Dengue en paciente de 32 días de vida. Reporte de un caso poco habitual / Dengue fever in a 32-day-old patient. A rare case report

El dengue es una enfermedad viral transmitida por la picadura del mosquito Aedes aegypti. El comportamiento del dengue en Argentina es epidémico; la mayoría de los casos se observan en los meses de mayor temperatura. Hasta la semana epidemiológica (SE) 20/2023, se registraron en Argentina 106 672 casos; se vieron afectadas 18 de las 24 provincias que conforman el país. Dentro de los principales grupos de riesgo, se incluyen los menores de 2 años. Reconocer los signos, síntomas e identificar los factores de riesgo es fundamental para el manejo de casos con mayor riesgo de gravedad. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 32 días de vida que se internó por síndrome febril sin foco, con diagnósticos diferenciales de meningitis viral y sepsis, evolucionó con leucocitosis, plaquetopenia, hipoalbuminemia, asociado a exantema y edemas. Se llegó al diagnóstico de dengue por la clínica, epidemiologia e IgM positiva.

Dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. In Argentina, dengue fever is an epidemic disease; most cases are reported during the hot months.Until epidemiological week (EW) 20/2023, 106 672 cases were reported across 18 of the 24 provinces of Argentina. Children younger than 2 years are among the main groups at risk. Recognizing signs and symptoms and identifying risk factors is fundamental for the management of cases at a higher risk of severity. Here we describe the case of a 32-day-old female patient who was hospitalized due to febrile syndrome without a source, who had a differential diagnosis of viral meningitis and sepsis and progressed to leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia in association with rash and edema. The diagnosis of dengue fever was established based on clinical, epidemiological, and positive IgM data.

Granulomatous hepatitis, deciphering an elusive spectrum: a clinical case-based approach

Granulomatous hepatitis is a well-defined histopathologic entity characterized by aggregates of modified macrophages (epithelioid in appearance) and other inflammatory cells that accumulate after persistent exposure to antigens. It induces a cellular immune response mediated by the release of various cytokines (including interferon-gamma [INF-γ], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α], and interleukin 12 [IL-12]) that stimulate mononuclear cell fusion, culminating in the formation of multinucleated giant cells with a surrounding border of lymphocytes and fibroblasts. It represents between 2% and 15% of all pathological liver studies, usually during an infiltrative or cholestatic biochemical pattern. A practical approach is proposed based on a challenging clinical case of a patient with a fever of unknown origin in an intermediate incidence area for tuberculosis, such as Colombia.

La hepatitis granulomatosa es una entidad histopatológica bien definida que se caracteriza por la presencia de agregados de macrófagos modificados (de aspecto epitelioide) y otras células inflamatorias que se acumulan luego de la exposición persistente a antígenos, lo que induce una respuesta inmunitaria celular mediada por la liberación de varias citocinas (entre las que se destacan el interferón gamma [INF-γ], el factor de necrosis tumoral alfa [TNF-α] y la interleucina 12 [IL-12]) que estimulan la fusión de células mononucleares para culminar en la formación de células gigantes multinucleadas con un borde circundante de linfocitos y fibroblastos. Representa entre el 2 % y el 15 % de todos los estudios anatomopatológicos de hígado, en el curso por lo general de un patrón bioquímico de tipo infiltrativo o colestásico. Se propone un enfoque práctico a partir de un caso clínico retador de un paciente con fiebre de origen desconocido en una zona de incidencia intermedia para tuberculosis, como lo es Colombia.

An Interesting Endocrine Cause of Pyrexia of Unknown Origin: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) is one of the most challenging medical problems. Endocrine causes of PUO are rare. Fever is common in a few endocrine disorders (e.g., thyroid storm, adrenal crisis and pheochromocytoma). However, PUO as the sole presenting feature is very rare with only a few reported cases in the literature. We present the case of a middle-aged male who came to us with PUO, weight loss and loss of appetite. The unusual symptomatology like loss of appetite, altered bowel habits made diagnosis difficult. This case highlights the importance of considering thyroid disorder in the differential diagnosis of PUO. Abnormal thyroid function may be an early clue for diagnosis.

