Pachyoliva columellaris G.B. Sowerby I, 1825 (Olividae, Caenogastropoda) in Peru: tidal migrations and population density

The gastropod Pachyoliva columellaris (formerly Olivella columellaris) is particularly common on many sandy beaches in North Peru. In the studied region north of Paita, Piura province, the species reaches densities of over 80,000 individuals per beach meter. The snails perform tidal migrations throughout the lunar cycle although tidal amplitudes differ four-fold between neap and spring tide. Not all animals complete their tidal migrations, and significant numbers remain above the water line at low tide. Throughout the tidal cycle, the proportion of small individuals is increased near the water line whereas large animals dominate in lower beach zones. I conclude that the sandy beaches north of Paita are well-suited for further studies of P. columellaris and the mechanisms underlying tidal migrations in invertebrates.

El gasterópodo Pachyoliva columellaris (antes Olivella columellaris) es particularmente común en las playas arenosas del norte de Perú. En la región estudiada al norte de Paita, provincia de Piura, la especie alcanza densidades de más de 80.000 individuos por metro de playa. Los caracoles realizan migraciones mareales durante todo el ciclo lunar, aunque las amplitudes de marea difieren cuatro veces entre la marea muerta y la marea viva. No todos los animales completan sus migraciones mareales y un número significativo permanece por encima del nivel del agua en marea baja. Durante todo el ciclo de marea, la proporción de individuos pequeños aumenta cerca del nivel del agua, mientras que los animales grandes dominan en las zonas bajas de la playa. Concluyo que las playas arenosas al norte de Paita son apropiadas para estudios adicionales de P. columellaris y los mecanismos de las migraciones de marea en invertebrados.

Sustained Effects of Underwater Walking on Respiratory Muscle Strength of the Elderly / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

  Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of underwater walking for 6 weeks at 60% of the predicted maximum heart rate on respiratory muscle strength of elderly people as well as its sustained effects on respiratory muscle strength.  Methods: The participants were 43 healthy elderly men, who were randomly divided into the continuous group (n=21) and the non-continuous group (n=22). Initially, both groups performed 30 min of underwater walking four times a week for 6 weeks, after which the continuous group continued the same for another 6 weeks, whereas the non-continuous group was prohibited from performing any exercise, except for daily activities. The walking speed during underwater walking was adjusted such that the exercise intensity was 60% of the predicted maximum heart rate, with the water depth up to the fourth intercostal space or higher.   Outcome Measures: The maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax), maximal expiratory pressure (PEmax), and vital capacity (VC) were measured before exercise and 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks after exercise.   Results: The PImax and PEmax were significantly higher after 6 weeks of exercise than those before exercise. In the continuation group, PEmax increased significantly at 12 weeks of exercise compared to that at 6 weeks, whereas PImax did not show a significant increase. In the non-continuous group, PEmax decreased significantly from the 10th week onwards as compared to that at 6 weeks and showed a significantly lower value than that of the continuous group. The PImax of the non-continuous group decreased significantly at 12 weeks compared to that at 6 weeks. The VC after the 6-week underwater walking program did not differ from the pre-exercise value, with no significant difference observed between the two groups. Moreover, the VC in both groups showed no significant changes after 12 weeks of underwater walking compared to that after 6 weeks.  Conclusions: Because underwater walking involves moving forward while resisting water pressure, it is necessary to activate the expiratory abdominal muscles to stabilize the trunk. Notably, the respiratory muscle strength in the non-continuous group decreased 4-6 weeks after the underwater walking program was terminated.

