In vitro screening of siderophore-producing rice root endophytic bacteria from up-land paddies in north-western Vietnam for plant growth-promoting activities

Aims@#Endophytic bacteria (EB) living inside plant tissues possess different beneficial traits including siderophore production and other plant growth-promoting (PGP) activities. Siderophore-producing EB promote host plant growth by secreting ferrum in iron-deficient conditions. This study screened 19 siderophore producers in vitro, isolated from upland rice roots grown in mountain farms of Tung Village, Nậm Có Commune, Mù Cang Chải District, Yên Bái Province, Vietnam, for PGP traits, including phosphate solubilisation, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), ammonia, gelatinase, amylase and catalase production.@*Methodology and results@#The bacteria were identified by Matrix assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). All 19 isolates were identified as genera Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Pantoe, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Staphylococcus, Ralstonia and Cronotacter. The isolates produced catalase and ammonia. The amount of ammonia ranged from 60.74 ± 0.14 to 466.72 ± 0.18 mg/L. Out of the 19 siderophore producers, 17 (89.47%) were able to solubilise phosphate with solubilisation index (PSI) ranging from 1.12 ± 0.07 to 2.14 ± 0.15. The qualitative assays identified 12 isolates (63.15%) positive for IAA production with a tryptophan concentration of 5 mM, whereas 15 (78.94%) and 17 (89.47%) isolates were positive for gelatin and starch hydrolysis, respectively. Especially, 7 isolates were found to be positive for all tested assays in vitro including Pseudomonas rhodesiae (NC2), Enterobacter asburiae (NC50), Pantoea ananatis (NC63), Bacillus cereus (NC64), Burkholderia cenocepacia (NC110), Staphylococcus sciuri (NC112) and Ralstonia pickettii (NC122).@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#This study serves as crucial findings of multi-trait plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria isolated from upland rice root in north-western Vietnam. The seven potential isolates positive for all tested assays could be effective PGP bacteria for bio-inoculants.

Potential Role of Groundnut Stover in Soil Nutrient Management for a Sustainable Rainfed Upland Rice Production in Bimodal Rain Forest Zone of Cameroon

Mineral fertilizer is an environmental hazard and economic discouraging factor for rice farmers in Cameroon. The objective was to assess the effect of groundnut stover as a substitute to mineral fertilizer on agronomic performance of rainfed upland rice in bimodal HFZ. The experiment was carried out during short raining season (August – December 2015). Two doses of groundnut stover: 1.5 t/ha ± mineral fertilizers and 2.4 t/ha ± mineral fertilizers were used, design in a RCBD (randomized complete block designed) with four replications involving NERICA 8 progeny. Thirteen agronomic traits were collected, analyzed and Pearson’s correlation test was performed at 1% and 5% level of probability. There was an overall increase in rice paddy grain yield in the different treatments except in treatment 1.5 t/ha of groundnut Stover (3.5 t/ha) with the highest grain yield of 5.75 t/ha (SR1+ and SR2). Treatments 1.5 t/ha of groundnut Stover + urea+ NPK; 1.5 t/ha of groundnut Stover; 2.4 t/ha of groundnut Stover + urea+ NPK had the lowest number of tillers/plant. Panicle length (PL) correlates with the following traits: NSR (r = 0.762**); 1000SW (r = 0.463*); FG (r = 0.573**); NGP (r = 0.601**) and GY (r = 0.649**), similarly NSR correlated with GY (r = 0.649**). Panicle length (PL) and secondary ramifications (NSR) are NERICA traits important for an increase in grain yield under incorporated groundnut Stover in humid forest ecology.