Enfermedad de castleman multicéntrica y tuberculosis diseminada en paciente HIV positivo / Multicentric Castleman disease and tuberculosis in HIV positive patient

Resumen Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 40 años, HIV positivo con regular adherencia al tratamiento, que consultó por episodios febriles intermitentes de dos años de evolución, agregando en los últimos dos meses dolor abdominal difuso progresivo y adenomegalias ge neralizadas indoloras. En el laboratorio presentó panci topenia, coagulopatía, hipoalbuminemia y reactantes de fase aguda aumentados. La tomografía computarizada (TC) de tórax, abdomen y pelvis únicamente evidenció hepato-esplenomegalia y adenomegalias generalizadas. Se realizaron múltiples exámenes microbiológicos, in cluyendo cultivos para Mycobacterium sp. de distintas muestras, todos con resultados negativos, a excepción de la RT-PCR para VHH-8. Se tomó biopsia escisional de ganglio iliaco izquierdo con hallazgos compatibles con enfermedad de Castleman. A pesar de reiniciar terapia antirretroviral, la sintomatología progresó, iniciando tratamiento con corticoides y ganciclovir. Luego de una semana, desarrolló falla mulitorgánica y anasarca, que contraindicaron los fármacos iniciados. Se realizó nueva TC de tórax que mostró infiltrados con patrón en árbol en brote en lóbulo superior derecho asociado a derra me pleural bilateral, y a nivel abdominal, progresión de hepato-esplenomegalia y ascitis. Pasó a unidad de cui dados intensivos 48 horas después por falla hepática ful minante. El paciente falleció en pocas horas. Se recibió postmortem el cultivo del aspirado traqueal positivo para Mycobacterium tuberculosis y la punción-biopsia hepática con granulomas no necrotizantes. Nuestro objetivo es remarcar la importancia de pesquisar tuberculosis activa en nuestro país frente a la sospecha de enfermedad de Castleman antes de iniciar tratamiento, y resaltar que la TBC también puede presentarse como complicación infecciosa elevando la morbimortalidad.

Abstract We present the case of a 40-year-old man, HIV posi tive with regular adherence to treatment, who consulted for intermittent febrile episodes during a two-years period, progressive diffuse abdominal pain and painless generalized lymphadenopathy in the last two months. Laboratory analysis showed pancytopenia, altered co agulation tests, hypoalbuminemia, and increased acute phase reactants. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen and pelvis revealed hepato-splenomegaly and generalized lymphadenopathy. Multiple microbiological tests were performed, including cultures for Mycobacte rium sp. from different samples, with negative results, except for the RT-PCR for HHV-8. An excisional biopsy of the left iliac lymph node was taken with findings compatible with Castleman's disease. Despite restarting antiretroviral therapy, the symptoms progressed, starting treatment with steroids and ganciclovir. After a week, he developed multiple organ failure and anasarca, which contraindicated the drugs previously started. A new CT of the chest showed infiltrates with a tree-in-bud pattern in the right upper lobe with bilateral pleural effusion, and at the abdominal level, progression of hepatospleno megaly and ascites. He was transferred to the intensive care unit 48 hours later due to fulminant hepatic fail ure. The patient died within a few hours. Postmortem recieved culture results of the tracheal aspirate were positive for tuberculosis (TB) and the histopathology of the liver biopsy showed non-necrotizing granulomas. Our objective is to highlight the importance of screening for active TB, in our country, when Castleman's disease is suspected, before starting treatment, and to stand out that TB can also present as an infectious complication, increasing morbidity and mortality.

Serpin-A3 is Associated with Persistent Albuminuria in Adolescents with Secondary Podocytopathy, in a Region with High Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin

Abstract Background: The state of Aguascalientes, Mexico, has been recognized as a chronic kidney disease hotspot. Screening studies have revealed a high prevalence of persistent albuminuria (pA), histologically characterized by glomerulomegaly, and incomplete podocyte fusion, probably associated with oligonephrony. To date, urinary biomarkers have not been explored in this population. Objective: The aim of the study was to identify the presence of potential biomarkers of early renal injury in patients with pA (pACR) and that correspond with the characteristic nephropathy profile that prevails in this entity. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, analytical, and comparative study. Four groups were recruited: adolescents aged 10-17 years with pACR, isolated albuminuria (iACR), no albuminuria (negative control), and adults with biopsy-confirmed glomerulopathy (positive control). Urinary excretion of SerpinA3, heat-shock protein-72 (HSP-72), podocalyxin (PCX), and nephrin was evaluated in urine samples. SerpinA3 and HSP-72 were analyzed by Western blot, and PCX and nephrin were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The mean GFR in the pACR group was 113.4 mL/min/1.73m2 and differed significantly only from that of the positive control group (65.1 mL/min/1.73m2). The mean albuminuria value in the pACR group was 48.9 mg/g. SerpinA3 concentration differed between groups (0.08 vs. 0.25 ng/mL, p < 0.001): it was significantly higher in the pACR group compared to the negative controls (p = 0.037). Conclusion: SerpinA3 was significantly associated with pA and could become a biomarker of early kidney injury. Further investigations are required to determine whether SerpinA3 precedes the development of albuminuria and its pathogenic role.