Evaluación del consumo proteico y su percepción en deportistas de waterpolo y hockey subacuático del Club Regatas de Santa Fe / Evaluation of protein consumption and its perception in water polo and underwater hockey athletes from Regatas Club, Santa Fe

Los deportes acuáticos como waterpolo y hockey subacuático (HS) presentan momentos alternantes de alta y baja intensidad, por lo que resulta imprescindible la adecuada alimentación y preparación física. Se ha demostrado la importancia de la nutrición sobre el bienestar físico; permitiendo el crecimiento, la reparación y adaptación, luego del ejercicio, influyendo sobre el rendimiento deportivo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el consumo proteico y su percepción en deportistas de waterpolo y hockey subacuático del club Regatas de la ciudad de Santa Fe en 2019. Se utilizó registro alimentario (3 días discontinuos), coincidentes con días de entrenamiento. Se realizaron entrevistas para determinar la percepción del consumo proteico. El consumo proteico promedio en jugadores de waterpolo fue excesivo respecto a su requerimiento. La mitad de los deportistas de HS relevaron consumo promedio insuficiente de proteínas con respecto a su requerimiento diario. Los alimentos fuente de proteínas predominantes seleccionados en ambos grupos, fueron carnes, leche/yogur, queso, huevo y legumbres. Al contrastar el consumo proteico según el requerimiento diario no se encontró diferencias significativas entre las dos disciplinas. En cuanto a la percepción el consumo proteico, en ambos grupos subestimaron la ingesta de proteínas respecto al valor real de consumo. Los waterpolistas presentan un consumo excesivo de proteínas respecto a su requerimiento; mientras que en los practicantes de HS resultó ser variado. Respecto a la percepción sobre el consumo proteico, la ingesta es subestimada en ambas disciplinas. El Licenciado en Nutrición debe orientar hacia estrategias correctas adecuadas al contexto nutricional deportivo(AU).

Avaliação de ressecção de mucosa endoscópica sob imersão d'água de pólipos colorretais em um centro ambulatorial no Brasil / Evaluation of underwater endoscopic mucosal resection for colorectal polyps in an outpatient clinic in brazil

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Since 2012, a new technique for resection of large polyps has been described, the underwater endoscopic mucosal resection (UEMR). Some advantages that emerge from it is the needless of injection in submucosal layer and a greater chance of complete capture of the polyp. OBJECTIVE: There are few studies of UEMR in Brazil. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this technique in one Brazilian center. METHODS: This case series was conducted from February to December of 2020. Colorectal polyps greater than 9 mm without features of deep submucosal invasion were resected using UEMR. RESULTS: Twenty-four large polyps were resected with the UEMR approach from 24 patients. The mean size of the polys was 19 mm, ranging from 12 to 35 mm. All lesions were successful resected and 66% (16/24) were resected en bloc. In histologic analyses, most of them were adenomas (70.8%) and only one had deep submucosal invasion. There were no cases of acute complications, such perforation or acute bleeding. CONCLUSION: The UEMR is a safe and feasible procedure. With the emerging data on the procedure, it seems to be a wonderful tool in preventing colorectal cancer and its applicability and scope should be encourage to surpass reference centers.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Desde 2012, uma nova técnica para ressecção de pólipos grandes tem sido descrita, a ressecção da mucosa endoscópica sob imersão d'água (REMS). Algumas vantagens que surgem desta técnica são evitar a injeção na camada submucosa e a maior chance de captura completa do pólipo. Objetivo - Há poucos estudos com REMS no Brasil. Nosso objetivo é avaliar a segurança e a eficácia da técnica em um centro brasileiro. MÉTODOS: Esta série de casos foi conduzida de fevereiro a dezembro de 2020. Pólipos colorretais maiores que 9 mm sem sinais endoscópicos de invasão de submucosa foram ressecados utilizando RMES. RESULTADOS: Vinte e quatro pólipos foram ressecados com RMES em 24 pacientes diferentes. O tamanho médio dos pólipos era de 19 mm, variando de 12 a 35 mm. Todas as lesões foram ressecadas e 66% (16/24) foram ressecadas em monobloco. Na análise histológica, a maioria era adenoma (70.8%) e apenas uma havia invasão profunda da submucosa. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de REMS é um procedimento seguro e factível. Com o aumento de dados relativos ao procedimento, esta parece ser uma excelente ferramenta na prevenção do câncer colorretal e sua aplicabilidade deve ser encorajada para fora dos centros de referência.

