation segment was (10.27 ± 1.92) and the sagittal plane was (10.27 ± 1.92).Cobb angle was 106.7°,postoperative correction was 31.3°,the correction rate was 76.21％,the mean preoperative correction of thoracic kyphosis was 76.7°,postoperative correction was 15.7 °,the average correction was 55.9°,the mean sagittal deviation distance of trunk was-15.42 mm,postoperative correction was 0.63 mm,and the average correction was 20.68 mm.Conclusion Pain is the first symptom of spinal tuberculosis in children,most of them will be complicated with severe kyphosis.Surgical treatment of children with spinal tuberculosis can get better clinical results,and it is worthy of popularizing in clinic.The choice of surgical approach and fusion range is the key to the treatment process.

Clinical symptoms of spinal tuberculosis in children and the effect of surgical treatment / 中国基层医药

Objective@#To analyze the clinical symptoms of spinal tuberculosis in children and the effect of surgical treatment.@*Methods@#From October 2012 to October 2017, 60 cases of spinal tuberculosis admitted to Shanxi Dayi Hospital were selected, including 31 male children and 29 female children.The age of the children was (7.92±2.93)years old; 4 children with cervical vertebra lesions, 3 children with cervical thoracic junction lesions, 23 children with thoracic vertebra lesions, 28 children with lumbar vertebra lesions, and 2 children with lumbar sacral vertebra lesions.There were 27 children with neurological damage.Among them, 2 children with Frankel classification of A, 4 children with B, 7 children with C, and 14 children with D. All children were treated by surgery, and standing full spine X-rays were taken before and after operation.The sagittal deviation distance and sagittal Cobb angle of the children's trunk were measured, and spinal fusion and fixation of all children were recorded.@*Results@#In 52 cases (86.67%), the main symptoms were pain or radiation pain, 45 cases (75.00%) showed local palpable mass, and 7 cases (11.67%) had palpable paraspinal or abdominal mass.There were 37 cases (61.67%) with kyphosis and different degrees of spinal bulge, 11 cases (18.33%) showed abnormal sensation and limb numbness.There were 11 cases (18.33%) with walking difficulty.All 60 cases of spinal tuberculosis had abnormal X-ray manifestations.There were abnormal physiological curvature or kyphosis in the diseased area of children, the intervertebral space of children became narrow, and the edge of vertebral body was blurred, there were widening, flattening or wedge-like changes.The operative time was (184.29±23.28)min, and the intraoperative bleeding was (475.39±30.28)mL.The fusion fixation segment was (10.27±1.92) and the sagittal plane was (10.27±1.92). Cobb angle was 106.7°, postoperative correction was 31.3°, the correction rate was 76.21%, the mean preoperative correction of thoracic kyphosis was 76.7°, postoperative correction was 15.7 °, the average correction was 55.9°, the mean sagittal deviation distance of trunk was -15.42 mm, postoperative correction was 0.63 mm, and the average correction was 20.68 mm.@*Conclusion@#Pain is the first symptom of spinal tuberculosis in children, most of them will be complicated with severe kyphosis.Surgical treatment of children with spinal tuberculosis can get better clinical results, and it is worthy of popularizing in clinic.The choice of surgical approach and fusion range is the key to the treatment process.

Treatment of non?curable severe tuberculous thoracolumbar kyphosis by posterior deformity correction combined with anterior supporting bone graft / 中华骨科杂志