Fiebre de origen desconocido como forma de presentación de fiebre chikungunya en varón joven

La fiebre chikungunya es una enfermedad viral descrita por primera vez en 1952. Actualmente se informan brotes esporádicos de fiebre chikungunya a nivel país (abril 2022). Presentamos el caso de un varón joven con fiebre chikungunya en fase subaguda la cual se presentó al ingreso hospitalario como fiebre de origen desconocido.

Chikungunya fever is a viral disease first described in 1952. Sporadic outbreaks of chikungunya fever are currently reported nationwide (April 2022). We present the case of a young man with chikungunya fever in the subacute phase which presented at hospital admission as fever of unknown origin.

Fiebre de origen desconocido como presentación de carcinoma de cérvix

El carcinoma de cérvix constituye una causa rara de fiebre de origen desconocido (FOD). Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 42 años de edad con fiebre de 80 días de evolución. Había estado ingresada en dos hospitales sin que se llegase a diagnosticar su causa. Se le habían administrado múltiples regímenes antibióticos sin lograrse remisión de la hipertermia. Fue remitida al hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras para continuar estudios en el protocolo de atención a pacientes con ese tipo de afección. Tenía anemia ferropénica y refería hipermenorrea. Al examen físico se encontró engrosamiento del cuello uterino al tacto vaginal y se visualizó una tumoración del mismo al examen con espéculo. La biopsia mostró un carcinoma y recibió tratamiento con radioterapia y quimioterapia con lo cual desapareció la fiebre. Se concluye que esta neoplasia puede presentarse a forma de fiebre prolongada producida directamente por el tumor primario, por lo que debe mantenerse un índice de sospecha en pacientes con FOD. Resulta importante tener en cuenta la asociación de fiebre y sangramiento vaginal como posible forma de presentación. Puede constituir una pista diagnóstica relevante para no perder tiempo. Este caso resalta la importancia de realizar un examen físico completo y exhaustivo a todos los pacientes.

Carcinoma of the cervix is a rare cause of fever of unknown origin. We present the case of a 42-year-old female patient with fever of 80 days of evolution. She had been admitted to two hospitals without a diagnosis of the cause. She had been administered multiple antibiotic regimens without achieving remission of hyperthermia. She was referred to the "Hermanos Ameijeirasˮ Hospital to continue studies under the protocol for the care of patients with this type of condition. She had iron deficiency anemia and reported hypermenorrhea. Physical examination showed thickening of the cervix on vaginal examination and a tumor was visualized on speculum examination. The biopsy showed a carcinoma and she was treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, with which the fever disappeared. It is concluded that this neoplasm can present as a prolonged fever directly produced by the primary tumor, so an index of suspicion should be maintained in patients with fever of unknown origin. It is important to take into account the association of fever and vaginal bleeding as a possible form of presentation. It may constitute a relevant diagnostic clue to avoid wasting time. This case highlights the importance of performing a complete and thorough physical examination in all patients.

Lactantes febriles menores de tres meses sin foco aparente: ¿es necesario cambiar la estrategia de evaluación?: probamos el step by step / Febrile infants of under three months of age without apparent focus: is it necessary to change the assessment strategy?: we tested the step-by-step approach / Lactentes febris com menos de três meses de idade e sem foco aparente: é necessário alterar a estratégia de avaliação?: tentamos o "passo a passo"

