Tuberculosis miliar y meningitis multidrogorresistente (MDR) en paciente pediátrico: Reporte de un caso / Complicated multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR) in a pediatric patient: Case report

Objetivo: Presentar el caso de un paciente pediátrico con cuadro inicial de tuberculosis (TB) ganglionar con abandono de tratamiento en 2 ocasiones que evolucionó a la forma miliar y meningitis tuberculosa multidrogorresistente. Reporte del caso: Varón de 4 años con diagnóstico inicial de tuberculosis ganglionar, que abandonó el esquema sensible de tratamiento en dos ocasiones. Tres meses después, se evidenció compromiso bilateral sugestivo de TB miliar y durante la hospitalización desarrolló tuberculosis meníngea e hidrocefalia. Por el antecedente de abandono de tratamiento, se solicitó un estudio de sensibilidad en aspirado gástrico, identificándose como multidrogorresistente; pasando al esquema EZLfxKmEtoCs y manejo de complicaciones, consiguiendo mejoría. Conclusiones: El abandono de tratamiento es una de las principales causas de resistencia a fármacos antituberculosos y de complicaciones. Es necesario reforzar la detección temprana y tratamiento efectivo de esta infección en niños, poniéndose énfasis el seguimiento de casos para evitar abandonos de tratamiento y las complicaciones consecuentes.

Objetive:To describe a pediatric case with initial diagnosis of lymph node tuberculosis (TB) that became multidrug resistant miliar and meningeal tuberculosis (TB-MDR) due to treatment dropout twice. Case report: a 4-year-old boy with initial diagnosis of lymphnode tuberculosis who had two episodes of dropout from the sensitive scheme treatment. Three months later, there was evidence of bilateral involvement suggestive of miliary TB. During hospitalization, he developed meningeal tuberculosis and hydrocephalus. Due to the history of treatment dropout, a sensitivity of gastric aspirate study was requested, identifying it as multidrug-resistant TB. He started the EZLfxKmEtoCs treatment scheme and complications management, achieving improvement. Conclusions: Treatment dropout is one of the main causes of drug resistance in tuberculosis and its complications. It is necessary to reinforce the early detection and effective treatment of this infection in children, focusing on the follow-up of cases to avoid treatment dropout and the consequent complications.

Tuberculosis diseminada en una adolescente con diabetes mellitus tipo 1: un caso inusual que imita una enfermedad autoinmune / Disseminated Tuberculosis in a girl with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: An unusual case mimicking an autoimmune disease usage: case report

RESUMEN La tuberculosis es una de las principales causas de mortalidad en el mundo, a pesar de los múltiples controles y estrategias del tratamiento. La forma diseminada corresponde al 5 % de las presentaciones. Reportamos el primer caso en la literatura de una paciente adolescente con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 y tuberculosis diseminada quien presentó síntomas constitucionales asociados con un dolor lumbar, inicialmente interpretado como sacroileítis no infecciosa y una probable enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal.

SUMMARY Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of mortality in the world despite multiple control and treatment strategies. Disseminated tuberculosis corresponds to 5% of cases. We report the first case in literature of an adolescent patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus and disseminated tuberculosis, who had constitutional symptoms associated with low back pain and was initially, interpreted initially as noninfectious sacroiliitis and a probable inflammatory bowel disease.

Miliary Tuberculosis Mimicking Brain Metastasis from Renal Cell Carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Miliary tuberculosis (TB) can cause diagnostic confusion for clinicians because its radiological appearance can resemble that of metastatic cancer. CASE REPORT: Here, we describe the case of a 72-yearold woman with miliary TB mimicking brain metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. The patient visited our clinic because of dysarthria and sluggish speech. A metastatic cancer such as renal cell carcinoma or brain tumor was suspected. However, the patient was diagnosed with miliary TB associated with multiple intracranial tuberculomas and a subsequent paradoxical response to anti-TB therapy. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should be aware that miliary TB can mimic metastatic cancer even in older people, especially in TB-endemic regions.

