The regulatory role of the RUS family in plant growth and development / 生物工程学报

The chloroplast genome encodes many key proteins involved in photosynthesis and other metabolic processes, and metabolites synthesized in chloroplasts are essential for normal plant growth and development. Root-UVB (ultraviolet radiation B)-sensitive (RUS) family proteins composed of highly conserved DUF647 domain belong to chloroplast proteins. They play an important role in the regulation of various life activities such as plant morphogenesis, material transport and energy metabolism. This article summarizes the recent advances of the RUS family proteins in the growth and development of plants such as embryonic development, photomorphological construction, VB6 homeostasis, auxin transport and anther development, with the aim to facilitate further study of its molecular regulation mechanism in plant growth and development.

Systematic review of factors influencing sunburn from population-based studies / 环境与职业医学

Sunburn is an acute phototoxic reaction caused by excessive exposure of skin to solar ultravilet (UV) or artificial UV light sources. Studies show that sunburn is common in the general population, so that associated financial burden cannot be ignored. Meanwhile, sunburn at any age increases the risk of melanoma. Only by clarifying the influencing factors of sunburn can precise preventive measures be formulated. Although many studies have been conducted on the influencing factors of sunburn worldwide, there are great heterogeneity in reported influencing factors. In this paper, by means of systematic review, factors affecting sunburn were sorted out and summarized from four aspects, including demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, photosensitive phenotypes, UV-related environmental factors, and sun protection knowledge, attitude & behavior. Combined with population characteristics and data availability in China, our review provided reference for subsequent research and development of precise prevention and control strategies.

Plants with antioxidant activity and their potential use as sun protector agents in Costa Rica

SUMMARY Aims: To carry out a bibliographic review related to plants available in Costa Rica that have demonstrated antioxidant power and a sun protection factor (SPF) suitable to be used in sunscreen products. Methods: The bibliographic review was carried out using different descriptors and by consulting different databases. Results: Information about antioxidant power about acerola, avocado, carrots, passion fruit, moringa, banana, pumpkin and amaranth, guava, matico, ginkgo, blackberry, mango, coffee was obtained. The information obtained suggests that the mentioned plants could be used for the formulation of sunscreens. Conclusion: Sun protection products should be used every day to prevent skin damage; some sunscreens produce allergic reactions, so it is necessary to investigate natural options to be used in sun protection products. Some natural products exhibit SPF values that allow their incorporation as sun protection agents, adjuvants, or enhancers in sunscreens.

Objetivo: llevar a cabo una investigación bibliográfica sobre plantas disponibles en Costa Rica que han demostrado su poder antioxidante y un factor de protector solar (SPF) apto para ser utilizados en protectores solares. Métodos: la revisión bibliográfica se realizó utilizando diferentes descriptores y mediante la consulta en diferentes bases de datos. Resultados: se obtuvo información sobre el poder antioxidante de las plantas: acerola, aguacate, zanahoria, maracuyá, moringa, banano, calabaza y amaranto, guayaba, matico, ginkgo, mora, mango, café. La información obtenida sugiere que las plantas mencionadas podrían ser utilizadas para la formulación de protectores solares. Conclusiones: los protectores solares deben ser utilizados diariamente para prevenir el daño sobre la piel. Algunos de estos productos generan reacciones alérgicas y por esta razón es necesario investigar posibles opciones naturales para ser incorporadas en bloqueadores solares. Algunos productos naturales exhiben valores de SPF que permiten su uso como agentes protectores solares, adyuvantes o potenciadores en los bloqueadores solares.

Objetivo: realizar uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre plantas disponíveis na Costa Rica que demonstraram poder antioxidante e um fator de proteção solar (FPS) adequado para uso em protetores solares. Métodos: a revisão bibliográfica foi realizada usando diferentes descritores e consultando diferentes bases de dados. Resultados: foram obtidas informações sobre o poder antioxidante das plantas: acerola, abacate, cenoura, maracujá, moringa, banana, abóbora e amaranto, goiaba, matico, ginkgo, amora, manga, café. As informações sugerem que as referidas plantas poderiam ser utilizadas para a formulação de protetores solares. Conclusões: protetores solares devem ser usados diariamente para prevenir danos à pele. Alguns desses produtos geram reações alérgicas e por isso é necessário investigar possíveis opções naturais para serem incorporadas aos protetores solares. Alguns produtos naturais apresentam valores de FPS que permitem seu uso como protetores solares, adjuvantes ou potencializadores em protetores solares.

El rol epigenético de la radiación ultravioleta y estrés oxidativo en la formación de cataratas / The Epigenetic Role of Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidative Stress in Cataract Formation

El ojo humano es altamente expuesto a luz de todo tipo de ondas electromagnéticas, la tensión metabólica en la eliminación del daño celular, así como su acumulación, constituyen el mayor estrés oxidativo debido a radiación ultravioleta. El objetivo del la revisión fue documentar la nueva evidencia científica en epigenética con respecto a la radiación ultravioleta y estrés oxidativo en la formación de cataratas. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura comprendida del 1ro de mayo del 2021 al 1ro de mayo 2022 con meta buscadores en inglés y español. El daño bioquímico acumulable a nivel de las histonas es considerado el primer insulto ambiental en la formación de cataratas. El potencial inmunomodulador de las células del epitelio del lente humano es un blanco terapéutico prometedor, debido a ser la principal línea celular afectada en radiación por rayos ultravioleta. El avance tecnológico, bioquímico y fisiológico permitirá promover una solución diferente, por otro concepto distinto de cirugía, para la cura de la entidad más prevalente en el mundo por ceguera reversible: catarata(AU)