Phenotypic correlation and path analysis in cultivars and strains of upland rice for drought tolerance / Correlação fenotípica e análise de trilha em cultivares e linhagens de arroz de sequeiro para tolerância à seca

The purpose of this study was to estimate the phenotypic correlations between 14 traits obtained in a thematic core collection of upland rice for drought tolerance and partition them into direct and indirect effects by path analysis. Two experiments were carried out (with and without water stress). One hundred samples were evaluated in a triple 10x10 lattice design. The plot was formed by four rows, 3.0 metres long, spaced at 0.35 m. The plot useful area was constituted by two central rows of 2.0 m in length, totalling 1.4 m2, where data from 14 traits were collected, five from the root system and nine from the aerial part of the plant. Of the evaluated traits, spikelet sterility was the main grain yield determinant, presenting relevant negative correlations of -0.77 and -0.59 in environments with and without drought stress, respectively. The partitioning of spikelet sterility correlations presented negative direct effects on grain yield in environments with (-0.60) and without (-0.62) water stress, corroborating the negative correlations between these traits. The obtained data confirmed that spikelet sterility is an important variable for the selection of rice strain submitted to water deficit. Partial correlation coefficients indicated that only 70.33% in the environment with stress and 50.30% in the environment without stress of grain yield variation were phenotypically explained by variables considered in path analysis, thereby showing the complexity of the selection for drought-tolerant rice.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi estimar as correlações fenotípicas entre 14 características obtidas em uma coleção nuclear temática de arroz de terras altas para tolerância à seca e desdobrá-las em seus efeitos diretos e indiretos por meio da análise de trilha. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos (com e sem estresse hídrico). Avaliou-se 100 materiais no delineamento experimental em látice triplo 10x10. A parcela foi formada por quatro linhas de 3,0 metros de comprimento espaçadas de 0,35 metros. A área útil da parcela foi constituída pelas duas linhas centrais de 2,0 metros de comprimento, perfazendo 1,4 m2 de onde foram coletados dados de 14 características sendo, cinco do sistema radicular e nove da parte aérea da planta. Das características avaliadas, esterilidade das espiguetas foi a principal determinante da produtividade de grãos apresentando correlação negativa de elevada magnitude de -0,78 e -0,59 nos ambientes com e sem estresse de seca, respectivamente. No desdobramento das correlações esterilidade das espiguetas apresentou efeitos diretos negativos na produtividade de grãos nos ambientes com (-0,60) e sem (-0,62) estresse hídrico, corroborando as correlações negativas entre estas características. Os dados obtidos enfatizaram que a esterilidade das espiguetas é uma variável importante para a seleção de linhagens de arroz submetidas à deficiência de água. Os coeficientes de determinações parciais indicaram que apenas 70,33% no ambiente com estresse e 50,30% no ambiente sem estresse da variação da produtividade de grãos foram explicados, fenotipicamente, pelas variáveis consideradas na análise de trilha evidenciando a complexidade da seleção para tolerância à seca em arroz.

Efeito da adubação fosfatada na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de arroz cultivadas em terras altas / Effect of phosphorus fertilization on physiological quality of rice seeds cultivated in upland

Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da adubação fosfatada na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de arroz cultivado em terras altas, conduziu-se esta pesquisa no laboratório de análise de sementes da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi. As cultivares BRS Caiapó, BRSMG Conai, BRS Bonança, BRS Sertaneja, BRS Primavera e BRSMG Curinga foram submetidas a dois ambientes, um simulando condição de estresse de fósforo (20 kg ha-1) e outro simulando condições ideais (120 kg ha-1), na forma de P2O5. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 6x2, onde avaliou-se seis cultivares e duas condições de cultivo. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes dos cultivares de arroz de terras altas é influenciada pela dormência e a fertilização fosfatada. A cultivar BRS Caiapó se destacou em relação às demais em condição de estresse e ideal de fósforo quanto à qualidade fisiológica.

Aiming to evaluate the phosphorus fertilization effect in physiological quality of rice seeds grown in upland, was carried out a research at the seeds analysis laboratory of Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus of Gurupi. The cultivars BRS Caiapó, BRSMG Conai, BRS Bonança, BRS Sertaneja, BRS Primavera e BRSMG Curinga were submitted to two environments, one simulating phosphorus stress condition (20 kg ha-1) and another simulating ideal condition (120 kg ha-1), in form of P2O5. The statistic design was a completely randomized blocks, with four replications, in a factorial arrange of 6x2, where six cultivars where evaluated under two cultivation conditions. The physiological quality of seeds of upland rice cultivars is influenced by dormancy and phosphorus fertilization. The cultivar BRS Caiapó stood out in relation to others about in stress conditions and ideal phosphorus to physiological quality.