Patrón de diseminación miliar cerebral por adenocarcinoma pulmonar: Presentación de caso / Brain Miliary Dissemination Pattern by Lung Adenocarcinoma: Case Report

Se trata de un paciente de 56 años de edad quien consultó por síntomas respiratorios de larga evolución inicialmente enfocados como tuberculosis pulmonar, con evolución estacionaria, deterioro neurológico y diagnóstico histopatológico de adenocarcinoma pulmonar, así como hallazgos radiológicos compatibles con lesiones metastásicas cerebrales en patrón miliar. Además de la descripción clínica e imaginológica del caso se efectúa una revisión de la literatura con los hallazgos por resonancia magnética, para realizar el diagnóstico diferencial con tuberculosis miliar cerebral en razón de las semejanzas imaginológicas.

The case of a male patient of 56 years who consulted for long-standing respiratory symptoms initially focused as pulmonary stationary tuberculosis, with stationary evolution and neurological deterioration and histopathologic diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma as well as scanographic findings compatible with brain metastatic lesions in miliary pattern. In addition to the clinical and imaging case, a review of the literature is done with magnetic resonance imaging findings for differential diagnosis of miliary brain tuberculosis given the similarities in the imaging findings.

Abdomen agudo por peritonitis tuberculosa. Presentación de un caso / Abdomen agudo por peritonitis tuberculosa. Presentación de un caso

La tuberculosis extrapulmonar es una infección bacteriana que se encuentra fuera del parénquima pulmonar. Es producida por diferentes tipos de mycobacterium, siendo el agente causal más frecuente en el ser humano el Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Se presenta el caso de una paciente angolana de 17 años, atendida en un hospital municipal en Angola, por presentar dolor intenso en todo el abdomen con reacción peritoneal generalizada. Se le realizaron varios exámenes que no esclarecieron el cuadro. Finalmente fue sometida a cirugía, en la cual se tomó biopsia del epiplón. El estudio histológico informó la presencia de granulomas tuberculoides, por lo que se diagnosticó una tuberculosis miliar. Los casos de abdomen agudo por peritonitis tuberculosa, son escasamente tratados por su poca frecuencia, de hecho, es el primero en cuarenta años de experiencia como cirujano del autor.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that occurs outside the lung parenchyma. It is caused by different types of mycobacteria; the most common causative agent in humans is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The case of a 17-year-old Angolan patient treated in a municipal hospital in Angola due to severe abdominal pain with generalized peritoneal reaction is presented. Several tests were performed, but they did not clarify the patient’s condition. Finally, she underwent surgery and an omental biopsy was taken. The histological study revealed the presence of tuberculoid granulomas, which led to the diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis. Cases of acute abdomen due to tuberculous peritonitis are very uncommon, in fact, this is the first case seen by the author of this report in forty years practicing as a surgeon.

Diagnóstico genotípico y fenotípico de tuberculosis ósea y miliar en un paciente positivo para HIV en Bogotá, Colombia / Phenotypic and genotypic diagnosis of bone and miliary tuberculosis in an HIV+ patient in Bogotá, Colombia

La tuberculosis se considera la causa más frecuente de muerte producida por un solo agente infeccioso. El diagnóstico de la tuberculosis extrapulmonar no siempre es posible mediante los métodos convencionales debido al lento crecimiento del bacilo y a la naturaleza paucibacilar de las muestras, por lo que es necesario recurrir a las técnicas moleculares. El riesgo de tuberculosis, así como la mortalidad, aumenta en los pacientes con infección por HIV, en quienes el compromiso extrapulmonar es más frecuente. Se describe el caso de un hombre mestizo de 56 años de edad con sospecha de padecer tuberculosis, que asistió a consulta en el Hospital San Ignacio de Bogotá y relató haber tenido dolor en una lesión ulcerada localizada en el tercio distal del antebrazo derecho durante los dos meses anteriores y en quien se confirmó la infección por HIV. El examen histológico de los tejidos óseo y pulmonar demostró la presencia de granulomas múltiples, células gigantes y fibrosis. Tanto los cultivos como la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en la secuencia de inserción 6110 ( insertion sequence , IS6110) fueron positivos. Los aislamientos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis recuperados fueron sensibles a los medicamentos antituberculosos de primera línea.