Objective To explore the clinical effect of posterior deformity correction combined with anterior lesion re?moval and bone graft in the treatment of non?curable severe tuberculous thoracolumbar kyphosis. Methods All of 27 patients with non?curable severe tuberculous thoracolumbar kyphosis treated by posterior deformity correction combined with primary or secondary anterior debridement and bone grafting from January 2013 to July 2017 were retrospective analyzed, including 10 males and 17 females. The age ranged from 2 to 38 years with an average of 17.3±9.9 years. Posterior column osteotomy, spinal cord de?compression, cantilever bar pressing technique and intraoperative longitudinal traction were used to correct kyphosis. According to clinical symptoms, Cobb angle correction rate of kyphosis deformity, sagittal SVA of spine, height difference before and after opera?tion, operation time, intraoperative bleeding volume, complications, and the effect of the operation was evaluated. Symptoms and functional evaluation indicators included visual analogue scale (VAS), American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) spinal cord inju?ry classification, Oswestry dysfunction index (ODI), and Kirkaldy?Willis functional score. Laboratory tests included erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C?reactive protein (CRP). Eck fusion grading standard was used to evaluate the degree of bone graft fusion. Results All the 27 patients successfully underwent the operation. The operation time was 210-530 minutes, with an aver?age of 343.0±71.5 minutes, while the bleeding volume was 300-2 600 ml, with an average of 1 168.5±606.7 ml. The preoperative Cobb angle ranged from 81 to 144 degrees, with an average of 105.2±17.7 degrees; the postoperative Cobb angle ranged from 5 to 47 degrees, with an average of 28.2±0.3 degrees, and the average correction rate was 72.9%±9.8%; the preoperative sagittal SVA ranged from 96.66 mm to 78.76 mm, with an average of 40.5±20.4 mm; and the postoperative sagittal SVA ranged from 33.61 mm to 44.96 mm, with an average of 26.6±12.6 mm. The height difference before and after operation was 26.8-172.7 mm, with an aver?age of 67.5±37.8 mm. The follow?up period ranged from 12 to 36 months, with an average of 19.3±6.7 months. At the last follow?up, the loss of Cobb angle ranged from 1 degree to 8 degree, with an average of 4.3°±1.8°degree. The postoperative nutritional sta?tus of all patients was significantly improved. At 3 months after operation, the average VAS score was 1.1±0.6 and the improve?ment rate was 47.5%. The difference was statistically significant (t=6.31, P<0.05). At 3 months after operation, the average ODI was 6.5%±4.1%, and the improvement rate was 68.1%. The difference was statistically significant (t=8.41, P<0.05). At the last fol?low?up, all the patients were improved to grade E in ASIA except one patient from grade B to grade D, and one stayed at grade E. Kirkaldy?willis functional score: excellent in 24 cases, good in 2 cases, and good in 1 case, with a total good/good rate of 88.9%. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred in 3 patients after surgery, and pleural effusion occurred in 4 patients after surgery. No recur?rence of tuberculosis, loosening of internal fixation, fracture or loss of obvious correction were found during the follow?up. Accord?ing to the Eck fusion classification standard, at the time of the last follow?up bone graft area of all 27 cases reached I level fusion. Conclusion For non?curable severe tuberculous thoracolumbar kyphosis with multi?segment vertebral body loss, good deformity correction and proper recovery of vertebral height can be achieved by posterior osteotomy combined with cantilever beam tech?nique and intraoperative longitudinal traction. The combination of anterior debridement and bone graft fusion is a safe and reliable method.

Treatment of non-curable severe tuberculous thoracolumbar kyphosis by posterior deformity correction combined with anterior supporting bone graft / 中华骨科杂志