Introducción: la fiebre es un motivo muy frecuente de consulta y hasta en un 20% de los pacientes no se encuentra la causa. En el ámbito de la emergentología pediátrica clásicamente ha existido interés en homogeneizar la forma de evaluar los lactantes febriles menores de tres meses. Contar con un protocolo que permita detectar precozmente el niño que cursa una infección bacteriana invasiva (IBI) sin realizar conductas desproporcionadas es todo un desafío. Objetivo: evaluar y comparar la capacidad para identificar IBI en la pauta actual de fiebre sin foco (FSF) como en la estrategia step by step, en lactantes con FSF valorados en el DEP-CHPR. Material y métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo y de pruebas diagnósticas. Criterios de inclusión: lactantes menores de 90 días de vida que consultaron en 2017 y 2018 en DEP-CHPR con diagnóstico de FSF. Resultados: se incluyeron 261 lactantes evaluados con la pauta de FSF actual, en ellos se aplicó la estrategia step by step. El rango de edad fue de 84 días (4-88 días) con una media de 41 días. Sexo masculino 148 niños (56,7%). Se registraron 37 infecciones bacterianas (14,2%) de las cuales 3 fueron IBI (1,1%) y 34 fueron no-IBI (13,1%). La sensibilidad para step by step fue de 0,94% y de 0,89 para la pauta actual, con un VPN de 0,98 para ambas estrategias. Discusión: los lactantes menores de 3 meses son más susceptibles por características fisiológicas a infecciones bacterianas invasivas y cuanto más pequeño aumenta aún más la frecuencia. El step by step discrimina a menores de 1 mes en menores de 21 días y otro grupo de más de 21 días. Nuestra pauta no hace esta discriminación y realiza por igual laboratorio en sangre, orina y líquido cefalorraquídeo; realizando en ocasiones estudios cruentos no necesarios. Conclusiones: ambas estrategias aplicadas en esta población resultaron altamente sensibles para identificar infección bacteriana con un VPN elevado. La aplicación de step by step presenta como beneficio adicional evitar con seguridad la punción lumbar en recién nacidos entre los 21 y 28 días.

Introduction: fever is a very frequent reason for consultation and in up to 20% of patients the cause has not been found. In the field of pediatric emergentology, there has been a traditional interest in homogenizing the way of assessing febrile infants under three months of age. Having a protocol that enables early detection of children with IBIs without engaging in disproportionate procedures is a challenge. Objective: to evaluate and compare the ability to identify IBIs in the present FSF regimen as in the Step-by-Step strategy, in infants with FSF assessed at the Pereira Rossell Pediatric Hospital Center. Material and methods: observational, descriptive, retrospective study and diagnostic tests. Inclusion criteria: Infants under 90 days of age who consulted in 2017 and 2018 at the DEP-CHPR with a diagnosis of FSF. Results: 261 infants diagnosed with FSF regimen were included and they all received a Step-by-Step approach. The age range was 84 days (4 - 88) days with a mean of 41 days. Males 148 children (56.7%). There were 37 bacterial infections (14.2%), of which 3 were IBI (1.1%) and 34 were Non-IBI (13.1%). The sensitivity for the Step-by-Step approach was 0.94% and 0.89 for the current regimen, with a NPV of 0.98 for both strategies. Discussion: infants younger than 3 months-old are more susceptible due to physiological characteristics to invasive bacterial infections, and the younger they are, the higher the frequency. The Step-by-Step Approach splits children of under 1 month of age into those under or over 21 days of age. Our guideline does not make this discrimination and performs the same blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid laboratory tests sometimes carrying out blood tests is not necessary. Conclusions: both approaches used in this population were highly sensitive to the identification of bacterial infections with a high NPV. The application of the "Step-by-Step" approach has the additional benefit of avoiding lumbar puncture to newborns of between 21 and 28 days of age.

