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Conventional science regards the study of UHD (highly homeopathically potentized) solutions as pseudo-science. However, an increasing number of rigorous scientific investigations demonstrate differences in physicochemical and physical characteristics of such solutions. Strictly chemically regarded, they correspond to highly distilled water. Our research team developed a system of physicochemical and UV spectrographic measurements, whereby the differences may be consistently confirmed with high statistical significance.Methods:For measurement of the physicochemical parameters,we usedpH,electrical conductivity,and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP)sensors.For UV/VIS spectroscopymeasurements,we useda Macherey-Nagelspectrophotometer.For UHD research, we used two batches of substances: Russian (R) and Brazilian (B). In R, distilled water (W) was used for dilutions and potencies as follows: potentized water (W cH9), potentized dilution of antibodies to interferon-gamma (Abs IFNγ cH9), the same original substance in the form of a mixture of potencies (Abs IFNγ cH12, cH30, cH50, shortly Abs IFNγ mix). Furthermore, we prepared higher potencies of the substances (supplementary potentiation) in a specially prepared solution and measured their characteristics. In B, the solution was used for further dilutions and potencies as follows: potentized water (W cH1) and Glyphosate potencies (Gly cH6 => cH8, cH30 => cH 32, and cH200 => cH 202).For direct or post-hoc analysis, we used Wilcoxon signed-rank test, two-tailed.Results:UV-VIS spectroscopy (R): measurements of received liquids potentized for further cH1 show statistically significant differences between all substances, except between water W and W cH9 at 260 nm. Significant differences (p-values) were as follows: Abs IFNγ mixvs. W= 0.007; Abs IFNγ mixvs.W cH9=0.008; Abs IFNγ cH9vs. W=0.044; Abs IFNγ cH9vs.W cH9= 0.026; Abs IFNγ mixvs.W cH9= 0.007; W vs.W cH9= 0.506.Physicochemical measurements:R: measurementsdemonstrated statistical difference only in pH (Abs IFNγ mix towards all others). Significant differences (p-values) were as follows: Abs IFNγ mixvs. W=0.022; Abs IFNγ mixvs.W cH9=0.005; Abs IFNγ mixvs.Abs IFNγ cH9=0.025. After supplementarypotentiation, we obtained a more conspicuous picture with many statistical differences in conductivity and ORP, ranging from p= 0.001 to 0.046.A difference between water and potentized water has also been demonstrated.B: the measurements demonstrated statistical differences mainly in pH between Gly cH8 and the rest and between Gly cH202 and W cH1.Significant differences (p-values) were as follows:Gly cH8vs. Gly cH32 =0.027; Gly cH8vs. Gly cH202 = 0.011; Gly cH8vs. W cH1= 0.014; Gly cH202vs. W cH1= 0.034.Conclusion:UV/VIS at wavelength 260 nm Abs IFNγ mix discloses a pattern similar to exclusion zone (EZ)water at 270 nm.By additional potentiation and with physicochemical measurements, we obtained higher statistical differences than in the original dilutions.In contrast, UV/VIS spectroscopy showed more conspicuous results without additional potentiation. However, the very act of succussion becomes very distinct
Subject(s)
Water/analysis , Potency , Chemical Phenomena , Photoelectron SpectroscopyABSTRACT
A simple, rapid, precise, accurate and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation and validation of Nebivolol Hydrochloride (NEB) and Valsartan (VAL) in pure and combined tablet dosage forms. Pure drug samples of NEB and VAL were dissolved in 67 mM Phosphate buffer pH 6.8 with 0.5 % sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and found to have absorbance maxima at 280 nm for NEB and 250 nm for VAL, respectively. The linearity lies between 10-70 μg/ml for NEB and 10-60 μg/ml for VAL in this method. The correlation coefficient (r2) was found to be 0.9965 for NEB and 0.9960 for VAL. The % recoveries obtained were 95.65 % – 109.85 % for NEB and 97.42 % – 101.43 % for VAL. The % RSD found 0.271 %-1.490 % for intraday and 0.334 %-1.917 % for interday for NEB and 0.188 %-0.944 % for intraday and 0.392 %-1.197 % for interday for VAL. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation for NEB were found to be 4.608 μg/ml and 13.965 μg/ml respectively and the limit of detection and limit of quantitation for VAL were found to be 4.348 μg/ml and 13.178 μg/ml respectively. Simultaneous calibration of both drugs in 67 mM Phosphate buffer pH 6.8 with 0.5 % SDS shows that λmax of one drug does not interfere on the λmax of other drug. Recovery study was performed to confirm the accuracy of the method. The results of analysis have been validated statistically by recovery studies as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The method showed good reproducibility and recovery with % RSD <2. Hence, this proposed method was found to be rapid, specific, precise, accurate and can be successfully applied for the routine analysis of NEB and VAL in pure and combined tablet dosage form.