The human eye is highly exposed to light of all types of electromagnetic waves, the metabolic stress in the elimination of cellular damage, as well as its accumulation, constitute the major oxidative stress due to ultraviolet radiation. The objective was to document the new scientific evidence in epigenetics regarding ultraviolet radiation and oxidative stress in cataract formation. A review of the literature from May 1, 2021 to May 1, 2022 was performed with meta-search engines in English and Spanish. Cumulative biochemical damage at the histone level is considered the primary environmental insult in cataract formation. The immunomodulatory potential of human lens epithelium cells is a promising therapeutic target, due to being the main cell line affected in ultraviolet radiation. The technological, biochemical and physiological advance will allow promoting a different solution, by a different concept of surgery, for the cure of the most prevalent condition in the world for reversible blindness: cataract(AU)

Milium coloide: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Colloid milium: a case report and review of the literature

Resumen El milium coloide (MC) es un trastorno de depósito cutáneo poco común, asociado a cambios degenerativos secundarios a la radiación ultravioleta, que provoca degeneración de las fibras elásticas en la dermis. Tiene dos formas de presentación definidas como juvenil y del adulto. Es más común en hombres que realizan oficios al aire libre. Clínicamente se caracteriza por numerosas y pequeñas pápulas de distintos colores (amarillo, ámbar, café) o translúcidas, que suelen agruparse y se localizan en zonas fotoexpuestas. El diagnóstico se confirma mediante el estudio histopatológico y pudiera requerir tinciones especiales para diferenciar la mucina y el amiloide. Para su tratamiento se han empleado técnicas como dermoabrasión mecánica, láseres, terapia fotodinámica, entre otros.

Abstract Colloid milium is a rare skin deposition disorder associated with degenerative changes secondary to ultraviolet radiation, which causes degeneration of elastic fibers in the dermis. It has two forms of presentation defined as juvenile and adult. It is more common in men who work outdoors. Clinically it is characterized by numerous small yellow, brown, amber or translucent papules that are usually grouped together, located over photo-exposed areas. The diagnosis is confirmed by histopathological study and may require special stains to differentiate mucin and amyloid. Techniques such as mechanical dermabrasion, lasers, photodynamic therapy, among others, have been used for its treatment.

Perfil epidemiológico dos laudos histopatológicos de carcinoma basocelular realizados nos laboratórios de Patologia da região sul-catarinense / Epidemiological profile of histopathological reports of basal cell carcinoma performed in pathology laboratories in southern Santa Catarina, Brazil

Introdução: O carcinoma basocelular é a neoplasia mais comum no mundo. É responsável, juntamente com os demais cânceres de pele, pelo grande aumento dos gastos públicos, quando comparados aos demais tipos de câncer. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil epidemiológico dos laudos histopatológicos de Carcinoma Basocelular (CBC) realizados nos laboratórios de Patologia da cidade de Criciúma/ SC. Métodos: Foi feito um estudo observacional retrospectivo, com coleta de dados secundários e abordagem quantitativa. Foram incluídos no estudo 301 laudos histopatológicos de CBC. Resultados: A média da idade no momento do diagnóstico foi de 64,09 anos. O gênero mais acometido foi o feminino, correspondendo a 55,5% dos laudos da amostra. Dos subtipos histopatológicos, o nodular foi o prevalente (52,2%), seguido pelo esclerodermiforme/infiltrativo (28,2%), superficial (11,3%), micronodular (5,6%), basoescamoso (1,7%) e pigmentado (1,0%). A localização cutânea de maior frequência foi cabeça e pescoço (67,4%), tendo o nariz como principal local das lesões (32,4%). Limitações do estudo: Este estudo teve como limitação a não informação da localização cutânea do CBC em 126 laudos. Conclusão: O CBC é mais comum em indivíduos a partir da sexta década de vida (p=0,017), preferencialmente em mulheres (p=0,013). O subtipo mais encontrado é o nodular seguido do esclerodermiforme. O nariz foi o local de maior acometimento das lesões. O subtipo superficial predominou no sexo feminino (p=0,013). Quanto à sua localização cutânea, o subtipo superficial está associado aos membros superiores e inferiores (p=0,037).

Introduction: Basal cell carcinoma is the most common neoplasm in the world. Along with other skin cancers, it is responsible for a large increase in public spending compared to other types of cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological profile of histopathological reports of basal cell carcinoma performed in pathology laboratories in the city of Criciúma, SC, Brazil. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted using secondary data and a quantitative approach. A total of 301 histopathological reports of basal cell carcinoma were included. Results: The mean age at diagnosis was 64.09 years, with women being more affected (55.5%). Of the histopathological subtypes, nodular was the most prevalent (52.2%), followed by infiltrative (28.2%), superficial (11.3%), micronodular (5.6%), basosquamous (1.7%) and pigmented (1.0%). The most frequent location was the head and neck (67.4%), with the nose being the main site of lesions (32.4%). Study limitations: The carcinoma location was missing in 126 reports. Conclusion: basal cell carcinoma was more common in individuals ≥ 60 years of age (p=0.017), especially women (p=0.013). The most common subtypes were nodular and infiltrative. The nose was the most affected site. The superficial subtype predominated in women (p=0.013). The superficial subtype was associated with the upper and lower limbs (p=0.037).

La accidentada historia del descubrimiento de la vitamina D, en su primer centenario / The checkered history of the discovery of vitamin D, in its first centenary

El año 2022 marca el primer centenario del descubrimiento de la vitamina D, hallazgo que recompensó la prolongada búsqueda de la causa del raquitismo, su prevención y tratamiento. Al mismo tiempo puso en marcha importantes investigaciones relaciona-das con su biotransformación y el mecanismo de su acción antirraquítica, además de estudios sobre diversos efectos biológicos sin relación directa con su papel en la salud ósea. Esta breve revisión se limitará a delinear la prehistoria de la vitamina D y los diversos estudios, básicos y clínicos, que condujeron a su descubrimiento y caracterización química. (AU)

The year 2022 marks the centenary of the discovery of vitamin D, a breakthrough that rewarded the long search for the cause of rickets, its prevention and treatment. At the same time, it launched important investigations related to its biotransformation and the mechanism of its antirachitic action, as well as studies on various biological effects without direct relation to its role in bone health. This brief review will be limited to an outline of the prehistory of vitamin D and the various basic and clinical studies that led to its discovery and chemical characterization. (AU)