Introdução: a febre é um motivo muito comum de consulta e em até 20% dos pacientes a causa não é encontrada. No campo da emergência pediátrica, tradicionalmente tem havido interesse em homogeneizar a forma de avaliação de lactentes febris menores de três meses de idade. Ter um protocolo que permita a detecção precoce de uma criança com IBI sem realizar procedimentos desproporcionais é um desafio. Objetivo: avaliar e comparar a capacidade de identificação de IBI na atual Diretriz da FSF e na estratégia Passo a Passo, em lactentes com FSF avaliados no DEP-CHPR. Material e métodos: estudo observacional, descritivo, retrospectivo e de testes diagnósticos. Critérios de inclusão: Lactentes com menos de 90 dias de idade que consultaram em 2017 e 2018 no Hospital Pediátrico Pereira Rossell do Uruguai com diagnóstico de FSF. Resultados: Foram incluídos 261 lactentes avaliados com a atual diretriz da FSF, nos quais foi aplicada a estratégia Passo a Passo. A faixa etária foi de 84 dias (4 - 88) dias com média de 41 dias. Sexo masculino 148 crianças (56,7%). Foram registradas 37 infecções bacterianas (14,2%), sendo 3 IBI (1,1%) e 34 Não IBI (13,1%). A sensibilidade para Passo a Passo foi de 0,94% e 0,89 para o esquema atual, com VPN de 0,98 para ambas estratégias. Discussão: crianças menores de 3 meses de idade são mais suscetíveis a infecções bacterianas invasivas devido às características fisiológicas e quanto menores, mais frequentes. O Passo a Passo separa crianças menores de 1 mês em dois grupos: menores de 21 dias e acima de 21 dias. Nossa diretriz não faz essa discriminação e realiza exames laboratoriais de sangue, urina e líquido cefalorraquidiano da mesma forma; às vezes realizando estudos de sangue que não são necessários. Conclusões: ambas as estratégias aplicadas nesta população foram altamente sensíveis para identificar infecção bacteriana com alto VPN. A aplicação do "Passo a Passo" apresenta como benefício adicional evitar a punção lombar em recém-nascidos entre 21 e 28 dias.

Pyrexia of Unknown Origin: A High Suspicion of COVID-19

We report a case of pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) in a 19-year-old male, who was admitted with a history of pyrexia for 2 weeks. The diagnosis remained uncertain despite multiple investigations and the patient subsequently had various clinical manifestations similar to those seen in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since it was initially presumed to be pyrexia due to viral origin or enteric fever, patient was started on empirical treatment. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed by corroborating various biochemical markers that had a greater association with COVID-19. Patient was discharged after 21 days with empirical antibiotics, anticoagulants and other supportive medications. He required no further hospital admissions and has been on regular follow-up.

Hepatitis aguda grave de origen desconocido / Severe acute hepatitis of unknown origin

Resumen A inicios de 2022, en Reino Unido, y posteriormente en varios países europeos, se informó sobre un grupo de pacientes pediátricos que desarrollaron hepatitis aguda de origen desconocido hasta ahora. Los datos clínicos consisten en náusea, vómito, ictericia y falla hepática; algunos pacientes necesitan trasplante hepático. La población afectada es menor a los 10 años. El agente etiológico probable es el adenovirus genotipo F41 y se han descartado factores tóxicos, así como la relación con COVID-19. Existen varias teorías para explicar este fenómeno, las cuales se están investigando.

Abstract At the beginning of 2022, in the United Kingdom, and later in several European countries, a group of pediatric patients who developed acute hepatitis of so far unknown origin was reported. Clinical data include nausea, vomiting, jaundice, and liver failure; some patients require liver transplantation. The affected population is younger than 10 years of age. The probable etiological agent is adenovirus genotype F41, and toxic factors have been ruled out, as well as a relationship with COVID-19. There are several theories to explain this phenomenon, which are being investigated.

The investigation on the acute, severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children / 中国当代儿科杂志

In April 2022, the United Kingdom notified the World Health Organization (WHO) of an unexpected increase of acute hepatitis of unknown origin in children. Subsequent investigations have found more than 400 cases in more than 20 countries and regions around the world. Although the potential role of adenovirus type 41 in the pathogenesis of these cases is one hypothesis, but it is probably not the only pathogenic factor, and other infectious and non-infectious causes cannot be completely ruled out. For hepatitis caused by non-hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses, there is a lack of systematic monitoring and research, and many unknowns still exist. According to the current etiology speculation and epidemiological characteristics of adenovirus in China, cases of acute hepatitis with unknown origin may be found in China in the future. There is also a risk of imported cases. This article systematically sorts out the reports and studies on child acute hepatitis of unknown origin, hoping to attract the attention of pediatric clinicians in China, raise awareness and vigilance, and calmly prepare for possible abnormal situations.

