ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the typical value of gamma-radiation dose rate and its confidence interval in tank-transported copper ore by using bootstrap resampling techniques. Methods Bootstrap resampling method, coupled with kernel density estimation, introduced to acquire the typical value of gamma-radiation dose rate in copper ore. Results The typical value of gamma-radiation dose rate in copper ore was expressed as the central tendency of the means of resampling, and two kinds of confidence interval, empirical percentile and bias-corrected accelerated confidence interval, were provided as standard error. Conclusion It is clearly demonstrated that this method has an advantage to give a robust description in explanation of central tendency and variation range of gamma-radiation dose rate data profiles.
ABSTRACT
Objective To establish typical value ranges (TVR) by analyzing cystometry data,andto verify their roles in real-time quantitative quality control. Methods Totally,582 data sets of free flow,filling,and voiding from cystometry 181 males(age range,43 -86 years)in a strictly quality-controlled studywere analyzed for Pves,Pabdand Pdetbefore,at beginning and end of filling,and after voiding,cystometric ca-pacity (MCC),Qmaxand Vvoid,and compliance.The mean values,standard deviation,median and variousTVRs of these parameters were calculated.Technical errors related to TVR were classified and examples giv-en. Results 50% TVRs for initial resting Pves,Pabdand Pdetwere 31 -42,28 -39 and 0 -4 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa),respectively.Various technical errors were classified into typeⅠ:normal initialPdet,but both Pvesand Pabdwere wrong;typeⅡ:negative initial Pdet;and typeⅢ:too high initial Pdet.The in-cidences of typesⅠ,Ⅱ andⅢ errors were 9.8%(57/582),4.5%(26/582) and 1.4%(8/582),respec-tively.50% TVRs for MCC and compliance were 157 -345 ml and 26.6 -70.8 ml/cm H2O;50% TVRs forQmax.p,Pdet.Qmaxand Vvoidwere 5.5 -9.0 ml/s,57 -92 cm H2O and 167 -315 ml,respectively.Qmaxand Vvoidin free flow were 8.0 -9.2 ml/s and 167 -301 ml.During and after voiding,3 typical errors were found:typeⅣ:negative Pabd;typeⅤ: Pvesand Pdetafter voiding still high;typeⅥ:Pvesand Pdetnegative;the inci-dences of typesⅣ,Ⅴ andⅥ errors were 0.7%(4/582), 1.9%(11/582)and 1.4%(8/582), respective-ly. Conclusions TVRs in urodynamics are indispensable and effective tools for quantitative plausiblecheck and quality control on data.They are sensitive and reliable indicators for correct measurement and arelevant contribution to a collection of normal values.