Conocimiento y conductas de protección solar de pescadores en Chile / Knowledge and sun protection behaviors of fishermen in Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: La sobreexposición a la radiación ultravioleta (RUV) es un factor de riesgo importante para el desarrollo de cáncer de piel (CP). Aquellos trabajadores que realizan labores al aire libre, como los pescadores, son un grupo de riesgo, por lo que es importante saber si tienen los conocimientos y realizan las conductas que les permitan protegerse de la RUV. OBJETIVO: Evaluar en un grupo de pescadores el conocimiento respecto a los riesgos de la exposición solar y sus conductas respecto a medidas de protección solar. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Los datos fueron obtenidos por encuestas a 133 pescadores. Se obtuvieron antecedentes sociodemográficos y se aplicó un cuestionario de 11 preguntas para evaluar conocimiento sobre riesgos de la RUV y conductas de fotoprotección. RESULTADOS: La cohorte incluyó a 133 pescadores, todos fueron hombres con edad promedio de 48 +/- 11,2 años. Un 86% de los pescadores conocía la relación entre exposición solar/CP. En cuanto al uso de filtro solar (FS), un 54,8% de los trabajadores reportó nunca haberlo utilizado y un 41% lo hacía solo una vez al día. Los pescadores con escolaridad incompleta presentan 2,6 veces menor probabilidad de utilizar FS (OR 2.6; p<0.05). Además, aquellos con conocimiento de la relación RUV y fotoenvejecimiento, presentaban 3,75 veces más probabilidad de utilizar FS (OR 3.75) (p<0.05). CONCLUSIÓN: Este primer estudio sobre protección solar en pescadores muestra que la mayoría están en conocimiento de los riesgos a la salud. Sin embargo, no utilizan las medidas de protección recomendadas y aquellos que las utilizan, no lo hacen de la manera adecuada.

INTRODUCTION: Overexposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the main risk factor for the development of skin cancer (SC). Outdoor workers, such as fishermen are a risk group. Therefore, it is important to study if they have the knowledge towards sun exposure and also to know their solar protection behaviors. OBJETIVE: To evaluate in a group of fishermen if they have the knowledge about the risks of solar exposure and their behavior regarding sun protection measures. MATERIALS y METHODS: Data was obtained from a survey applied to 133 fishermen. Collected information included sociodemographic characteristics and 11 questions about knowledge and their sun protection measures. RESULTS: The cohort included 133 fishermen, all were male with an age average of 48 +/- 11,2 years. 86% knew about the relation between solar exposure and skin cancer. When asked about sunscreen use, 54.8% declared they never used it and 41,0% did only once a day. The fishermen who had incomplete secondary school studies were less likely to use sunscreen (OR 2.6) (p<0.05). Those who had knowledge of the relation between UVR and aging were 3,75 times more likely to use sunscreen. CONCLUSION: This is the first study about solar protection knowledge and photoprotection measures upon fishermen, performed in Chile. Most fishermen were aware of the health risks. However, they do not use the recommended protection measures, and those who use them, do not do it properly

Epidemiology of tumors in dogs in the capital of the state of Mexico from 2002-2016 / Epidemiologia de tumores em cães da capital do Estado do México durante o período de 2002-2016

A retrospective and cross-sectional study of canine tumors was performed in the capital of State of Mexico from 2002-2016. Since then, 393 tumors were remitted. Descriptive epidemiology was made from all data: breed, age, sex, and tumor features. Then the risk association between cutaneous and non-cutaneous tumors with variables such as sex, breed, and age were analyzed through an exact Fisher test and Odds ratio. In addition, some characteristics of the canine population were studied under a survey. Of all tumors, skin tumors were the most frequent (59.0%). The group of tumors related to ultraviolet radiation was the most common (15.1%). The frequency of tumors in females was 53%, nevertheless, males had more risk to develop cutaneous tumors (OR=1.88, 1.24-2.84) (0.003). The Pure breeds were the most common (82.5%) and the most frequent age range was > 7 years (54.7%). The survey showed that males (53%) and the age range 1-7 years (62.1%) were the most frequent. Conclusions, age, breed, and sex were identified as the major risk factors for tumorigenesis. Likewise, skin tumors were associated with exposure to ultraviolet radiation, probably to the height of the locality (2667mamls).(AU)

Um estudo retrospectivo e transversal dos tumores caninos foi realizado na capital do Estado do México durante o período de 2002-2016. Desde esse período, 393 tumores foram remetidos. Epidemiologia descritiva foi feita com base em todos os dados: raça, idade, sexo e características do tumor. Em seguida, a associação de risco entre tumores cutâneos e não cutâneos com variáveis como sexo, raça e idade foi analisada por meio do teste exato de Fisher e odds ratio. Além disso, algumas características da população canina foram estudadas em uma pesquisa. De todos os tumores, os de pele foram os mais frequentes (59,0%). O grupo de tumores relacionados à radiação ultravioleta foi o mais comum (15,1%). A frequência de tumores no sexo feminino foi de 53%, no entanto os machos apresentaram maior risco de desenvolver tumores cutâneos (OR = 1,88; 1,24-2,84) (0,003). As raças puras foram as mais comuns (82,5%), e a faixa etária mais frequente foi >7 anos (54,7%). A pesquisa mostrou que os machos (53%) e a faixa etária de um a sete anos (62,1%) foram os mais frequentes. Conclusões: idade, raça e sexo foram identificados como os principais fatores de risco para a tumorigênese. Da mesma forma, os tumores cutâneos foram associados à exposição à radiação ultravioleta, provavelmente até a altura da localidade (2667m ANM).(AU)

Inativação de microrganismos indicadores de contaminação fecal por radiação ultravioleta e avaliação dos fenômenos de fotorreativação e recuperação no escuro / Inactivation of indicator microorganisms of faecal contamination by ultraviolet radiation and evaluation of photoreactivation and dark repair phenomena