Analysis of unknown-origin fever after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation / 中华器官移植杂志

Objective:To explore the clinical features, etiologies and outcomes of unknown origin fever after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation(SPK).Methods:From March 2015 to January 2020, clinical data were retrospectively reviewed for 120 SPK recipients.According to the definite evidence of fever, such as microbial culture, imaging findings or rejection, they were divided into three groups of free-fever(FF, n=41)and defined-fever(DF, n=47)and fever of unknown origin(FUO, n=32). The differences in general clinical features, surgical complications, laboratory tests and prognoses were compared.Logistic regression was employed for analyzing the risk factors of FUO and Kapla-Meier for survival analysis.And P<0.05 was deemed as statistically significant. Results:Multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative diabetic gastroenteropathy was an independent risk factor for unexplained fever.Significant differences existed between FUO and DF groups in leucocyte count[6.50(5.13, 7.36)vs.10.36(6.11, 12.97)×10 9/L], C-reactive protein(CRP)[11.75(6.25, 16.85)vs.35.00(16.30, 75.00)μg/ml], procalcitonin[0.13(0.06, 0.18)vs.0.19(0.11, 1.05)ng/ml]( P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.025). As compared with DF group, 19 recipients in FUO group only received 1-2 antibiotics and there was a shorter course of treatment[13(40.6%)vs.32(68.1%), P=0.016]. For 6(18.7%)recipients after a diagnosis of FUO, clinical outcome was achieved with only NSAIDs.Length of stay was(48.72±19.51)days in FUO group versus(57.36±27.46)days in DF group and the difference was statistically significant( P<0.001). Hospitalization expenses of two groups were 253 463.25 and 334 605.96 yuan respectively and the difference was also statistically significant( P=0.002). Conclusions:Diabetic gastroenteropathy is an independent risk factor for early FUO after SPK transplantation.Inflammatory markers of leukocytes, CRP and procalcitonin in FUO patients are significantly lower than DF group.And these clinical features can help diagnose FUO in an early stage.

Hepatitis de etiología no precisada en población pediátrica

Resumen En los últimos meses, se ha comunicado globalmente, un aumento de casos de hepatitis de etiología no precisada. La población más afectada son los niños bajo los 5 años, pero con un rango etario hasta los 16 años. Clínicamente, se presentan con una hepatitis colestásica con pródromos de síntomas digestivos (deposiciones alteradas, náuseas y vómitos) y en que en el estudio etiológico pareciera haber una asociación directa o indirecta con infección por adenovirus. En general, la evolución es benigna, pero cerca de 13% ha requerido ingreso a unidad de cuidados intensivos y 10%, trasplante hepático. Las hipótesis sobre su etiología son varias, la mayoría relacionadas con algún agente infeccioso, ya sea como gatillante o actor principal. No se ha evidenciado hasta ahora la presencia de algún tóxico común ni la inmunización contra SARS-CoV-2 como causa de enfermedad. Se presenta una revisión sobre los datos disponibles a la fecha y posibles hipótesis de la etiopatogenia.

Abstract In recent months there has been an increase in cases reports of hepatitis of unknown origin. The most affected population are children under 5 years of age, but it has been described in adolescents up to 16 years of age. The clinical presentation consists of cholestatic hepatitis with a prodrome of diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Prognosis is generally benign but, on average, 13% of patients have required admission to an intensive care unit and 10% a liver transplant. Etiological studies have associated this entity to adenoviral infections, but hypotheses include other infectious agents, either as a triggering factor or as its main etiology, toxins, and even immunizations against SARS-CoV-2. In the following review we present the data available to date regarding the different pathogenesis theories.

Two-year history of lymphadenopathy and fever caused by Bartonella henselae in a child

ABSTRACT We report the case of a 6-year-old boy that presented with enlarged lymph nodes on his neck. He complained of tiredness and discouragement, which worsened during feverish periods. There were no relevant laboratory test abnormalities and serological tests were not reactive. Bartonella henselae DNA was detected by species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction. After treatment, the patient progressed with no fever or lymphadenopathy. Bartonellosis is a group of infectious diseases caused by bacteria of the genus Bartonella. This case report is a useful reminder to clinicians that long-term fever of unknown origin can be related to B. henselae infection, even if the specific serology is not reactive.

Compromiso hepatoesplénico, un hallazgo inusual secundario a enfermedad por arañazo de gato: a propósito de un caso / Hepato-splenic involvement, an unusual finding secondary to cat-scratch disease: a clinical case

La infección por Bartonella henselae (BH) que causa la enfermedad por arañazo de gato puede cursar de manera asintomática, así como presentar manifestaciones locales y sistémicas. El objetivo de este caso es documentar que el compromiso hepatoesplénico es poco habitual en este tipo de infección y el tratamiento, que debe ser personalizado, aún genera controversia. Se presenta un caso de una paciente de 11 años con fiebre de origen de desconocido con hallazgos en tomografía y ecografía abdominal de abscesos hepatoesplénicos, y confirmación de infección por BH a través de métodos serológicos. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica donde se evidencia la baja frecuencia de compromiso hepatoesplénico. De esta manera, la anamnesis y el examen físico son fundamentales para realizar un rápido diagnóstico y tratamiento