Tuberculosis is the single most frequent cause of death by an infectious agent worldwide. Diagnosis of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis is not always possible through conventional methods, due to the long time required for cultures and the paucibacillary nature of samples; hence the need of rapid molecular methods. HIV infection increases the risk of tuberculosis, and HIV/tuberculosis coinfection is associated with higher mortality. We describe the case of a 56-year old mestizo male patient suspected of having tuberculosis who consulted the San Ignacio Hospital in Bogotá with a two-month history of a painful ulcerated lesion over the distal third area of the right forearm and in whom HIV coinfection was confirmed. Bone and pulmonary histological examination evidenced multiple granulomas, giant cells and fibrosis. Cultures and IS6110-PCR from lung and bone tissues were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were sensitive to first line drugs.

Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Presenting as Cutaneous Miliary Tuberculosis in an HIV-Infected Patient / 대한내과학회지

Tuberculosis is one of the most common opportunistic diseases in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in Korea, and extra-pulmonary infections are frequent in these patients. Cutaneous miliary tuberculosis is a rare form of tuberculosis that presents as a papulopustular eruption and hematogenous dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to multiple organs. This has been reported in patients with progressive HIV infection. We report the first case of cutaneous miliary tuberculosis that developed as a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) after initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Presenting as Miliary Tuberculosis without Immune Suppression: A Case Diagnosed Rapidly with the Genotypic Line Probe Assay Method / 결핵및호흡기질환

Miliary tuberculosis (TB) is a rare extrapulmonary form of TB, and there have been only two reports of miliary TB associated with infection with multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB pathogen in an immunocompetent host. A 32-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of abnormal findings on chest X-ray. The patient was diagnosed with MDR-TB by a line probe assay and was administered proper antituberculous drugs. After eight weeks, a solid-media drug sensitivity test revealed that the pathogen was resistant to ethambutol and streptomycin in addition to isoniazid and rifampicin. The patient was then treated with effective antituberculous drugs without delay after diagnosis of MDR-TB. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of miliary TB caused by MDR-TB pathogen in Korea.

CT and pathologic correlation of acute miliary pulmonary tuberculosis / 中华放射学杂志

Objective To elucidate the CT characteristics and pathology of acute miliary pulmonary tuberculosis (AMPT). Methods The CT features of AMPT in 25 cases were analyzed retrospectively, and the CT features in HIV-seronegative and HIV-seropositive patients were compared by 2-sided exact propability Chi-square test. Two lung specimens were inflated and fixed by Heitzman's method. HRCT scans, gross specimen section (80-150 μm) and histologic section (5 μm) were performed on dry lung specimens and CT-pathologic correlation was conducted. The distribution of micronodules in the secondary lobule on HRCT and pathology in one specimen was evaluated by Chi-square test. Results Twenty five patients with AMPT were included in this study, including 11 HIV-seropositive patients and 14 HIV-seronegative patients. HRCT showed diffuse micronodules randomly distributed throughout both lungs in 25 patients, and ground-glass opacity (17 patients)was the predominant complicated finding. Coalescence of nodules and consolidation in HIV-seropositive patients (5 and 6 patients) were markedly higher than that in HIV-seronegative patients (none). In lung specimens, most nodules located in the lung parenchyma between the central bronchovascular bundle and the perilobular structures (792 and 560 nodules), which located in the interlobular septum pathologically. The distribution of micronodules in the secondary lobule showed on HRCT (1060 nodules)and pathology(864 nodules) was not significantly difference(x2=2.814,P＞0.05). HRCT showed ground-glass opacities when ARDS occured, which were pulmonary edema,inflammation and hyaline membrane on alveolar wall pathologically. Conclusions The HRCT characteristic of nodule distribution in AMPT is random. ARDS should be suspected when diffuse ground-glass opacities appear on HRCT.