Evaluations of allelopathic effect of Echinochloa colona weed on rice (Oryza sativa L. ‘Vandana’).

Echinochloa colona (L.) Link is a very problematic weed in up land and medium land rice causing significant reduction in yield. In the present investigation, laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the nature of interaction E. colona on germination and growth of the up land rice cultivar ‘Vandana’. The effects of decomposing and decomposed aqueous leachates (1-10%w/v) obtained from the dried biomass of 20, 30, 40 and 60 days old E.colona plants were studied on rice using petridish bioassay technique with three different types of culture media like filter paper, soil, and soil + activated charcoal. The decomposing leachates of E. colona showed strong toxic effect on root and shoot growth of rice, the highest being noted with 10% leachates of 60 days old plant residue. It inhibited root and shoot growth by 100% and 43.9% respectively as compared to control. The corresponding decomposed leachates inhibited rice germination by 90% and root and shoot growth by 70 and 25% respectively. These toxic effects of leachates showed in filter paper medium were significantly reduced in soil and soil plus activated charcoal media proving their allelopathic nature. In a field experiment, E. colona and rice were grown in proportions of 1:1, 1: 2 and 1:4, the total plant density being maintained at 100 pants m-2. The height and dry matter of rice were adversely affected with increasing in E. colona population. From another similar field trial, data on dry matter of 20, 30, 40, and 60 days old plants were taken and their plant relative yield (PRY) and relative yield total (RYT) values were calculated. The PRY and RYT values were found to be less than unit (<1) throughout the growth period studied which suggested the presence of severe antagonistic interspecific interaction between rice and E.colona due to allelopathy.

Caracterização dos padrões de estresse hídrico para a cultura do arroz (ciclo curto e médio) no estado de Goiás e suas conseqüências para o melhoramento genético / Characterization of water stress patterns for rice (short and medium cycle) in Goiás State and their consequences for the plant breeding program

O estresse por deficiência hídrica é considerado como a maior restrição na produção e estabilidade da produtividade de culturas em muitas regiões do mundo. No Estado de Goiás predomina a produção de arroz de terras altas em sequeiro, sendo comum essa cultura sofrer períodos de deficiência hídrica ao longo do ciclo, que podem reduzir a produtividade. No processo de desenvolvimento de novas variedades, genótipos são selecionados em função de sua adaptabilidade em um determinado ambiente alvo. Assim, programas de melhoramento vegetal requerem informações sob a probabilidade de ocorrência e intensidade dos padrões de deficiência hídrica, associada as diferentes fases de desenvolvimento da cultura. Um modelo de simulação de culturas foi utilizado para determinar os padrões de deficiência hídrica no Estado de Goiás, considerando 12 locais e seis diferentes datas de semeadura para o arroz de ciclo curto e médio. Para ambos, as variedades estudadas, arroz ciclo curto e médio, quando semeados nas épocas favoráveis e sem impedimento ao desenvolvimento do sistema radicular, o estresse por deficiência hídrica não é uma restrição ao desenvolvimento da cultura no Estado de Goiás.

Drought stress is a major constraint to crop production and yield stability in many regions of the world. In the state of Goiás, most of the rice crop system is rainfed. In a plant breeding program, new genotypes are selected as a result of their adaptability for a determined environment. Therefore, a plant breeding program needs information about drought frequency as well as its characteristics, intensity, and time during crop development. A crop simulation model was used to determine patterns of drought stress for 12 locations and six different planting dates for short and medium cycle rice. For upland rice, short and medium cycle, in favourable conditions (no soil impediment), drought stress is not a main constraint for the rice development in the state of Goiás.