The infection by Bartonela henselae (BH), the cause of cat scratch disease, it could be asymptomatic or produce local and multisystem illness. The objective of this case report is to document that the hepato-splenic involvement is unusual in BH infection, and the treatment is discussed and individualized in each patient. This case is about an eleven-year girl who presented with findings in abdominal tomography and ultrasound of hepato-splenic abscesses, with later positive serology for BH. In this way, a bibliographic review is carried out to show the low prevalence and incidence of hepato-splenic involvement where the anamnesis and the physical examination are essential to make an early diagnosis and treatment.

A Case Report of Brucellosis and the Differential Diagnosis of Lymphoma and Tuberculosis

ABSTRACT In this paper, we present a male patient from Xinjiang with fever of unknown origin and significant weight loss for more than 1 month. He was admitted to hospital with negative Rose Bengal test (RBT) and decreased leucocyte count. Ultrasound revealed splenomegaly and abdominal computed tomography, which showed multiple hypodense splenic nodules. The patient was suspected of lymphoma or tuberculosis. Pathological biopsy suggested brucellosis infection following splenectomy. Anti-Brucella treatment was effective and his temperature gradually returned to normal. During the follow-up, the patient's RBT result turned to positive and he was instructed to continue the anti-Brucella drug regimen. His temperature, weight, white blood cell count, other laboratory examinations, and imaging findings all returned to normal during the 6-month follow-up after the treatment.

Pheochromocytoma presenting as fever of unknown origin, a case report

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pheochromocytoma is a generally benign neoplasm derived from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. It is characterized by the production of large amounts of catecholamines and also by the capacity to secrete bioactive peptides such as cytokines, mainly interleukin-1 IL-1, interleukin-6 IL-6 and TNF alpha. Case presentation: 24-year-old man, who consulted for fever, myalgia, and choluria. His laboratory tests were compatible with a systemic inflammatory response without infectious or autoimmune causes. However, a fluorodeoxy-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) revealed a left adrenal mass, without extra-adrenal lesions. On admission, increased levels of differentiated urine methanephrines, elevated baseline cortisol, non-suppressed adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), and positive low dose dexamethasone suppression test for cortisol were found. With suspicion of catecholamine and ACTH-producing pheochromocytoma, a tumor resection was performed, which conspicuously resolved all alterations of the inflammatory response. The histologic findings confirmed a pheochromocytoma, but the immunostaining for ACTH was negative. A literature review and the comparison of the findings with other reported cases allowed inferring that this was a case of interleukin-producing pheochromocytoma. Conclusion: Pheochromocytoma may be a cause of febrile syndrome, with IL-6 being the main mediator, which explains the manifestations of systemic inflammation and ACTH-mediated hypercortisolism.

RESUMEN Introducción. Un feocromocitoma es una neoplasia generalmente benigna de las células cromafines de la médula suprarrenal que se caracteriza por producir grandes cantidades de catecolaminas y que tiene la capacidad de secretar citoquinas como interleucina-1 IL-1, interleucina-6 IL-6 y factor de necrosis tumoral (TNF) alfa. Presentación del caso. Paciente masculino de 24 años de edad, quien consultó por fiebre, mialgias y coluria. El sujeto presentó laboratorios compatibles con respuesta inflamatoria sistémica sin causa infecciosa o autoinmune y estudio de tomografía por emisión de positrones con fluoro-desoxiglucosa que evidenció masa suprarrenal izquierda sin lesiones extra-adrenales. Al ingreso, los niveles de metanefrinas diferenciadas en orina y de cortisol basal se encontraban elevados; la hormona adrenocorticotropa (ACTH) no estaba suprimida, y el test de supresión de cortisol con dexametasona registró rango de hipercortisolis-mo. Se sospechó diagnóstico de feocromocitoma productor de catecolaminas y ACTH, por lo que se llevó a resección tumoral, con lo cual, llamativamente, se resolvieron todas las anomalías de respuesta inflamatoria. El reporte de patología confirmó un feocromocitoma, pero la inmunotinción para ACTH fue negativa. La revisión de la literatura y la comparación de los hallazgos con otros casos reportados permitieron inferir que se trató de un feocromocitoma productor de interleucinas. Conclusión. El feocromocitoma puede ser una causa de síndrome febril, siendo la IL-6 el mediador principal que explicaría las manifestaciones de inflamación sistémica y el hipercortisolismo mediado por ACTH.

