ABSTRACT
Objective:By comparing the changing of chemical composition contents and the effects of improving insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic KKAy mice， to explore the processing principle of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma processed with salt-water. Method:Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS） was established for determining the contents of seven saponins and mangiferin in raw and salt-processed products of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma. The mobile phase was 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution （A） and acetonitrile （B） for gradient elution （0-1 min， 90%-80%A； 1-2 min， 80%-78%A； 2-5.5 min， 78%-70%A； 5.5-10.5 min， 70%-40%A； 10.5-12 min， 40%-20%A； 12-12.1 min， 20%-90%A； 12.1-13 min， 90%A）. The flow rate was set at 0.3 mL·min-1. The mass spectrographic analysis employed electrospray ionization （ESI） and negative ion acquisition mode. The acquisition range was m/z 100-1 200. The experimental type 2 diabetic KKAy mice were divided into model group， Anemarrhenae Rhizoma group （7.2 g·kg-1·d-1） and Anemarrhenae Rhizoma processed with salt-water group （7.2 g·kg-1·d-1）. C57BL/6J mice were considered as normal group and were given the same volume of saline. There are nine mice in each group， once a day for 21 consecutive days. The fasting blood glucose （FBG） was measured once a week. Three hours after the last administration， the blood samples of mice were collected by drawing eyeballs and were centrifuged to separate serum for further experiment. The fasting insulin （FINS）， leptin （LEP）， glycated hemoglobin （HbA1c）， glycated albumin （GA）， glucagon-like peptide-1 （GLP-1） levels in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The insulin sensitivity index （ISI） and the homeostasis model assessment insulin-resistance （HOMA-IR） were calculated. The expressions of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）， phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylkinase （PEPCK） and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma co-activator1 （PGC1） mRNA in hepatic and adipose tissue of mice from each group were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction method （Real-time PCR）. Result:After being processed with salt-water， the contents of 8 chemical components in Anemarrhenae Rhizoma were increased， among which the contents of timosaponin AⅢ， timosaponin BⅡ， timosaponin BⅢ， anemarrhenasaponin Ⅰ， anemarrhenasaponin Ⅰa， mangiferin were significantly increased， and increased by 43.78%， 38.77%， 25.84%， 28.21%， 22.51%， 24.04%， respectively. Compared with the model group， raw and salt-processed products of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma could significantly decrease the levels of FBG， FINS， HOMA-IR， HbA1c， LEP， GA （P<0.05， P<0.01）， increase the levels of ISI， GLP-1 （P<0.05， P<0.01） in serum of mice with type 2 diabetes， and significantly increase the expression of PI3K and PGC1 mRNA in hepatic and adipose tissue （P<0.05）. It is worth noting that salt-processed products is better than that of raw products. Conclusion:Raw and salt-processed products of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma have obvious hypoglycemic effect. And the hypoglycemic effect of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma can be promoted after being processed with salt-water by promoting insulin secretion and improving insulin resistance. Incremental components are the probably material basis for enhancement of hypoglycemic effect of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma after being processed with salt-water.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the role of glargine in glucose metabolism improvement and antiinflammation of skeletal muscle in Caveolin-1 silenced type 2 diabetic mice.Methods Multiple low doses of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneal injection and high-fat high-glucose (HFHG) were used to induce type 2 diabetic mice model.The mice were divided into normal control group (NC group) and type 2 diabetic model group (T group).Then according to virus injection and glargine treatment,T group were further divided into type 2 diabetes group (T2DM group),type 2 diabetes with insulin treatment group (insulin group),Caveolin-1 silenced with insulin treatment group (LV-CAV1 group),and scramble virus with insulin treatment group (LV-GFP group).Glucose metabolism was accessed by the fluctuation of blood glucose.TNF-α protein expression in skeletal muscle was detected by Western blot.Results The glycemic control of LV-CAV1 group needed more dosages of glargine (P ＜ 0.05).The expression of TNFαin skeletal muscle was elevated in LV-CAV 1 group than that in LV-GFP and insulin group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The anti-inflammation function and glycemic metabolism improvement of glargine may be associated with the expression of Caveoin-1 in skeletal muscle.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo study the impact of high chromium yeast on type 2 diabetic mice.MethodsA total of 60 Balb/C mice were used in this study.Fifty mice were injected with streptozotocin to induce type 2 diabetes,while the ten mice without injection were in the normal group.The type 2 diabetic mice were divided into 5groups according to their fasting blood sugar levels,including 3 groups receiving high chromium yeast at low [250μg/ (kg· d)],medium [500 μg/ (kg,d)],and high [1000 μg/ (kg· d)] doses,1 group receiving metformin ( positive control),and 1 group receiving normal yeast ( negative control).The yeast or metformin were given through by gastric lavage daily for 15 weeks.Body mass and blood biochemical indexes (fasting blood glucose,glucose tolerance,etc) were determined,and the pathological examination of pancreas was conducted.Results Compared with negative control group,medium dose high chromium yeast group had significantly lower triglyceride ( P =0.043 ),low and medium dose groups had lower total cholesterol ( P =0.006,P =0.003 ),low and high dose groups had higher insulin levels (P =0.011,P =0.002),and high dose group had significantly reduced glycosylated hemoglobin (P =0.027).Pathological examination of pancreatic islets revealed that medium and high dose groups did not develop infiltration of inflammatory cells.ConclusionsHigh chromium yeast may improve type 2 diabetes mellitus.Further studies are needed to confirm the conclusion of this study with an organic chromium control group.