Ressecção endoscópica sob imersão d'água de pequenos tumores neuroendócrinos retais / Underwater endoscopic mucosal resection for small rectal neuroendocrine tumors

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: A common site of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is the rectum. The technique most often used is endoscopic mucosal resection with saline injection. However, deep margins are often difficult to obtain because submucosal invasion is common. Underwater endoscopic mucosal resection (UEMR) is a technique in which the bowel lumen is filled with water rather than air, precluding the need for submucosal lifting. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of UEMR for removing small rectal neuroendocrine tumors (rNETs). METHODS: Retrospective study with patients who underwent UEMR in two centers. UEMR was performed using a standard colonoscope. No submucosal injection was performed. Board-certified pathologists conducted histopathologic assessment. RESULTS: UEMR for small rNET was performed on 11 patients (nine female) with a mean age of 55.8 years and 11 lesions (mean size 7 mm, range 3-12 mm). There were 9 (81%) patients with G1 rNET and two patients with G2, and all tumors invaded the submucosa with only one restricted to the mucosa. None case showed vascular or perineural invasion. All lesions were removed en bloc. Nine (81%) resections had free margins. Two patients had deep margin involvement; one had negative biopsies via endoscopic surveillance, and the other was lost to follow-up. No perforations or delayed bleeding occurred. CONCLUSION: UEMR appeared to be an effective and safe alternative for treatment of small rNETs without adverse events and with high en bloc and R0 resection rates. Further prospective studies are needed to compare available endoscopic interventions and to elucidate the most appropriate endoscopic technique for resection of rNETs.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Um local comum de tumores neuroendócrinos (TNEs) é o reto. A técnica mais utilizada é a ressecção endoscópica da mucosa com injeção de solução salina. No entanto, as margens profundas costumam ser difíceis de ressecar porque a invasão da submucosa é comum. A ressecção endoscópica sob imersão d'água (RESI) é uma técnica em que o lúmen intestinal é preenchido com água em vez de ar, evitando a necessidade de elevação submucosa. OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia e segurança da RESI para a remoção de pequenos TNEs retais (rTNEs). MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com pacientes que realizaram RESI em dois centros. RESI foi realizada usando um colonoscópio padrão. Nenhuma injeção submucosa foi realizada. Patologistas certificados conduziram avaliação histopatológica. RESULTADOS: RESI foi realizada para pequenos rTNEs em 11 pacientes (nove mulheres) com média de idade de 55,8 anos e 11 lesões (tamanho médio de 7 mm, variando de 3-12 mm). Havia 9 (81%) pacientes com G1 rTNEs e dois pacientes com G2, sendo que todos os tumores invadiam a submucosa sendo apenas um restrito a mucosa. Nenhum caso mostrou invasão vascular ou perineural. Todas as lesões foram removidas em bloco. Nove (81%) ressecções tiveram margens livres. Dois pacientes tiveram envolvimento de margens profundas; um teve biópsias negativas por meio de vigilância endoscópica e o outro perdeu o acompanhamento. Não ocorreram perfurações ou sangramento tardios. CONCLUSÃO: A RESI parece ser uma alternativa eficaz e segura para o tratamento de pequenos rTNEs sem eventos adversos e com altas taxas de ressecção em bloco e R0. Mais estudos prospectivos são necessários para comparar as intervenções endoscópicas disponíveis e para elucidar a técnica endoscópica mais adequada para ressecção de rTNEs.