Adult onset still's disease (aosd): a rare condition with a classic clinical presentation. case report

ABSTRACT Introduction: Adult Onset Still's Disease (AOSD) is a rare systemic inflammatory disease of unclear etiology, with low incidence and prevalence among the general population. AOSD is a common cause of fever of unknown origin (FUO) in up to 20% of cases. Due to the scarce knowledge about this disease and its diagnosis, it is usually unrecognized in the differential diagnoses, worsening the prognosis and increasing complications in some patients. Case presentation: This is the case of a 32-year-old female patient with prolonged febrile illness, who did not respond to the antimicrobial treatments previously established. She was diagnosed with AOSD according to the Yamaguchi criteria after an extensive exclusion process. She was treated with first-line treatment with corticosteroids, achieving satisfactory results Conclusions: The diagnosis of AOSD is an exhaustive process. Regardless of the availability of cutting-edge diagnostic tools, the medical history of the patient and an adequate physical examination are the most important aspects to consider.

RESUMEN Introducción. La enfermedad de Still del adulto (ESA) es una enfermedad inflamatoria sistémica de baja incidencia y prevalencia en población general y cuya etiología aún no es clara. La ESA puede causar fiebre de origen desconocido hasta en el 20% de los casos, pero suele pasar inadvertida dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales iniciales debido a su desconocimiento, lo que empeora el pronóstico y aumenta las complicaciones en los pacientes. Presentación del caso. Paciente femenina de 32 años con síndrome febril prolongado que no respondía a tratamientos antimicrobianos instaurados previamente y en quien, finalmente, se diagnosticó ESA aplicando los criterios clasificatorios de Yamaguchi. La mujer recibió tratamiento de primera línea con corticosteroides y obtuvo buenos resultados. Conclusiones. La ESA requiere un exhaustivo proceso para su diagnóstico, en el cual, a pesar de la disponibilidad de herramientas diagnósticas avanzadas, la verificación de la historia clínica y la realización de un adecuado examen físico son los aspectos más importantes a tener en cuenta.

Pyrexia of unknown origin: a rare presentation of primary ovarian lymphoma

It is very rare to have a lymphomatous involvement of ovary. Malignant lymphoma of ovary is a well-known late manifestation of disseminated nodal disease. Primary ovarian lymphoma with ovarian mass as an initial manifestation is a rare entity and may have varied presentations which can cause confusion to the physician and cause delay in diagnosis. Study presents a case of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma where the initial presentation was fever with weight loss, and was evaluated as pyrexia of unknown origin. When no other cause of fever was identified PET-CT was done showing metabolically active uterine mass with no lymphadenopathy. Exploratory laparotomy was planned followed by hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo ophorectomy with omentectomy. Ovarian malignancy was detected intraoperatively, which was diagnosed as diffuse large B cell lymphoma, NHL double expresser phenotype on histopathology and IHC. Patient was started on chemotherapy and is doing fine.

The Role of PET/CT in the Investigation of Fever of Unknown Origin

Aims:Fever of unknown origin (FUO) remains a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. The current diagnostic approach includes a detailed medical history, physical examination, laboratorytestsand imaging techniques(chest X-ray, ultrasound, CT, MRI). 18F-FDG PET/CT (18fluoro-deoxyglucose PET/CT) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique, which is widelyused in oncology. The purpose of our narrative review was to summarize the knowledge for the diagnostic role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnostic approach of patients with FUO, as reported in the literature. Methodology:We undertook a search of literature published in PubMed until February 2019.Results:Various studies showed that 18F-FDG PET/CT could play an important role as a second-line explorative technique in the diagnosis of patients with FUO. 18F-FDG PET/CT presents high diagnostic accuracy in large vessel vasculitis, in orthopedic prosthetic infections, in chronic osteomyelitisand in prosthetic valve endocarditis. However, 18 -FDG/PET has some limitations such as the assessment of urine tract due to the excretion into the urine but also become of the high glucose metabolism in some organs such as the brain.Conclusions: Overall, PET/CT gains increasing interest in the diagnosis of FUO and should be considered by the clinicians in the exploration of those patients