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1.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 25(2): 391-407, abr.-jun. 2018.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-953871

ABSTRACT

Resumo Discute as epidemias no colapso demográfico de ameríndios no México e na América Andina após a chegada dos espanhóis. A partir das categorias de Ernst Mayr de causas distantes (ou evolutivas) e próximas (ou funcionais), argumenta-se que causas distantes, como causas genéticas, que conferiram resistência imunológica aos espanhóis, manifestaram-se em um cenário muito estratificado, provocando a destruição de incas e astecas. Interpretações recentes do projeto colonialista europeu buscam minimizar a importância das epidemias ou matizá-las com fatores sociais, econômicos e políticos, interpretados aqui como causas próximas. Defendemos que somente pela articulação dessas duas categorias é possível entender a importância das epidemias na conquista espanhola da América Latina.


Abstract The role of epidemics in the demographic collapse of the Amerindians in Mexico and Andean America after the arrival of the Spanish is discussed. Ernst Mayr's categories of ultimate (or evolutionary) and proximal (or functional) causes are used to argue that ultimate causes, such as genetics, which gave the Spanish immunological resistance, were manifested in a very stratified setting, triggering the destruction of the Incas and Aztecs. Recent interpretations of colonization have played down the importance of epidemics or combined them with social, economic, and political factors, interpreted here as proximate causes. We understand that only by articulating these two categories can the importance of epidemics in the Spanish conquest of Latin America be understood.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 16th Century , Demography , Andean Ecosystem , History, 16th Century , Mexico
2.
Acta biol. colomb ; 14(supl.1): 133-150, Dec. 2009.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-634985

ABSTRACT

Partiendo de la premisa de que una causa próxima es aquella cuyos efectos pueden ser registrados en los estados de un organismo individual. En este trabajo sostendré que lo que define a una causa remota es el hecho de que sus efectos puedan ser registrados en la evolución de linajes, y no simplemente en estados poblacionales. Esto, por otra parte, no solo nos permitirá entender en qué sentido los constreñimientos ontogenéticos deben ser comprendidos como causas remotas de los fenómenos evolutivos; sino que además nos permitirá poner en evidencia el carácter eminentemente histórico de la Biología evolucionaria del desarrollo que Wallace Arthur subestimó en Biased Embryos and Evolution. Así, y siguiendo esta última línea de razonamiento, también intentaré mostrar que, aunque la acción de dichos constreñimientos ontogenéticos pueda verificarse más allá de los límites de una población o especie particular, eso no implica que estemos asistiendo a un retorno del pensamiento tipológico en Biología evolucionaria.


Having as starting point that a proximal cause is one whose effects can be registered in the states of an individual organism, in this work I will argue that what defines an ultimate cause is the fact that its effects can be registered in the evolution of lineages, and not simply in population states. This, on the other hand, not only will allow us to clarify how the developmental constraints can be understood as causes of the evolutionary phenomena; but also it will allow us to point the eminently historical character of Developmental Evolutionary Biology that Wallace Arthur undermined in Biased Embryos and Evolution. Thus, and following this latter reasoning, I will also try to show that, although the action of developmental constraints could happen beyond the limits of a population or a particular species, does not imply that we are facing the return of typological thought in Evolutionary Biology.

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