Objective@#To explore the clinical effect of posterior deformity correction combined with anterior lesion re-moval and bone graft in the treatment of non-curable severe tuberculous thoracolumbar kyphosis.@*Methods@#All of 27 patients with non-curable severe tuberculous thoracolumbar kyphosis treated by posterior deformity correction combined with primary or secondary anterior debridement and bone grafting from January 2013 to July 2017 were retrospective analyzed, including 10 males and 17 females. The age ranged from 2 to 38 years with an average of 17.3±9.9 years. Posterior column osteotomy, spinal cord de-compression, cantilever bar pressing technique and intraoperative longitudinal traction were used to correct kyphosis. According to clinical symptoms, Cobb angle correction rate of kyphosis deformity, sagittal SVA of spine, height difference before and after opera-tion, operation time, intraoperative bleeding volume, complications, and the effect of the operation was evaluated. Symptoms and functional evaluation indicators included visual analogue scale (VAS), American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) spinal cord inju-ry classification, Oswestry dysfunction index (ODI), and Kirkaldy-Willis functional score. Laboratory tests included erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Eck fusion grading standard was used to evaluate the degree of bone graft fusion.@*Results@#All the 27 patients successfully underwent the operation. The operation time was 210-530 minutes, with an aver-age of 343.0±71.5 minutes, while the bleeding volume was 300-2 600 ml, with an average of 1 168.5±606.7 ml. The preoperative Cobb angle ranged from 81 to 144 degrees, with an average of 105.2±17.7 degrees; the postoperative Cobb angle ranged from 5 to 47 degrees, with an average of 28.2±0.3 degrees, and the average correction rate was 72.9%±9.8%; the preoperative sagittal SVA ranged from 96.66 mm to 78.76 mm, with an average of 40.5±20.4 mm; and the postoperative sagittal SVA ranged from 33.61 mm to 44.96 mm, with an average of 26.6±12.6 mm. The height difference before and after operation was 26.8-172.7 mm, with an aver-age of 67.5±37.8 mm. The follow-up period ranged from 12 to 36 months, with an average of 19.3±6.7 months. At the last follow-up, the loss of Cobb angle ranged from 1 degree to 8 degree, with an average of 4.3°±1.8° degree. The postoperative nutritional sta-tus of all patients was significantly improved. At 3 months after operation, the average VAS score was 1.1±0.6 and the improve-ment rate was 47.5%. The difference was statistically significant (t=6.31, P<0.05). At 3 months after operation, the average ODI was 6.5%±4.1%, and the improvement rate was 68.1%. The difference was statistically significant (t=8.41, P<0.05). At the last fol-low-up, all the patients were improved to grade E in ASIA except one patient from grade B to grade D, and one stayed at grade E. Kirkaldy-willis functional score: excellent in 24 cases, good in 2 cases, and good in 1 case, with a total good/good rate of 88.9%. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred in 3 patients after surgery, and pleural effusion occurred in 4 patients after surgery. No recur-rence of tuberculosis, loosening of internal fixation, fracture or loss of obvious correction were found during the follow-up. Accord-ing to the Eck fusion classification standard, at the time of the last follow-up bone graft area of all 27 cases reached I level fusion.@*Conclusion@#For non-curable severe tuberculous thoracolumbar kyphosis with multi-segment vertebral body loss, good deformity correction and proper recovery of vertebral height can be achieved by posterior osteotomy combined with cantilever beam tech-nique and intraoperative longitudinal traction. The combination of anterior debridement and bone graft fusion is a safe and reliable method.

Reporte de caso de enfermedad de Pott en vértebras torácicas altas en un niño de dos años / Pott's Disease in Upper Thoracic Vertebrae in a Two-Year-Old Boy: Case Report

RESUMEN La enfermedad de Pott es un problema de salud en países en desarrollo y su diagnóstico en niños es un desafío. Presentamos el caso de un niño de dos años de edad, con enfermedad de Pott que compromete vértebras torácicas de T1 a T3. El cuadro clínico se caracterizó por dificultad para caminar, fiebre, tos y disnea. Al examen físico, se evidenció cifosis y prominencia ósea en la región cervicodorsal. Se obtuvo una prueba de tuberculina positiva y se aisló Mycobacterium tuberculosis en el cultivo del aspirado gástrico. La resonancia de columna vertebral mostró un absceso frio, destrucción de dos vértebras y compresión de la médula espinal. El paciente presentó mejoría con la terapia antituberculosa. Resaltamos la importancia de tener en cuenta la sospecha clínica para la detección temprana de esta condición, así como un inicio rápido del tratamiento antituberculoso, para evitar la discapacidad y mortalidad asociada a esta enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Pott's disease is a health problem in developing countries and its diagnosis in children is a challenge. Here we present the case of a two-year-old boy with Pott's disease involving T1 to T3 thoracic vertebrae. The clinical presentation was characterized by difficulty walking, fever, cough, and dyspnea. At physical examination, kyphosis and bony prominence were observed in the cervicodorsal area. A positive tuberculin test was obtained, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated via culture of the gastric aspiration sample. The spine MRI showed a chronic abscess, destruction of two vertebrae, and bone marrow compression. The patient experienced some improvement with anti-TB therapy. Here, we emphasize the importance of giving consideration to the clinical suspicion for the early detection of this condition, as well as a quick TB-treatment start so as to avoid the disability and mortality associated to this disease.