Differential Cell Analysis and Lymphocyte Subset Analysis in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid from Patients with Miliary Tuberculosis / 결핵및호흡기질환

BACKGROUND: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a useful technique to recover lower airway fluid and cells involved in many respiratory diseases. Miliary tuberculosis is potentially lethal, but the clinical manifestations are nonspecific and typical radiologic findings may not be seen until late in the course of disease. In addition, invasive procedures are often needed to confirm disease diagnosis. This study analyzed the cells and the T-lymphocyte subset in BAL fluid from patients with miliary tuberculosis to determine specific characteristics of BAL fluid that may help in the diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis, using a less invasive procedure. METHODS: On a retrospective basis, we enrolled 20 miliary tuberculosis patients; 12 patients were male and the mean patient age was 40.5+/-16.2 years. We analyzed differential cell counts of BAL fluid and the T-lymphocyte subset of BAL fluid. RESULTS: Total cells and lymphocytes were increased in number in the BAL fluid. The percentage of CD4+ T-lymphocytes and the CD4/CD8 ratio in BAL fluid were significantly decreased and the percentage of CD8+ T-lymphocytes was relatively higher. These findings were more prominent in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the HIV-infected patients, the proportion of lymphocytes was significantly higher in BAL fluid than in peripheral blood. There were no significant differences between the BAL fluid and the peripheral blood T-lymphocytes subpopulation. CONCLUSION: BAL fluid in patients with miliary tuberculosis demonstrated lymphocytosis, a lower percentage of CD4+ T-lymphocytes, a higher percentage of CD8+ T-lymphocytes, and a decreased CD4/CD8 ratio. These findings were more significant in HIV-infected subjects.

A Case of Miliary Tuberculosis in a Patient with Behcet's Disease and Uveitis Receiving Infliximab / 결핵및호흡기질환

Infliximab, a TNF-alpha antagonist, has been used to treat refractory rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease and Behcet's disease. Tuberculosis (TB) is a well-known opportunistic infection in patients receiving infliximab. Therefore, patients should be screened and treated for latent or active TB infection before being administered infliximab. Recently, we encountered a case of military TB during infliximab therapy in a patient suffering from Behcet's disease and uveitis. We report this case with a review of the relevant literature.

A Case of Miliary Tuberculosis in a Patient with Behcet's Disease and Uveitis Receiving Infliximab / 결핵및호흡기질환

Infliximab, a TNF-alpha antagonist, has been used to treat refractory rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease and Behcet's disease. Tuberculosis (TB) is a well-known opportunistic infection in patients receiving infliximab. Therefore, patients should be screened and treated for latent or active TB infection before being administered infliximab. Recently, we encountered a case of military TB during infliximab therapy in a patient suffering from Behcet's disease and uveitis. We report this case with a review of the relevant literature.

Prevalence and Its Predictors of Extrapulmonary Involvement in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Extrapulmonary organ involvement in human immunodefiaency virus (HIV)-infected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is reported to be 26%, however, the clinical predictors of extrapulmonary involvement in pulmonary TB patients has not been reported yet. We tried to determine the clinical predictors of presence of extrapulmonary involvement in patients with pulmonary TB. Cross-sectional study was performed including all adult patients with culture-proven pulmonary TB diagnosed between January 1, 2004 and July 30, 2006, at a tertiary referral hospital in South Korea. The presence of extra-pulmonary TB involvement was diagnosed based on bacteriological, pathological, or clinical evidence. Among 320 patients with a culture-proven pulmonary TB, 40 had extrapulmonary involvement. Patients with bilateral lung involvement were more likely to have extrapulmonary involvement, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 4.21 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.82-9.72), while patients older than 60 yr (adjusted OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.08-0.89), patients with cavitary lesions (adjusted OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.16-0.84), and with higher levels of serum albumin (adjusted OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.25-0.78) had less frequent involvement. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of extrapulmonary involvement in TB patients with bilateral lung involvement without cavity formation or lower levels of serum albumin.

CT characteristics of acute miliary pulmonary tuberculosis and miliary lung metastases / 中国医学影像技术

Objective To analyze routine CT and high-resolution CT (HRCT) characteristics of acute miliary pulmonary tuberculosis (AMPT) and miliary lung metastases (MLM). Methods CT and HRCT data of 25 patients with AMPT and 30 with MLM were retrospectively reviewed; nodular characteristics and other complicated findings were observed. Results No difference was found in size, density, distribution and margin of miliary nodule between AMPT and MLM (P＞0.05). Ground-glass opacities and consolidation in AMPT was more than those in MLM (P＜0.05), while multiple small cavitates, interlobular septal thickening, pleural thickening and lymph node increasing were more obvious in MLM than in AMPT (P＜0.05). Conclusion CT characteristics of AMPT and MLM are different and contribute to the differential diagnosis of the two diseases.

