ABSTRACT
Objective Through analyzing the surveillance data on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in 2015 to understand the related epidemiological features and most possible clustering areas of high incidence.Methods Individual data was collected from the passive surveillance program and analyzed by descriptive statistic method.Characteristics on seasonal,regional and distribution of the diseases were described.Spatial-temporal clustering characteristics were estimated,under the retrospective space-time method.Results A total of 8 850 typhoid fever cases were reported from the surveillance system,with incidence rate as 0.65/100 000.The number of paratyphoid fever cases was 2 794,with incidence rate as 0.21/100 000.Both cases of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever occurred all year round,with high epidemic season from May to October.Most cases involved farmers (39.68％),children (15.89％) and students (12.01％).Children under 5 years showed the highest incidence rate.Retrospective space-time analysis for provinces with high incidence rates would include Yurnan,Guangxi,Guizhou,Hunan and Guangdong,indicating the first and second class clusters were mainly distributed near the bordering adjacent districts and counties among the provinces.Conclusion In 2015,the prevalence rates of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever were low,however with regional high prevalence areas.Cross regional transmission existed among provinces with high incidence rates which might be responsible for the clusters to appear in these areas.
ABSTRACT
Objective Through analyzing the surveillance data on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in 2015 to understand the related epidemiological features and most possible clustering areas of high incidence.Methods Individual data was collected from the passive surveillance program and analyzed by descriptive statistic method.Characteristics on seasonal,regional and distribution of the diseases were described.Spatial-temporal clustering characteristics were estimated,under the retrospective space-time method.Results A total of 8 850 typhoid fever cases were reported from the surveillance system,with incidence rate as 0.65/100 000.The number of paratyphoid fever cases was 2 794,with incidence rate as 0.21/100 000.Both cases of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever occurred all year round,with high epidemic season from May to October.Most cases involved farmers (39.68％),children (15.89％) and students (12.01％).Children under 5 years showed the highest incidence rate.Retrospective space-time analysis for provinces with high incidence rates would include Yurnan,Guangxi,Guizhou,Hunan and Guangdong,indicating the first and second class clusters were mainly distributed near the bordering adjacent districts and counties among the provinces.Conclusion In 2015,the prevalence rates of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever were low,however with regional high prevalence areas.Cross regional transmission existed among provinces with high incidence rates which might be responsible for the clusters to appear in these areas.
ABSTRACT
Objective This study was to evaluate the effects of prevention and control regarding programs on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever,in Guizhou province,from 2007 to 2012, to provide evidence for the improvement of related programs. Methods Data on typhoid fever and paratyphoid including information on epidemics,individual,cases,measures for prevention and control programs taken and relative government documents were collected and analyzed in Guizhou province,from 2007 to 2012. Information related to the average annual incidence,nature of outbreaks, time span before confirmed diagnosis was made,unit which carried the case report,proportion of laboratory confirmed diagnosed cases and case-management were compared between 2007-2009 and 2010-2012 descriptively while chi-square test with Excelland EpiInfo software were used for data analysis. Results In the period of 2007-2009,a total of 5 978 typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases were reported in Guizhou province with the average yearly incidence as 5.29/100 000. In the period of 2010-2012,2 765 cases were reported with the average yearly incidence as 2.57/100 000. When compared to the former,data from the latter period showed that the average yearly incidence had declined 51.31% in all the prefectures. There were still some outbreaks appeared but the total number of cases involved reduced 87.50%. The time span before the confirmation of diagnosis became shorter but the difference was not statistically significant (χ 2=0.08,P=0.99). Number of cases reported by hospitals at county or above had 11.51% of increase while those cases reported at the township hospitals or below decreased for 61.47%. The proportion of laboratory diagnosed cases increased 23.63%. Rates of timeliness on cards being filled in,inputted and audited showed increase of 8.44%,6.76%and 2.40%respectively. Conclusion Successful measures for prevention and control on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever had been remarkably taken in Guizhou province,but the potential risk of outbreaks still existed in some areas,suggesting that health education and surveillance programs including laboratory diagnosis,should be strengthened.
ABSTRACT
Objective This study was to evaluate the effects of prevention and control regarding programs on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever,in Guizhou province,from 2007 to 2012, to provide evidence for the improvement of related programs. Methods Data on typhoid fever and paratyphoid including information on epidemics,individual,cases,measures for prevention and control programs taken and relative government documents were collected and analyzed in Guizhou province,from 2007 to 2012. Information related to the average annual incidence,nature of outbreaks, time span before confirmed diagnosis was made,unit which carried the case report,proportion of laboratory confirmed diagnosed cases and case-management were compared between 2007-2009 and 2010-2012 descriptively while chi-square test with Excelland EpiInfo software were used for data analysis. Results In the period of 2007-2009,a total of 5 978 typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases were reported in Guizhou province with the average yearly incidence as 5.29/100 000. In the period of 2010-2012,2 765 cases were reported with the average yearly incidence as 2.57/100 000. When compared to the former,data from the latter period showed that the average yearly incidence had declined 51.31% in all the prefectures. There were still some outbreaks appeared but the total number of cases involved reduced 87.50%. The time span before the confirmation of diagnosis became shorter but the difference was not statistically significant (χ 2=0.08,P=0.99). Number of cases reported by hospitals at county or above had 11.51% of increase while those cases reported at the township hospitals or below decreased for 61.47%. The proportion of laboratory diagnosed cases increased 23.63%. Rates of timeliness on cards being filled in,inputted and audited showed increase of 8.44%,6.76%and 2.40%respectively. Conclusion Successful measures for prevention and control on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever had been remarkably taken in Guizhou province,but the potential risk of outbreaks still existed in some areas,suggesting that health education and surveillance programs including laboratory diagnosis,should be strengthened.