Physiological Effects of Strength Training Incorporating Blood Flow Restriction Underwater / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

  Strength training performed while restricting blood flow is believed to cause the secretion of growth hormones under low load intensities and allow for muscle hypertrophy and increased muscle strength. This has potential clinical applications for elderly individuals and people with existing conditions. However, previous research has been performed on land, with hemodynamics and growth hormone secretion trends for training performed underwater unclear. Against this background, we investigated the effects of blood flow restriction training underwater on hemodynamics and plasma growth hormone (GH) levels. Twelve healthy university students were divided into two groups: a localized immersion group where only the upper limb of the dominant hand was submerged, and a whole-body immersion group where participants were submerged to the xiphoid process. Immersed according to respective group protocols, both groups performed flexion and extension of the shoulder joint for 10 minutes with a pressurized cuff at the base of the upper arm under both 0 mmHg and 50 mmHg cuff pressures. Measured hemodynamics were heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. Plasma GH levels were measured from blood samples. This study revealed that underwater blood flow restriction strength training induced plasma GH level secretion under 50 mmHg conditions. In addition, high levels of GH secretion were shown in the localized immersion group for strength training even when the cuff was not pressurized. Conversely, no significant differences were evident in any measured hemodynamic categories. Results suggest that, in addition to cuff pressure, blood flow restriction training is affected by the body part immersed in water.

Physiological Effects of Strength Training Incorporating Blood Flow Restriction Underwater / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

  Strength training performed while restricting blood flow is believed to cause the secretion of growth hormones under low load intensities and allow for muscle hypertrophy and increased muscle strength. This has potential clinical applications for elderly individuals and people with existing conditions. However, previous research has been performed on land, with hemodynamics and growth hormone secretion trends for training performed underwater unclear. Against this background, we investigated the effects of blood flow restriction training underwater on hemodynamics and plasma growth hormone (GH) levels. Twelve healthy university students were divided into two groups: a localized immersion group where only the upper limb of the dominant hand was submerged, and a whole-body immersion group where participants were submerged to the xiphoid process. Immersed according to respective group protocols, both groups performed flexion and extension of the shoulder joint for 10 minutes with a pressurized cuff at the base of the upper arm under both 0 mmHg and 50 mmHg cuff pressures. Measured hemodynamics were heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. Plasma GH levels were measured from blood samples. This study revealed that underwater blood flow restriction strength training induced plasma GH level secretion under 50 mmHg conditions. In addition, high levels of GH secretion were shown in the localized immersion group for strength training even when the cuff was not pressurized. Conversely, no significant differences were evident in any measured hemodynamic categories. Results suggest that, in addition to cuff pressure, blood flow restriction training is affected by the body part immersed in water.

Underwater shock wave induced lung and brain injuries in canines / 第二军医大学学报

[Abstract] Objective To explore underwater shock wave-induced injuries of the lung and brain in canines. Methods Eighteen Beagle dogs were randomly divided into six groups according to the distances to the explosion source: control group and 5 experimental groups (5 m, 7 m, 9 m, 11 m and 13 m groups). The animals were exposed to underwater shock wave via a self-designed underwater explosive instrument. The dynamic explosive process was recorded by the underwater high-speed camera. Computed tomography (CT) scans of brain and chest were performed 6 h after injury. Pathological examination and H-E staining for hippocampus and lung were conducted 24 h after injury. The expression levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in the hippocampus were measured by immunohistochemical staining. Results The underwater high-speed camera showed that the injury process included blast wave and bubble pulsation. The total mortality of the animals was 40.0% (6/15) in the experimental groups. CT examination revealed no major alterations in the brain of the animals, while there were pleural effusion and pneumothorax in the chest of animals in the experimental groups. H-E staining showed inflammatory cells infiltration in the hippocampal tissue and erythrocyte deposition in the alveoli of animals in the experimental groups. The expression levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, and TGF-β in the hippocampus of animals in the experimental groups were significantly elevated compared with those in control group (all P0.05). Conclusion Brain and chest are damaged significantly after underwater explosion, which may be the main causes for the death of animals. It is important to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of brain injury caused by underwater explosive wave for the protection of underwater blast injuries.