RESUMO Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho da radiação ultravioleta (UV) para a desinfecção de efluente final de estação de tratamento de esgoto (ETE) sanitário municipal, em escala de bancada de laboratório e operação em batelada. Foram analisadas as interferências dos parâmetros operacionais tempo de exposição (s) à radiação e altura de lâmina líquida (cm) do efluente no reator UV. A eficiência do processo de desinfecção foi avaliada empregando os microrganismos indicadores Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens), colifagos, Escherichia coli (E. coli) e coliformes totais (CT). Após a desinfecção, foram avaliados os fenômenos de recuperação microbiológica fotorreativação e recuperação no escuro para E. coli e CT. Os resultados indicaram efetiva inativação dos microrganismos indicadores à radiação UV no decorrer do tempo de exposição, o que foi comprovado estatisticamente pela ANOVA de medidas repetidas. C. perfringens foi o microrganismo que apresentou a maior resistência à inativação. Nos ensaios de recuperação microbiológica, ambos os mecanismos foram considerados insignificantes, o que foi comprovado estatisticamente pelos testes t de Student (dados paramétricos) e Wilcoxon (dados não paramétricos). Em todas as análises, o nível de significância foi de 5%.

ABSTRACT This research aimed to evaluate the performance of ultraviolet radiation (UV) for disinfecting effluents from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, in laboratory bench scale and batch operation. The interference of the operational parameters of exposure time (s) to the radiation and the level of liquid blade (cm) of the effluent in the UV reactor were analyzed. The efficiency of the disinfection process was checked using the indicators microorganisms Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens), coliphages, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and total coliforms (TC). After disinfection, some tests were carried out to evaluate the phenomena of microbiological recovery: photoreactivation and dark repair, for E. coli and TC. The results indicate effective inactivation of indicator microorganisms by UV radiation during the time of exposure, which was statistically proved by repeated measures ANOVA. C. perfringens was the microorganism that showed the highest resistance against UV inactivation. In microbiological recovery tests, both mechanisms were considered insignificant, which was statistically proven by the Student (t test - parametric data) and the Wilcoxon (nonparametric data) tests. In all analyses, the level of significance was 5%.

Fotoprotección y fotodaño en la niñez y la adolescencia / Photoprotection and photodamage in the childhood and adolescence

Durante las últimas décadas se ha incrementado la incidencia del cáncer de piel, debido fundamentalmente a la exposición a las radiaciones solares, por lo cual es importante la protección desde las edades tempranas. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de describir los efectos que estas ocasionan en los seres humanos y las formas de protección adecuadas. Se concluyó que el conocimiento y la implementación de las recomendaciones para la fotoprotección, son necesarias para prevenir los efectos causados por dichas radiaciones.

During the last decades the incidence of the skin cancer has been increased, due fundamentally to the exposure to the sun radiations, reason why it is important the protection since early ages. Keeping this in mind, a literature review was carried out with the objective of describing the effects that they cause in the human beings and the appropriate protection forms. It was concluded that the knowledge and the implementation of the recommendations for photoprotection, are necessary to prevent the effects caused by these radiations.

Conocimientos, hábitos y actitudes de fotoprotección en adolescentes / Knowledge, habits, and attitudes of photoprotection in teenagers

Introducción: el cáncer de piel es una neoplasia frecuente en el ser humano a nivel mundial, su incidencia se ha incrementado durante las últimas décadas, considerado como una expresión de hábitos de mayor exposición a radiaciones ultravioletas. Entre el 60% y 80 % de la exposición solar a lo largo de la vida tiene lugar antes de la edad de 18 años. Los niños y adolescentes son los más vulnerables a la radiación, debido a que el daño solar es máximo y acumulativo. Objetivo: describir los conocimientos, hábitos y actitudes de fotoprotección en escolares del nivel secundario. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal en adolescentes de la Escuela Secundaria Básica Cándido González, ubicada en la localidad ¨La Playa¨, municipio Matanzas, en el periodo de febrero a marzo del 2017. El universo quedó constituido por la totalidad de los estudiantes que cursan el séptimo y octavo grado (259). Resultados: se encontró un predominio del fototipo cutáneo III en la población de estudio. En cuanto a los conocimientos sobre fotoprotección y fotodaño, 195 estudiantes (75,3%) fueron evaluados de mal. El 65,6% de los adolescentes refirieron usar cremas de protección solar. En relación con la actitud ante el bronceado, se observó que fue adecuada en 240 alumnos (92,7%). Conclusiones: los malos conocimientos sobre fotoprotección y fotodaño de los alumnos encuestados pueden estar relacionados a hábitos inadecuados e historias de quemadura solar encontrados (AU).

Introduction: skin cancer is a frequent neoplasia in the human being all around the world; its incidence has increased during the last decades, fact that is considered as an expression of habits of more exposition to ultraviolet radiations. Between 60 % and 80 % of the exposition to sunlight throughout the live occurs before the age of 18 years. Children and teenagers are the most vulnerable to radiation due to the fact that sun damage is maximal and accumulative. Objective: to describe knowledge, habits and attitudes of photoprotection in students of the secondary level. Materials and methods: a descriptive, cro0ss-sectional study was carried out in teenagers of the Secondary School ¨Candido González¨, located in La Playa, municipality of Matanzas, in the period from January to March 2017. The universe was formed by all the students attending the 7th and 8th grade (259). Results: the skin phototype III predominated in the studied population. According to knowledge on photoprotection and photodamage, 195 students (75.3 %) were evaluated as bad. 65.6 % of teenagers referred the usage of sun protective creams. In relation with the attitude toward sun tanning, it was adequate in 240 students (92.7 %). Conclusions: the erroneous knowledge on photoprotection and photodamage of the questioned students could be related to inadequate habits and histories of sunburn they listened (AU).

Periungual basal cell carcinoma

Abstract: Periungual basal cell carcinoma is rare and needs to be differentiated from other common diseases that affect this region. Several factors are associated with the development of this tumor, and sun damage seems to play an important role in its pathogenesis. Dermoscopy of clinically indolent lesions on the nail unit can shorten the diagnostic process and avoid destructive treatment and functional damage.