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Objective: It was aimed to determine the best storage temperature for fruits to achieve the highest quality of vitamin-C and to compare vitamin C concentration between commercial fruits juices and fresh fruit juices in by using Spectrophotometry and Titrimetric method Methods: Titration involved the redox reaction between iodine and vitamin C. As the iodine was added during the titration, the ascorbic acid was oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid, while the iodine was reduced to iodide ions. The Spectrophotometric method involved the coupling reaction of 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) dye with Vitamin C. The samples were analyzed using UV-Vis-Spectrophotometer at 521 nm. Results: Titrimetric and spectroscopic methods were performed for fresh and marketed fruits comprising of apple, grapes, lemon, orange. The maximum amount was found in lemon and orange whereas apple and grapes contained lesser amount of Vitamin C. The stability of marketed fruit juices made up of apple, grapes, lemon, orange were analyzed by storing them on the freeze at 0 °C and 10 °C and on the hot air oven at 20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C for 72 h and estimated by both Titrimetric and Spectroscopy method. UV-Spectroscopy method showed that, at freezing condition up to 10 °C temperature, degradation was too low but when the temperature reached 50 °C the extent of degradation was more, showing 24.56% apple juice, 10.89% orange juice,12.70% grapes juice and 50% orange juice were degraded in 100 ml sample. Similar results were observed by analysing the samples with titration technique. Conclusion: A new analytical method was developed to address the content of vitamin C in fruits consumed in the local market of Nepal along with the best possible storage of fruit juice to yield the maximum amount of nutrients.
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This study was performed in order to creation of a doxorubicin conjugate with methacrylic acid (co)polymers for targeted tumor therapy. Poly(t-butylmethacrylate) with the optimal for biocompatible polymers molecular-weight characteristics (Mn= 12,400; Mw/Mn = 1.35) was synthesized by radical polymerization in the presence of thioglycolic acid as a chain transfer agent. The obtained polymer was converted by acid hydrolysis into a water-soluble copolymer of t-butylmethacrylate and methacrylic acid of 20:80 mass%, respectively. The copolymer of t-butylmethacrylate and methacrylic acid was modified with folic acid which has affinity for tumor cells. A conjugate of the copolymer with doxorubicin and also a conjugate with the folate vector were synthesized. Their formation was proved using elemental analysis and IR, UV, NMR spectroscopy. Thus, in the course of the study the conjugate of doxorubicin was synthesized, combining the drug and a vector for delivery of the drug. This compound is a promising, as it represents a new form of transport delivering a well-known and widely used anticancer agent doxorubicin.
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Objective To investigate the application of of Gaussian 09/GuassView 5.0 in spectra teaching in Analytical Chemistry.Method Undergraduates of Pharmaceutical Science in 2014 grade of Kunming Medical University were selected to teach with a method with the help of Gaussian 09/GuassView 5.0 soft.Calculations of UV spectra,IR spectra and NMR spectra of compounds were introduced to make better understanding in the learning of relative knowledge points.The teaching effect was evaluated by the comparison of theoretical exam results of 2013 grade which didn't use soft.Result The theoretical test results showed that the scoring averages of the 2014 grade in UV,IR and NMR spectra were significantly higher than that in 2013 grade (P＜0.05).Conclusion Gaussian 09/GuassView 5.0 can visualize the nonobjective knowledge,and imporve the students' interesting,thus improving the efficiency of teaching and learning.