Advances in aquatic bio-inspired medical adhesives / 生物医学工程学杂志

In recent years, due to the dramatic increase in the number of surgical operations, there has been a clinically significant increase in the demand for medical adhesives capable of cohesion in a moist environment that can overcome blood or tissue fluids . As the understanding of the mechanisms and key elements of natural adhesion to aquatic organisms continues to develop, a variety of medical adhesives have been developed by mimicking adhesion procedures or utilizing key functional groups. This article will review the classification, adhesion mechanism, use, research progress and development prospects of biomedical adhesives inspired by aquatic organisms octopus and mussels.

Comparação da postura dinâmica do tronco durante a marcha e a corrida de atletas corredores não adaptados à esteira subaquática / Comparison of dynamic trunk position during gait and running among runners not adapted to underwater treadmill

A marcha e a corrida compreendem uma importante forma de locomoção humana e estão inseridas no âmbito de exercícios aquáticos, e a sua compreensão depende de uma complexa interação de diversos mecanismos musculares. A literatura atual reconhece as vantagens propiciadas pela prática de exercícios no meio líquido por conta da redução do impacto e a ação das propriedades físicas da água. Este estudo objetivou descrever a postura do tronco de indivíduos não adaptados à esteira subaquática durante a realização da marcha e da corrida. Participaram da pesquisa sete voluntários (média de idade de 32,43 ± 1,46 anos), não adaptados à esteira subaquática. A Análise do tronco ocorreu por meio da Videogrametria. Os voluntários realizaram a marcha e a corrida sobre a superfície da esteira subaquática em um período de adaptação de 4 min, com velocidade inicial de 3,5 km/h e se locomoveram em mais 10 velocidades; com incremento gradual de 0,4 km/h até a velocidade de 7,5 km/h. Foi calculado o ângulo absoluto médio do tronco no plano sagital em função de 16 ciclos de passadas. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se os testes de Friedman e Wilcoxon (p<0,05). Os resultados evidenciaram que os picos angulares de oscilação do tronco foram maiores na velocidade de transição da marcha para a corrida na velocidade 5,5 km/h. Quando comparadas as oscilações das amplitudes angulares do tronco em função das diferentes velocidades de locomoção do grupo avaliado, foram identificadas diferenças angulares do tronco em diversas velocidades no plano sagital. Concluiu-se que as oscilações do tronco se comportaram diferente em função da velocidade no plano sagital, indicando a complexidade da tarefa no meio líquido....(AU)

Both gait and running feature an important mean of human locomotion inserted in the sports scope, and their comprehension relies on a complex interaction of several muscle mechanisms. The objective of this study was to describe the trunk position of subjects not adapted to underwater treadmill during gait and running. Seven volunteers not adapted to underwater treadmill took part in the study (32 - 43 ± 1 - 46 years old). The trunk analysis was carried out through Videogrametry. The volunteers conducted both gait and running for a 4-minute adaptation period with initial speed of 3,5 km/h and movements in 10 speeds; gradual increase from 0.4 km/h to 7,5 km/h. The average absolute angle of the trunk for the sagittal plane was calculated according to 16 cycles of paces. For data analysis, it was used Friedman and Wilcoxon tests (p<0,05). Results revealed that the angle peak for trunk oscillation were higher at gait speed during transition to running at 5,5 km/h. When comparing the oscillations of the trunk angle ranges according to the different locomotion speeds, trunk angular differences were identified at several speeds in the sagittal plane. It has been concluded that the trunk oscillations behaved differently according to the speed in the sagittal plane pointing to the complexity of underwater tasks....(AU)

Effect of Ulinastatin on the Expression of TNF-α in the Rabbits with Acute Lung Injury Induced by Underwater Explosion / 现代检验医学杂志