Mechanisms of skin aging / Mecanismos de envejecimiento de la piel / Mecanismos de envelhecimento da pele

SUMMARY Skin aging is an inevitable biological phenomenon of human life that results from either the age-dependent decline of cell function (intrinsic aging) or from cumulative exposure to external harmful influences (extrinsic aging). Intrinsic and extrinsic factors act synergistically to induce skin changes that manifest clinically as burns, erythema, hyperpigmentation, telangiectasia, skin dryness or sagging, coarse wrinkles, skin texture changes or eventually as skin cancer. The molecular mechanisms of both types of skin aging are similar. This review focuses on intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of skin aging, and on current and new perspectives for prevention and treatment options extracted from natural products.

RESUMEN El envejecimiento cutáneo es un fenómeno biológico inevitable y puede ser el resultado de la disminución de la función celular como consecuencia del proceso normal de envejecimiento (envejecimiento intrínseco) o de la acumulación de los efectos dañinos debido a la exposición a factores nocivos externos (envejecimiento extrínseco). Los factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos actúan sinérgicamente para inducir cambios en la piel que se manifiestan clínicamente como quemaduras, eritema, hiperpigmentación, telangiectasias, sequedad de la piel o flacidez, arrugas profundas, cambios de textura o cáncer de piel. Los mecanismos moleculares de ambos tipos de envejecimiento de la piel son similares. Esta revisión se centra en una descripción general de los principales mecanismos intrínsecos y extrínsecos del envejecimiento de la piel así como en las medidas actuales de fotoprotección y en las nuevas perspectivas en cuanto a la prevención y al tratamiento basados en productos naturales.

RESUMO O envelhecimento cutâneo e um fenômeno biológico inevitável e pode ser o resultado da diminuição da função celular como consequência do processo normal do envelhecimento (envelhecimento intrínseco) ou do cúmulo dos efeitos daninhos devido à exposição com fatores nocivos externos (envelhecimento extrínseco). Os fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos atuam sinergicamente para induzir mudanças na pele, que clinicamente manifestam-se como queimaduras, eritema, hiperpigmentação, telangiectasias, pele seca, rugas profundas, perda da tonalidade natural ou câncer de pele. Os mecanismos moleculares dos dois tipos de envelhecimento são similares. Esta revisão, centra-se na descrição geral dos principais mecanismos intrínsecos e extrínsecos do envelhecimento da pele, assim como nas medidas atuais de foto proteção e nas perspectivas referentes à prevenção e tratamento baseados no uso de produtos naturais.

Desenvolvimento e avaliação de eficácia de nanoemulsão catiônica bioativa na proteção capilar aos danos foto-oxidativos / Development and evaluation of the effectiveness of bioactive cationic nanoemulsion in protecting hair photo-oxidative damage

A radiação solar, composta por radiação ultravioleta (UV), visível (Vis) e infravermelho, é responsável por acelerar os processos de alteração de cor e do conteúdo proteico da fibra capilar. Visando contornar este problema, este trabalho propõe a incorporação do flavonoide quercetina, de reconhecida atividade antioxidante, em uma nanoemulsão catiônica de aplicação capilar. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidas formulações contendo quercetina a 0,5% (p/p) pelo método de baixa energia sub-PIT. A formulação de menor índice de polidispersão (IPD) foi selecionada e submetida à Avaliação de Estabilidade Normal. Neste ensaio, a nanoemulsão foi armazenada em diferentes condições de temperatura por 90 dias, sendo analisados: características organolépticas, valor de pH, atividade antioxidante, conteúdo de quercetina, diâmetro médio de gotícula e potencial zeta. A fotoestabilidade da nanoemulsão envolveu a determinação do perfil de absorção e da sua atividade antioxidante após períodos de exposição à radiação UV/Vis. Posteriormente, a nanoemulsão foi caracterizada quanto aos seguintes parâmetros: eficiência de encapsulamento, perfil reológico, morfologia das gotículas por Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão Criogênica e Microscopia de Força Atômica (AFM). A possível interação entre a quercetina e os demais tensoativos presentes na nanoemulsão foi avaliada por Microscopia Confocal de Fluorescência e Análise térmica. A segurança da nanoemulsão foi determinada pelo método in vitro HET-CAM e por biocompatibilidade cutânea, em voluntários. A eficácia da nanoemulsão catiônica na fotoproteção das características da fibra capilar descolorida tratada com tintura cores loiro (12.0) ou ruivo (6.66) foi determinada avaliando-se os parâmetros cor, tração à ruptura, penteabilidade, fricção, perda proteica, morfologia das cutículas e nível de melanina radical por Espectroscopia de Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (EPR), sendo calculado o Fator de Proteção Radicalar (FPR). As mechas de cabelo tingidas foram expostas à radiação UV/Vis artificial (500 W/m2) por até 180 h, sendo os parâmetros analisados antes e após o período de exposição. A nanoemulsão selecionada pelo reduzido IPD apresentava diâmetro médio de gotícula e potencial zeta iguais a 24,97±0,30 nm e 19,6±2,19 mV, respectivamente. Na Avaliação de Estabilidade Normal, a nanoemulsão armazenada a 45,0±2,0° C apresentou alterações significativas de todos os parâmetros avaliados, exceto potencial zeta, sendo que a elevação do diâmetro médio de gotícula acarretou em perda da transparência. A oxidação da quercetina e a instabilidade do tipo Ostwald ripening (ω3) foram as responsáveis pelas modificações observadas. No armazenamento a 5,0±2,0° C, a nanoemulsão manteve todos os parâmetros inalterados, mas a 25±2,0° C houve elevação discreta do diâmetro médio de gotícula, sem perda da funcionalidade. A nanoemulsão apresentou elevada fotoestabilidade, sem alteração da atividade antioxidante após exposição ao UV/Vis. A caracterização da nanoemulsão mostrou que a eficiência de encapsulamento foi de 99,8%, no mínimo, a formulação apresentou típico comportamento newtoniano e as gotículas apresentavam formato esférico. As imagens obtidas por Microscopia Confocal de Fluorescência e o ensaio de Análise térmica mostraram que a quercetina se encontra dentro das gotícula atuando, também, como co-tensoativo, por interagir com os tensoativos, além de exercer sua função antioxidante. A nanoemulsão foi classificada como levemente irritante (método HET-CAM), sendo esse baixo potencial de irritação corroborado pelo teste de biocompatibilidade cutânea. Na avaliação de eficácia, observou-se que a nanoemulsão protegeu a cor total (dE*) do cabelo tingido de loiro em 54%, e elevou a alteração da cor do cabelo tingido de ruivo em 47% (t = 180 h) em comparação à mecha controle. Além disso, a nanoemulsão melhorou a penteabilidade e reduziu os coeficientes de fricção. A radiação UV/Vis provocou elevada perda proteica e redução da espessura das cutículas em aproximadamente 50%. Concluiu-se, pelos resultados obtidos, que as moléculas que compoem a tintura capilar, principalmente os pigmentos mais escuros, atuaram como filtros solares, pois elas protegeram as estruturas proteicas da fibra. A nanoemulsão apresentou FPR igual a 3,31 e 4,14, para as mechas tingidas de loiro e ruivo, respectivamente. O FPR indica a capacidade de uma formulação em reduzir o nível de radicais livres formados por indução da radiação UV/Vis, um dos fatores que induzem alterações na fibra capilar tingida. Assim, considerando que a radiação UV/Vis atua tanto por mecanismos diretos quanto indiretos, e que alterações significativas de cor foram observadas mesmo quando o nível de radicais livres foi reduzido pela ação da quercetina, deve ser incorporada à formulação fotoprotetora capilar filtros solares associados a antioxidantes nanoestruturados. Tais filtros devem ficar aderidos à cutícula, de modo a protegê-la da degradação proteica e reduzir a entrada de radiação para o interior da fibra capilar, local onde os antioxidantes nanoestruturados devem atuar como uma segunda linha de defesa