Patrones morfológicos de la tuberculosis: serie de casos en necropsias del Hospital Universitario de Santander entre enero de 2003 y diciembre de 2006 / Morphological patterns of tuberculosis: series of fatal cases at Hospital Universitario of Santander between January 2003 and December 2006

La Tuberculosis es una enfermedad que hace 25 años se encontraba controlada, con parámetros clínicos y paraclínicos muy bien definidos para diagnóstico y manejo. Con el advenimiento de la infección por el VIH y el aumento de la desnutrición, se ha presentado un cambio en el espectro de presentación de la tuberculosis. Objetivo: describir los hallazgos morfológicos de la tuberculosis en pacientes fallecidos en un hospital público de tercer nivel, con especial interés en aquellos pacientes con coinfección por VIH-SIDA. Materiales y Métodos: se revisaron 738 protocolos de necropsias realizadas en la morgue del Hospital Universitario de Santander del departamento de patología de la Universidad Industrial de Santander de los años 2003 al 2006, los cuales correspondieron a 17 casos fatales de tuberculosis, se realiza una búsqueda de la literatura en Medline, Scielo y Lilacs en búsqueda de series similares, las cuales se comparan con la presentada en este estudio. Resultados: los 17 casos de tuberculosis fatal, presentan cuatro patrones morfológicos: siete casos (41,2%) son de tuberculosis miliar diseminada, cuatro casos (23,5%) de tuberculosis miliar pulmonar, cuatro casos (23,5%) de tuberculosis de órgano aislado y dos casos (11,7%) de tuberculosis pulmonar cavitada. En pacientes con coinfección VIH-SIDA el patrón morfológico más usual es la tuberculosis miliar generalizada (29 %), en aquellos sin coinfección con VIH-SIDA el patrón morfológico más común es la tuberculosis de órgano aislado (23 %). Conclusión: se nota un cambio en la forma de presentación morfológica de la tuberculosis, con un predominio de las formas miliar pulmonar y miliar generalizada en especial esta última asociada a infección por VIH...

Twenty five years ago, Tuberculosis (TB) was a well-controlled illness, with very well-defined clinical and paraclinical diagnosis and handling parameters. The outbreak of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, together with raised malnutrition levels, has resulted in a changed clinical manifestation of TB. Objective: To conduct fatal TB necropsy case series along last four years. Materials and Methods: 738 necropsy protocols conducted at the morgue of Hospital Universitario of Santander by the Pathology Department at the Universidad Industrial of Santander between January 1st 2003 and December 31st 2006 were reviewed of which 17 protocols corresponded to fatal TB cases. Additionally, MedLine Literature was analyzed including a comparison of result to series similar to that of this study. Results: 17 fatal TB cases are included, presented in four morphological patterns: seven cases (41,2%) of Disseminated TB, four cases (23,5%) of pulmonary miliary TB, four cases (23,5%) isolated organ TB, and two cases (11,7%) of cavitary pulmonary TB. Conclusion: TB changed its most frequent cavitary pulmonary TB manifestation into disseminated miliary form affecting predominantly lung, lymph node, spleen, liver, kidney and adrenal gland of HIV-infected patients or extreme malnutrition cases. Increased central nervous system compromise is evident not only as meningitis with outstanding vasculitis but also as abscess and Tuberculoma. The series also shows slight compromise of organs such as prostate, testes, uterus and small intestine...

Miliary Tuberculosis with Concurrent Brain and Spinal Cord Involvement: A Case Report

Central nervous system involvement by tuberculosis is rare, and intramedullary involvement is even more rare. A patient that developed intermittent amnesia during anti-tuberculous therapy underwent brain CT and MRI and spine MRI. The latter showed multiple small enhancing nodules in the brain and spinal cord. The patient was treated with anti-tuberculous medication and steroids under the suspected diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis. Follow-up CT showed decreased nodule size and number. We report a case of miliary tuberculosis in the brain and spinal cord and present a review of the literature related to similar cases.