Objective The expression of TNF-α was detected in sera of rabbits treated by ulinastatin with acute lung injury in duced by underwater explosion.Methods Rabbits were randomly divided into two groups such as the injured group and ulinastatin therapy group.Established underwater explosion device was used to cause acute lung injury in rabbits.TNF-α in sera of the rabbits were measured by ELISA at 4,12 and 24 hours after the explosion.The SPSS17.0 software was used to analyze the data and P＜0.05 was considered to be significant.Results There was no significant difference between the concentrations of TNF-α in the sera of rabbits in the injure group (538.20±201.43 ng/L) and that of in the ulinastatin group (386.90± 109.22 ng/L,t=2.088,P=0.051) at 4 hours after burst.However,there was evidently decreased in the level of TNF-α in the ulinastatin group (400.60 ± 78.98 ng/L) compared with the injury group (573.80 ± 178.24 ng/L,t =2.809,P =0.012) at 12 hours after burst.Moreover and TNF-α in the ulinastatin group (356.10 ± 130.99 ng/L) was also decreased compared to the injure group (552.30± 169.64 ng/L,t=2.895,P=0.010) at 24 hours after burst.Conclusion The TNF-α expression in sera of the rabbits in ulinastatin group were dramatically decreased than thai of in injury group at 12 hours after burst,which may be benefit to rabbits with acute lung injury induced by underwater explosion.

Gait and Surface Electromyogram Characteristics in Underwater Treadmill Training / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To explore the characteristics of gait and surface electromyography (sEMG) of underwater treadmill training (UWTT). Methods From January to September, 2015, gait and sEMG parameters of ten healthy adults were synchronously collected using three-dimensional gait analysis system and sEMG systems on land and UWTT. Results When walking in self comfortable speed, compared with walk on land, there was significant increase in gait cycle (t=-11.411, P0.05). The integral electromyography of biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior muscle were significant less than iEMG on land (t>3.984, P0.05). Conclusion There are signifi-cant differences in gait and muscle contraction intensity between land walking and UWTT. The dynamic physiology and neural control of UWTT need further study.

Investigation to the Expression of NE and TNF-α in Serum and BALF of Rabbits with Acute Lung Injury Interposed by XueBiJing in Underwater Explosion / 现代检验医学杂志

Objective The concentration of NE and TNF-α was detected for elucidating the change of them in sera and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of rabbits with acute lung injury interposed by XueBiJing therapy in underwater explosion.Methods Underwater explosion decive was applied to cause acute lung injury of rabbits.The 20 rabbits were randomly divided into two groups which were injury group and XueBiJing therapy group,respectively.The concentration of NE and TNF-α in sera and BALF were detected by ELISA method in 24 hours after bursting.Results The concentration of TNF-α in sera (353.30±166.86 ng/L) of rabbits in therapy group were significantly lower than those in injury group (552.30± 169.64 ng/L;t=2.645,P =0.016).The concentration of NE in sera (63.40 ± 36.09 ng/ml) were lower than that of rabbits in injury group (97.60 ± 36.20 ng/ml;t=2.116,P=0.049).At the same time the concentration of NE in BALF (102.10± 9.50 ng/ml) of rabbits in therapy group were significantly lower than those in injury group (136.70± 13.60 ng/ml;t=6.593,P=0.000).Conclusion The expression of TNF-α in sera and NE in sera and BALF in rabbits with acute lung injury interposed by XueBiJing in underwater explosion were lower than those of injury group.

Biological effect of underwater explosion injury: Research progress and prospective / 第二军医大学学报

Underwater weapons have been widely used and their applications have become a main characteristic of modern naval battles. It imposes a severe threat to the combatants above or below water surface. The injury mechanism and characteristics of underwater explosion are quite different from those of the land explosion, which has become a research focus of military medicine around the world. In this paper we systematically reviewed the literatures and the current status of biological effect of underwater explosion injury and discussed its future development, hoping to improve our understanding and promote further in-depth studies.

A novel method to obtain accurate length estimates of carnivorous reef fishes from a single video camera

In the last years, technological advances enhanced the utilization of baited underwater video (BUV) to monitor the diversity, abundance, and size composition of fish assemblages. However, attempts to use static single-camera devices to estimate fish length were limited due to high errors, originated from the variable distance between the fishes and the reference scale included in the scene. In this work, we present a novel simple method to obtain accurate length estimates of carnivorous fishes by using a single downward-facing camera baited video station. The distinctive feature is the inclusion of a mirrored surface at the base of the stand that allows for correcting the apparent or "naive" length of the fish by the distance between the fish and the reference scale. We describe the calibration procedure and compare the performance (accuracy and precision) of this new technique with that of other single static camera methods. Overall, estimates were highly accurate (mean relative error = -0.6%) and precise (mean coefficient of variation = 3.3%), even in the range of those obtained with stereo-video methods.