The solar radiation, comprising ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS) and infrared, is responsible for accelerating color and protein content changes in the hair fiber. In order to avoid this problem, this work proposes the incorporation of the flavonoid quercetin, a recognized antioxidant molecule, in a cationic nanoemulsion for hair application. For this, formulations containing quercetin 0.5% (w/w) were developed by the low-energy sub-PIT method. The formulation with a lower polydispersity index (PDI), which had HLB value (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance) equal to 12.5 was selected and subjected to the Normal Stability Test. In this assay, the nanoemulsion was stored under different temperature conditions for 90 days, and the following parameters were analyzed: organoleptic properties, pH, antioxidant activity, quercetin content, average droplet diameter and zeta potential. The photostability of the nanoemulsion involved the determination of the absorption profile and its antioxidant activity after periods of exposure to UV/Vis radiation. Subsequently, the nanoemulsion was characterized according to the following parameters: encapsulation efficiency, rheological profile, morphology of the droplets by Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The possible interaction between quercetin and other surfactants present in the nanoemulsion was evaluated by Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy and thermal analysis. The safety of the nanoemulsion was assessed by the in vitro HET-CAM method and by cutaneous biocompatibility in volunteers. The photoprotection effectiveness of the bioactive cationic nanoemulsion was evaluated in blond (color 12.0) and auburn (color 6.66) dyed hair fibers by assessing the parameters: color, tensile break, combing, friction, protein loss, morphology of cuticles and level of melanin radical by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (EPR). The Radical Hair Protection Factor (RHF) was calculated. Dyed hair tresses were exposed to UV/Vis artificial radiation (500 W/m2) for 180 h. The parameters were analyzed before and after the exposure period. The nanoemulsion selected due to its reduced PDI had an average droplet diameter and zeta potential equal to 24.97±0.30 nm and 19.6±2.19 mV, respectively. In the Normal Stability Test, the nanoemulsion stored at 45.0 ± 2.0º C showed significant changes in all parameters except zeta potential, and the increase in the average droplet diameter resulted in the loss of transparency. Oxidation of quercetin and Ostwald ripening instability (ω3) were responsible for the changes. At 5.0 ± 2.0º C, the nanoemulsion kept all parameters unchanged, but at 25.0±2.0º C there was a slight increase in the average droplet diameter without loss of functionality. The nanoemulsion showed high photostability since antioxidant activity was not altered after UV/Vis exposure. The characterization of the nanoemulsion showed that the encapsulation efficiency was 99.8% at least, the formulation showed typical Newtonian behavior and droplets were spherical. The images obtained by Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy and thermal analysis showed that quercetin was within the droplet acting, also, as a cosurfactant, due to the interaction with the surfactants. The nanoemulsion was classified as slightly irritating (HET-CAM method), and this low irritation potential was supported by the cutaneous biocompatibility assay. The photoprotective effectiveness evaluation showed that the nanoemulsion protected the total color (dE*) of blond dyed hair in 54%, but raised the color change of auburn dyed hair in 47% (t = 180 h). In addition, the nanoemulsion improved combability and reduced coefficients of friction. UV/Vis radiation caused high protein loss and reduced cuticle thickness by approximately 50%. It was concluded that the molecules that compose hair dye, especially the darker pigments, acted as sun filters because they protected the protein structures of the hair fiber. The nanoemulsion showed RHF equal to 3.31 and 4.14 for blond and auburn dyed hair, respectively. The RHF indicates the ability of a formulation to reduce the level of free radicals formed by UV/Vis induction, one of the factors that induce changes in the dyed hair fibers. Thus, considering that the UV/Vis radiation acts by direct and indirect mechanisms and that significant changes in color were observed even when the level of free radicals has been reduced by the quercetin, chemical filters should be incorporated into hair formulations associated with nanostructured antioxidants in order to fully protect hair fiber. Such filters must be attached to the cuticle, protecting it from protein degradation and reducing the radiation input into the hair fiber, where the nanostructured antioxidants must act as a second line of defense