Treatment of thoracolumbar tuberculosis by transforaminal endoscopic debridement combined with allograft and percutaneous internal fixation / 中华骨科杂志

Objective To discuss the feasibility,the advantages and disadvantages,the clinical efficacy and the indications of minimally invasive transforaminal endoscopic debridement combined with allograft and posterial percutaneous internal fixation for thoracolumbar spinal tuberculosis.Methods All of 22 patients with thoracolumbar tuberculosis treated in our department from January 2012 to December 2013 were retrospectively reviewed.There are 11 male and female cases separately,with an average age of 54.1 ±10.2 years and with an average disease duration of 5.3 ± 1.9 months.Endoscopic lesion removal and allograft bone grafting combined with posterial percutaneous immobilization were performed on all these cases.The data of these patients were complete,and all patients had been followed up for more than 36 months.The clinical and radiographic results were recorded and analyzed.Results In this group,22 patients were followed-up for 41.9±2.5 months(36-48 months).The spinal kyphosis was not improved 3 months after surgery (t=0.3546,P=0.7029),but the amount of blood loss (30.5±7.9 ml) was less in the operation,the amount of postoperative analgesics(0.3±0.1 g) was low and the bed time(1.5±0.3 days) was short.No recurrence and no internal fixation failure was found after long term follow-up.Good clinical outcomes were achieved with the fusion rate reached above grade 2 in all patients(95.5％) except one.The neuralgia was relieved,and the spinal cord injury was recovered to ASIA E.The VAS score and SF-36 score which were recorded 1 month and 3 months after operative were all improved significantly compared with those before operation,and patients' life quality in the early period after operation was excellent.The incidence of complications was low(9.0％),and the patients were satisfied with the treatment process.Conclusion It may be a potential way to treat spinal tuberculosis with minimally invasive transforaminal endoscopic debridement combined with allograft and percutaneous internal fixation,which could be a powerful supplement to other therapeutic measures,and is worthy of further research and development.

Analysis on clinical effects of one-stage anterior and posterior combined approach and lateral anterior approach in treating lumbar tuberculosis / 重庆医学

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of one-stage posterior percutaneous transpedicular screw fixation combined with lateral anterior approach for focus debridement bone graft fusion in the treatment of lumbar tuberculosis(TB).Methods Eighty-seven cases of lumbar tuberculosis treated by operation respectively adopted the one-stage anterior and posterior combined approach operation(group A) and simple lateral anterior approach operation(group B).The levels of CRP and ESR,Cobb angle,ODI score and Frankl score before and after surgery were statistically analyzed,and operation situation was analyzed in the two groups.Results The operation time and intraoperative bleeding volume in the group A were significantly more than those in the group B(P＜0.05),but there was no statistically significant difference in average hospitalization time between the two groups(P＞0.05).All cases were postoperatirely followed up for average (20.30-4-3.70) months.The levels of ESR and CRP,ODI score,Frankel score and Cobb angle after operation and at last follow up in the two group were significantly improved compared with before operation(P＜0.05).The bone graft healing time in the group A was significanlly shester than that in the group B.Conclusion Posterior approach fixation combined with anterior approach debridement operation has the advantages of less trauma,fixation stability and high bone healing rate for treating lumbar tuberculosis.

Debridement, internal fixation, and reconstruction with titanium mesh for the surgical treatment of lumbar tuberculosis via a posterior-only approach in adults / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinical effects, indications and key techniques of debridement, internal fixation, and reconstruction with titanium mesh in lumbar tuberculosis via a posterior-only approach in adults.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical data of 26 patients with monosegment lumbar tuberculosis treated with surgery from March 2012 to March 2014 was retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 15 cases were male and 11 cases were female, and patients' age ranged from 21 to 68 years old (average, 44.7 years old). All patients suffered from back pain and/or pain with radiation to the legs. The clinical efficacy was evaluated based on the complications, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), imaging examination, and back and leg pain score of visual analogue scale (VAS).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All operations were successful in 26 patients with an average operation time of (2.4±0.8) h (range from 2 to 4 h), with an average blood loss of (320±86) ml(range from 200 to 700 ml) .VAS was decreased from (5.7±1.4) points preoperatively to (1.6±0.5) points 2 weeks postoperatively (<0.01); and ESR was decreased from (42.8±10.4)mm/h preoperatively to (12.1±5.6)mm/h 3 months after surgery (<0.01). All the patients were followed up for 24 to 48 months with an average of(28.3±5.8) months. One patients suffered from the recurrence of TB and sinus tract formation at 2 months after surgery, and was cured by stronger anti-tuberculosis drugs, local debridement with drainage, and sinus tract healed at 3 months after operation. All intervertebral bone graft obtained fusion within 1 year after operation and no local recurrence of TB was found at final follow-up.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Debridement, internal fixation, and reconstruction with titanium mesh via a posterior-only approach is a effective and safe method for the treatment of monosegment lumbar tuberculosis, especially for the patients with secondary spinal stenosis.</p>