En los últimos años, los avances tecnológicos permitieron intensificar el uso de estaciones de video fijas para estudiar la abundancia, composición de especies y estructura de tamaños de los ensambles ícticos. Sin embargo, la utilización de una única cámara estática para estimar el tamaño de los peces puede conducir a determinaciones poco exactas, provocadas por la distancia variable entre los peces y la escala de referencia incluida en la escena. En este trabajo presentamos un método novedoso para obtener estimaciones exactas del largo de peces carnívoros, que utiliza una estación de video fija con una única cámara orientada verticalmente. La característica que distingue a este sistema es la inclusión de una superficie espejada en la base del soporte de la cámara que permite corregir la longitud aparente o "naive" en función de la distancia entre los peces y la escala de referencia. En este trabajo describimos el procedimiento de calibración y comparamos el rendimiento de esta técnica (exactitud y precisión) con la de otros métodos que utilizan una única cámara estática. Las estimaciones obtenidas fueron exactas (error relativo promedio = -0,6%) y precisas (coeficiente de variación promedio = 3,3%), en el rango de valores obtenidos con estéreo-video.

Comparison of Effects between Underwater and Body Weight Support Treadmill Training on Walking and Balance in Hemiplegics after Stroke / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To compare the effect of underwater treadmill training (UWTT), body weight support treadmill training (BW-STT) and conventional gait training (CGT) for walking ability and balance function in hemiplegic patients after stroke. Methods 43 patients were divided into CGT group (n=14), BWSTT group (n=13) and UWTT group (n=16). Based on conventional gait training, the UWTT group and BWSTT group respectively accepted UWTT and BWSTT for 4 weeks. They were assessed with Functional Ambulation Category (FAC), maximum walking speed (MWS), 6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT), and dynamic balance function and static balance function with Ac-tive Balancer before and after training. Results All the patients improved in all items after training (P<0.05), while the UWTT group im-proved more in the 6MWT and balance function items than the BWSTT group (P<0.05). Conclusion UWTT is more effective for hemiple-gic patients after stroke in walking ability and balance function than BWSTT.

Advance of Surface Electromyography Applied in Underwater Exercise (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Underwater exercise and hydrotherapy have rapidly developed in recent years. As an noninvasive and convenient tool, surface electromyography (sEMG) has been applied in underwater research. In favour of experiment procedure, underwater sEMG needs localized waterproof seal or whole-body waterproof suit, and are mainly detected by telemetry system. The muscle activity pattern of underwater exercise is different from on land exercise, the sMEG amplitude is correlated with motion velocity. Compound underwater motion analysis includes sEMG, video and foot pressure will be more effective assessment tool for underwater exercise and hydrotherapy research.

Comparison of Effects between Underwater and Body Weight Support Treadmill Training on Walking and Balance in Hemiplegics after Stroke / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To compare the effect of underwater treadmill training (UWTT), body weight support treadmill training (BWSTT) and conventional gait training (CGT) for walking ability and balance function in hemiplegic patients after stroke. Methods 43 patients were divided into CGT group (n=14), BWSTT group (n=13) and UWTT group (n=16). Based on conventional gait training, the UWTT group and BWSTT group respectively accepted UWTT and BWSTT for 4 weeks. They were assessed with Functional Ambulation Category (FAC), maximum walking speed (MWS), 6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT), and dynamic balance function and static balance function with Active Balancer before and after training. Results All the patients improved in all items after training (P<0.05), while the UWTT group improved more in the 6MWT and balance function items than the BWSTT group (P<0.05). Conclusion UWTT is more effective for hemiplegic patients after stroke in walking ability and balance function than BWSTT.