Protective effects of thioltransferase (TTase) on oxidative damaged human lens epithelial cells induced by ultraviolet radiation / 眼科新进展

Objective To discuss the protective effects of thioltransferase (TTase) on oxidative damaged human lens epithelial cells (HLEC) induced by ultraviolet radiation.Methods HLEC were cultured in vitro and then randomly divided into 4 groups:Normal group:normal cultured HLEC;UV group:normal cultured HLEC + UV radiation (with 302 nm UV radiation irradiation intensity 55.56 μW · cm-2 for 15 minutes,totaling irradiation volume 500 J · m-2);TTase siRNA group:HLEC transfected with TTase siRNA;TTase siRNA + UV group:HLEC transfected with TTase siRNA + UV radiation(with 302 nm UV radiation irradiation intensity 55.56 μW · cm-2 for 15 minutes,totaling irradiation volume 500 J · m-2).TTase mRNA expression was measured by qRT-PCR,the cell proliferation was detected by LDH Assay Kit,and the TTase activity was measured.TTase expression was detected by Western blotting.The levels of TGSH,GSH and GSSG of HLEC were measured,and then GSSG/T-GSH ratio was calculated.Results Cell proliferation ability in UV group,TTase siRNA group and TTase siRNA + UV group were decreased by 21.0％,17.0％ and 29.0％ compared with normal group (all P ＜ 0.05).TTase activity in UV group was 2.1 times of the normal group,TTlase siRNA group was 67.0％ of the normal group,Tlase siRNA + UV group was 1.3 times of TTase siRNA group (all P ＜ 0.05).TTase expression in UV group was 3.9 times of the normal group,TTase siRNA group was 35.0％ of the normal group,TTase siRNA + UV group was 3.0 times of siRNA group (all P ＜ 0.05).GSH content in UV group,TTase siRNA group and TTase siRNA + UV group were 68.4％,79.0％,61.7％ of the normal group (all P ＜ 0.05).GSSG content in UV group,TTase siRNA group and TTase siRNA + UV group were 2.3 times,1.4 times,3.7 times of the normal group (all P ＜ 0.05).GSSG/T-GSH in UV group,TTase siRNA group and TTase siRNA + UV group were 3.1 times,1.7 times,5.2 times of the normal group (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion TTase plays an important protective role in oxidative damaged HLEC induced by ultraviolet radiation.

Effects of ultraviolet radiation on p53, Bax and Bcl-2 expression in rat lens epithelial cells / 眼科新进展

Objecttve To explore the roles of p53,Bax and Bcl-2 in rat lens epithelial cells apoptosis induced by ultraviolet radiation.Methods Healthy SpragueDawley rats (40,6-weeks old,150 g) were selected and divided into 5 groups randomly.After SD rats were injected 100 g · L-1 chloral hydrate (0.35 mL/100 g) intraperitoneally and pupil dilation,the eyes of SD rats were radiated 15 minutes by using UV-B (300-320 nm).The exposed animals were sacrificed at 1 day,3 days,5 days and 7 days after exposure.Both lenses from all animals were extracted.The apoptosis of rats lens epithelial cells was performed by Hoechst 33258 staining.The expression of p53,Bax and Bcl-2 in rat lens epithelial cells at mRNA level was detected by real-time PCR.The distribution and expression of p53,Bax and Bcl-2 were observed by immunohlstochemistry.Results The apoptosis of lens epithelial cells was aggravated after exposure.The expression of p53 and Bax at mRNA and protein level was increased after UV exposure (P ＜ 0.01).But for Bcl-2 the expression both at mRNA and protein level was decreased after a 1 day-exposure(P ＜0.01) and was increased after UV exposure of 5 days and 7 days(P ＜ 0.01).The mRNA expression level of p53 was positively correlated with the Bax (r =0.952,P ＜ 0.01).The expression of p53 and Bax protein were increased after UV exposure,and transferred from cytoplasm to nucleus;While the expression of Bc1-2 protein was decreased at 1 day after UV exposure,and increased gradually at 3 days,5 days and 7 days.Conclusion The apoptotic process of rat lens epithelial cells induced by ultraviolet may be related with p53 regulating the expression of Bax/Bcl-2.

Low-level red laser therapy alters effects of ultraviolet C radiation on Escherichia coli cells

Low-level lasers are used at low power densities and doses according to clinical protocols supplied with laser devices or based on professional practice. Although use of these lasers is increasing in many countries, the molecular mechanisms involved in effects of low-level lasers, mainly on DNA, are controversial. In this study, we evaluated the effects of low-level red lasers on survival, filamentation, and morphology of Escherichia colicells that were exposed to ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation. Exponential and stationary wild-type and uvrA-deficientE. coli cells were exposed to a low-level red laser and in sequence to UVC radiation. Bacterial survival was evaluated to determine the laser protection factor (ratio between the number of viable cells after exposure to the red laser and UVC and the number of viable cells after exposure to UVC). Bacterial filaments were counted to obtain the percentage of filamentation. Area-perimeter ratios were calculated for evaluation of cellular morphology. Experiments were carried out in duplicate and the results are reported as the means of three independent assays. Pre-exposure to a red laser protected wild-type and uvrA-deficient E. coli cells against the lethal effect of UVC radiation, and increased the percentage of filamentation and the area-perimeter ratio, depending on UVC fluence and physiological conditions in the cells. Therapeutic, low-level red laser radiation can induce DNA lesions at a sub-lethal level. Consequences to cells and tissues should be considered when clinical protocols based on this laser are carried out.