Application value of Xpert MTB/RIF in diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis and detection of rifampin resistance / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the application value of Xpert MTB/RIF in diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis and detection of rifampin resistance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The 109 pus specimens were obtained from patients who were primaryly diagnosed as spinal tuberculosis. All of the pus specimens were detected by acid-fast stain, liquid fast culturing by BACTEC MGIT 960 and Xpert MTB/RIF assay to definite the differences in sensitivity and specificity of mycobacterium tuberculosis among detecting methods. Pus specimens obtained by different methods were deteceded by MTB/RIF test to analyze the self-influence on Xpert MTB/RIF test. The result of liquid fast culturing by BACTEC MGIT 960 was used as the gold standard; and the value of Xpert MTB/RIF assay in detecting rifampin resistance was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The sensitivity of acid-fast stain, liquid fast culturing by BACTEC MGIT 960 and Xpert MTB/RIF assay were 25.92%, 48.15%, 77.78%, respectively. The sensitivity of pus specimens obtained from open surgery, ultrasound positioning puncture and biopsy the sensitivity were 83.78%, 76.47%, 44.68% respectively deteceded by MTB/RIF test. According to the gold standard of the results of liquid fast culturing by BACTEC MGIT 960 assay, the sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay in detecting rifampin resistance were 80%(4/5) and 90.70%(39/43), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Xpert MTB/RIF assay has higher value in diagnosis of spinal tuberculosi, and also can detect rifampin resistance. The number of mycobacterium tuberculosis in pus specimens has a great influence in the sensitivity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay.</p>

Comparision of clinical effects between one-stage anterior and posterior approach in treating thoracolumbar tuberculosis with debridement and internal fixation / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the outcomes of surgical operation by posterior or anterior approach only for thoracolumbar tuberculosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical data of 97 patients with thoracolumbar tuberculosis underwent debridement and internal fixation from January 2005 to December 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. The study included 59 males and 38 females, with a mean age of 53.7 years ranged from 20 to 68 years. The course of disease was from 1 to 13 months with an average of (6.9±2.3) months. Among these patients, 43 cases were treated through one-stage anterior approach (anterior approach group) and 54 cases were treated through posterior approach (posterior approach group). The clinical data and imaging data of 97 cases were analyzed, including the operation time, intraoperative and postoperative blood loss, postoperative hospitalization time, complications, visual analogue scale(VAS), Oswestry Disability Index(ODI), Frankle grade, bone fusion time, and corrective rate of Cobb angle.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Operation time, intraoperative and postoperative blood loss, postoperative hospitalization time, complication rate, and corrective rate of Cobb angle were(174.4±9.9) min, (885.0±95.7) ml, (103.2±11.5) ml, (15.1±0.7) d, 9.3%, (73.4±3.2)% in posterior group respectively, while in anterior approach group were(229.5±15.2) min, (1326.0±113.5) ml, (153.2±16.7) ml, (19.0±0.8) d, 16.3%, (62.3±2.5)%, respectively, and there was significant difference between two groups. There was no significant difference in graft bone fusion between two groups. Postoperative VAS, ODI, Frankel grade of all patients were obviously improved, but there was no significant difference between two groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Thoracolumbar tuberculosis could be cured by one-stage anterior or posterior approach with debridement, bone grafting and internal fixation, but posterior approach has advantages of less trauma and better deformity correction.</p>