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A estabilidade dos óleos vegetais à oxidação depende do equilíbrio entre a composição e a presença de pró-oxidantes e antioxidantes. O objetivo deste estudo consistiu em avaliar o efeito da presença de antioxidantes sintéticos durante o processo de foto-oxidação dos óleos de canola e milho. As amostras dos óleos de canola e milho em presença e em ausência dos antioxidantes butil-hidroxitolueno (BHA), propil galato (PG) e terc butil-hidroquinona (TBHQ), foram submetidas ao estresse foto-oxidativo. A reação de foto-oxidação seguiu uma cinética de primeira ordem. A constante de velocidade no período de 20 dias de foto-oxidação evidenciou que o antioxidante PG apresentou maior efeito protetor para o óleo de canola e o TBHQ para o óleo de milho. A partir dos dados de UV e RMN de ¹H, no período de 60 dias, constatou-se que os três antioxidantes apresentaram um efeito protetor a foto-oxidação. Os dados de UV evidenciaram aumento de absorção da banda em 232 nm devido à foto-oxidação e formação de dienos conjugados. A redução da intensidade de absorção desta banda na foto-oxidação com o tempo de exposição revelou que a proteção, tanto para o óleo de canola como para o de milho, foi mais efetiva com o antioxidante PG. Os índices de oxidação Roa e fração residual de hidrogênios (H) dialílicos, alílicos e vinílicos também evidenciaram que o antioxidante PG apresentou o melhor desempenho na proteção dos dois tipos de óleo.
The stability of vegetable oils in relation to oxidation depends on the balance between the composition and the presence of antioxidants and pro-oxidants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the presence of antioxidants in vegetable oils in the protection of photo-oxidation. Samples of canola oil and corn oil in the presence and absence of the antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHA), propyl gallate (PG) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), were subjected to photo-oxidative stress at room temperature for 60 days. The photo-oxidation reaction followed a first order kinetics. The rate constant for the period of 20 days of photo-oxidation showed that the PG antioxidant showed greater protective effect for canola oil and TBHQ showed a greater protective effect for corn oil. The UV and ¹H NMR data at 60 days showed that the three antioxidants had a protective effect on photo-oxidation. The UV data showed increased absorption at the 232nm band due to photo-oxidation and the formation of conjugated dienes. The reduction in intensity of this absorption band in photo-oxidation with time of exposure revealed that the protection, both for the canola oil and for the corn oil, was more effective with the PG antioxidant. The rates of Roa oxidation and residual fraction of diallyl, allyl and vinyl hydrogens also showed that the PG antioxidant showed the best performance in protecting both oils.
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Objective:To compare the drug release of nifedipine sustained-release tablets from four manufacturers to evaluate the intrinsic quality. Methods:The drug release rate was determined by UV respectively with pH 1. 2 HCl solution, pH 4. 0 sodium ace-tate buffer, pH 6. 8 phosphate buffer and water as the dissolution medium. The dissolution curves were compared by f2 factor. Results:The drug release rate of nifedipine sustained-release tablets from the four manufacturers all met quality standard of our country, al-though the dissolution curves in the different dissolution medium was various. Conclusion:There are differences in intrinsic quality a-mong the nifedipine sustained-release tablets from the four manufacturers. The dissolution examination standard should be improved fur-ther.
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A method for simultaneous estimation of Atorvastatin Calcium (AVS) and Amlodipine Besilate (AML) in combined tablet dosage form has been developed. The method employs the application of multicomponent mode of analysis. This method utilize Phosphate buffer (pH6.8). AVS show maximum absorbance at a wavelength of 240 nm and AML at 369 nm. The method is fast,economical and very cheap as compared to other simultaneous spectrophotometric method using multi-component mode of analysis for estimation of Atorvastatin Calcium and Amlodipine Besilate due to using phosphate buffer instead of costly solvent.Where the linearity ranges for AVS and AML were 5-25μg/ml and 10-50 μg/ml respectively. The procedure was successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of both drugs in laboratory prepared mixture and in market available tablet dosage form. The accuracy of the method was assessed by recovery studies and was found to be 99.41±0.83 and 98.65±0.54 for AVS and AML respectively. Results of the analysis were validated statistically so that it can be used for routine analysis of AVS and AML in combined tablet dosage form.
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The pharmacognsy of Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Linclau was studied by microscopic ob-servation and UV spectroscopy to provide a scientific basis for the identification, development and utiliza-tion of its resources. As a result, obvious characteristics for its identification were revealed, which can beused to identify twigs and leaves of R. nasutus.