Productive performance and carcass traits of Nellore x Aberdeen Angus and Nellore x Red Angus heifers under tropical conditions / Rendimiento productivo y características de la canal de Novillas Nelore x Aberdeen Angus y Nelore x Angus Colorado en condiciones tropicales / Desempenho produtivo e características de carcaça de Novilhas Nelore x Aberdeen Angus e Nelore x Red Angus sob condições tropicais

Background: Angus breed strains (Black and Red) perform differently under tropical conditions. Objective: to evaluate differences among F1 Nellore x Aberdeen Angus and F1 Nellore x Red Angus regarding productive performance and carcass traits under tropical conditions. Methods: forty-one heifers were used to assess the effect of both genetic groups on productive performance and carcass traits. The performance parameters evaluated were final live body weight and average daily gain. The carcass traits were: 1) hot and cold carcass weight and cold carcass dressing percentage, 2) carcass conformation and fatting (both ranging from 1 to 5), 3) back fat thickness, 4) rib eye area, 5) cutability, and 6) total usable meat, and commercial cut yield. Animals were divided in two groups and fed Megathyrsus maximum grass in three pens for 28 days. After this period, animals were relocated in a feedlot system for 84 days, and weighed at the beginning and at the end. All data were subjected to analysis of variance with initial live weight as a covariate. Results: differences were found between groups for productive performance and carcass traits such as back fat, and rib eye area. However, no difference was observed for conformation, fatting, ease of cutability, total usable meat, and Brazilian commercial cuts. Conclusion: F1 Nellore x Aberdeen Angus heifers had increased growth performance and carcass traits under tropical conditions.

Antecedentes: las variedades de la raza Angus (Negro o Rojo) pueden exhibir un rendimiento diferente en condiciones tropicales. Objetivo: el objetivo fue evaluar las diferencias entre los grupos genéticos de bovinos Nelore x Angus F1 y F1 Nelore x Angus Colorado en cuanto al rendimiento de la canal y las características productivas en condiciones tropicales. Métodos: se utilizaron 41 novillas para evaluar los grupos genéticos con respecto al crecimiento y características de la canal. Como parámetros de rendimiento productivo se evaluó el peso vivo final y la ganancia diaria, y para características de la canal: 1) peso en canal caliente, fría y rendimiento, 2) conformación de la canal, 3) el espesor de grasa, 4) área del ojo del lomo, 5) cortabilidad y 6) carne total utilizable y cortes comerciales brasileños. Los animales fueron divididos en dos grupos y alimentados con pasto Megathyrsus maximum bajo pastoreo rotacional en tres corrales durante 28 días. Luego fueron trasladados 84 dias a un sistema de confinamiento, siendo pesados al inicio y al final del tratamiento. Todos los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza con el peso vivo inicial como covariable. Resultados: hubo diferencias en el rendimiento productivo y características de la canal, en espesor de grasa dorsal y área del ojo del lomo. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencia en la conformación, el acabado, cortabilidad, la carne utilizable total y de los cortes brasileños. Conclusión: novillas F1 Nellore x Aberdeen Angus presentaron mayor rendimiento y características de la canal de crecimiento en condiciones tropicales.

Antecedentes: animais da raça Angus podem apresentar desempenho diferente de acordó com a linha (Red Angus ou Black Angus). Objetivo: objetivou avaliar os grupos genéticos bovinos F1 Nelore x Angus Aberdeen e Nelore x Red Angus quanto ao desempenho produtivo e características de carcaça em condições tropicais. Métodos: foram utilizadas quarenta e uma novilhas para avaliar o grupo genético em relação ao desempenho de crescimento e características de carcaça. Como parâmetros de desempenho produtivo foram avaliados o peso vivo final e ganho diário e para características de carcaça: 1) peso de carcaça quente, fria e rendimento, 2) conformação da carcaça e de acabamento, 3) espessura de gordura, 4) área de olho de lombo, 5) retalhabilidade e 6) porção comestível total e rendimento de cortes comerciais brasileiros. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos e alimentados em pastagem de Megathyrsus maximum sob pastejo rotacionado em três piquetes por 28 dias e posteriomente confinados por 84 dias, onde foram pesados no início e no final do tratamento. Todos os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância com o peso vivo inicial como covariável. Resultados: houve diferenças em desempenho produtivo e características de carcaça, a espessura de gordura subcutânea e a área de olho de lombo. No entanto, não houve diferença para conformação, acabamento, cutabilidade e rendimento dos cortes brasileiros. Conclusão: novilhas Nelore x Angus Aberdeen apresentaram melhores caracterististicas de carcaça e desempenho.

Quality of sunglasses available in the Iranian market; a study with emphasis on sellers’ license.

Context: Sunglasses should follow minimum requirements to sufficiently protect eyes. It is not known whether all items obtainable from the market are appropriately designed. Aims: To compare ultraviolet (UV)‑protective properties of commercially available sunglasses obtained from authorized and unauthorized Iranian sellers. Settings and Study Design: An analytic‑descriptive study performed in a metropolitan area (Tehran). Materials and Methods: Using a UV‑visible standard spectrophotometer, the percentage transmittance was scanned between 280 and 400 nm in 348 pairs of nonprescription sunglasses (price range: 20–80 US$) obtained anonymously and randomly from authorized (permitted by the Ministry of Health, 189 pairs) and unauthorized (159 pairs) sellers in the Iranian capital city, Tehran. The Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS) and the American National Standards Institute [ANSI] standards were followed. Statistical Analysis: Chi‑square test, independent samples t‑test or Mann–Whitney U‑test. Results UV‑protective properties of the sunglasses obtained from authorized sellers complied with AS/NZS and ANSI guidelines in 92.6% and 95.2% of items, respectively. The corresponding rates for sunglasses obtained from unauthorized sellers were 0% and 8.2%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). The rate of defective polarizing capability of lenses was 27.4% in sunglasses obtained from authorized sellers versus 90.4% in sunglasses obtained from unauthorized sellers (P < 0.001). Neither brand nor price played significant contributions to UV protection/lens polarizing capability of sunglasses obtained from authorized sellers. Conclusions: Sunglasses provided by unauthorized sellers are alarmingly unreliable and could be potentially hazardous for the eye. Brand and price do not guarantee optimal protection against UV radiation or polarizing performance of the lens.