Advance of Surface Electromyography Applied in Underwater Exercise (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

Underwater exercise and hydrotherapy have rapidly developed in recent years. As an noninvasive and convenient tool, sur-face electromyography (sEMG) has been applied in underwater research. In favour of experiment procedure, underwater sEMG needs local-ized waterproof seal or whole-body waterproof suit, and are mainly detected by telemetry system. The muscle activity pattern of underwater exercise is different from on land exercise, the sMEG amplitude is correlated with motion velocity. Compound underwater motion analysis includes sEMG, video and foot pressure will be more effective assessment tool for underwater exercise and hydrotherapy research.

Underwater turning movement during foraging in Hydromedusa maximiliani (Testudines, Chelidae) from southeastern Brazil / Movimento de giro subaquático durante o forrageio em Hydromedusa maximiliani (Testudines, Chelidae) do Sudeste do Brasil

A type of locomotor behavior observed in animals with rigid bodies, that can be found in many animals with exoskeletons, shells, or other forms of body armor, to change direction, is the turning behavior. Aquatic floated-turning behavior among rigid bodies animals have been studied in whirligig beetles, boxfish, and more recently in freshwater turtle, Chrysemys picta. In the laboratory we observed a different kind of turning movement that consists in an underwater turning movement during foraging, wherein the animal pivoted its body, using one of the hindlimbs as the fixed-point support in the substratum. We describe, analyze and quantify this movement during foraging in Hydromedusa maximiliani, using observations made in the laboratory. We studied 3 adult specimens (2 males, 1 female) and 2 non-sexed juveniles of H. maximiliani. They were kept individually in an aquarium filled with water and small fish. They were filmed, in dorsal view, at 30 frames per second. Sequences were analyzed frame by frame and points were marked on limbs and shell to enable analysis of variation in limb flexion and extension, as well as rotation movements. While foraging, turtles frequently turned their bodies, using one hind leg as the pivot point. This underwater turning movement, in addition to slow movements with the neck stretched, or staying nearly immobile and scanning the surroundings with lateral movements of the neck (in arcs up to 180°), and fast attacks of neck, may increase prey capture rates.

Um tipo de comportamento locomotor observado em animais com corpo rígido, que pode ser encontrado em muitos animais com exoesqueleto, conchas, ou outras formas de armaduras, para mudar de direção, é o girar o corpo num plano horizontal (Turning performance). O movimento de girar o corpo flutuando na água (Aquatic floated-turning performance) entre animais de corpo rígido tem sido estudado em besouros, peixe-caixa, e mais recente na tartaruga de água doce, Chrysemys picta. No laboratório nós observamos um tipo diferente de giro que consiste em um giro subaquático, não flutuando na água, durante o forrageio, onde o animal pivota seu corpo, usando uma das patas traseiras como um ponto fixo de suporte no substrato. Nós descrevemos, analisamos e quantificamos esse movimento durante o forrageio de Hydromedusa maximiliani, usando observações feitas em laboratório. Nós analisamos três adultos (2 machos, 1 fêmea) e dois juvenis não sexados. Eles foram mantidos individualmente em um aquário preenchido água e pequenos peixes. Eles foram filmados, em vista dorsal, a 30 imagens por segundo. As sequencias foram analisadas quadro a quadro, e pontos foram marcados nos membros e no casco para permitir analisar variações angulares durante a flexão e extensão, bem como movimentos de rotação. Os membros fizeram movimentos sequencias durante o movimento de giro, mantendo sempre um dos membros posteriores como ponto fixo. Esta estratégia de forrageio associada com movimentos lentos e pescoço esticado, ou permanecer praticamente imóveis apenas observando o ambiente através de movimentos laterais do pescoço, descrevendo trajetórias em um ângulo de 180°, e ataques rápidos com o pescoço, talvez aumente seu potencial na captura de presas.