Desempenho de cultivares e linhagens de arroz de terras altas sob plantio direto e convencional / Upland rice cultivars and lineages performance under no-till and conventional tillage

Objetivou-se com este trabalho comparar o desempenho de cultivares e linhagens de arroz de terras altas sob plantio direto e convencional. Para tanto, foi conduzido em Lavras-MG um experimento constituído de dois ensaios: um no sistema plantio direto e outro no sistema convencional, nos anos agrícolas 2003/2004 e 2004/2005. Foram testadas 13 cultivares e linhagens de arroz de terras altas. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram: produtividade de grãos, altura de planta, floração e incidência de doenças. As cultivares e linhagens têm comportamento semelhante para produtividade de grãos nos dois sistemas de cultivo. No sistema plantio direto, há uma tendência de redução na altura de plantas e alongamento do ciclo da cultura, comparado ao sistema convencional. Concluiu-se que, além do sistema convencional, o sistema plantio direto também constitui alternativa viável para a cultura do arroz de terras altas.

This study aimed to compare the performance of upland rice cultivars and rice lineages under no tillage (no-till) and conventional planting system, and to verify the existence of differentiated responses to both tillage systems. Thus, an experiment constituted of two essays, no-till and conventional tillage system was conducted in Lavras, MG, in 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 growing seasons. Thirteen upland rice cultivars and lineages were tested. A randomized block design and three replicates were used. Grain yield, plant height, flowering and disease incidence were analyzed. Rice cultivars and lineages presented similar yield in grains in both tillage systems. In no-till system there was a reduction tendency in plant height, disease incidance and cycle prolongation, as compared to conventional system. Therefore, no-till system is a viable alternative for upland rice crop.

Efeito de espaçamento e densidade de semeadura sobre a produtividade e os componentes de produção da cultivar de arroz BRSMG Conai / Effect of sowing spacing and density on yield and production components of rice cultivar BRSMG Conai

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a resposta da nova cultivar de arroz superprecoce de terras altas BRSMG Conai (Oryza sativa L.) ao efeito dos espaçamentos entre linhas (20, 30 e 40 cm) e das densidades de semeadura (50, 80 e 110 sementes m-1). Foram conduzidos três experimentos: Machado (1ª e 2ª épocas) e Lavras, MG, em 2004/05. Empregou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, no esquema fatorial 3x3, com três repetições. Foram avaliados os componentes de produção de grãos: número de panículas m-2, número de grãos por panícula, porcentagem de grãos cheios e massa de 100 grãos e a produtividade de grãos. Os resultados mostram forte influência de espaçamento e densidade sobre o número de panículas, número de grãos por panícula e produtividade de grãos. Apenas espaçamento exerce pouca influência sobre a porcentagem de grãos cheios e massa de 100 grãos. Já a densidade somente não exerce qualquer influência sobre a porcentagem de grãos cheios, porém, exerce forte influência sobre a massa de 100 grãos. Os componentes da produção mais influenciados pelo espaçamento e densidade são o número de panículas m-2 e o número de grãos por panícula. Em síntese, houve a maximização da produtividade de grãos, para a cultivar BRSMG Conai, no espaçamento de 30 cm entrelinhas, independente da densidade de semeadura. Quanto à densidade, 80 sementes m-1 foi a que mais contribuiu para a produtividade.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the response of the new upland super precocious rice cultivar BRSMG Conai (Oryza sativa L.), to the effect of interrow spacing (20, 30 and 40 cm) and sowing density (50, 80 e 110 seeds m-1). Three experiments were conducted: Machado (1st and 2nd times) and Lavras, MG, Brazil, in 2004/05. The experimental design in randomized block in the factorial scheme 3x3 with three replicates was employed. The production components number of panicles m-2, number of grains per panicle, percent of filled grains, mass of 100 grains and grain yield were evaluated. The results showed a strong influence of space-density on the number of panicles, number of grains per panicle and yield. Only spacing exerts a little influence on percent of filled grains and mass of 100 grains. Density only does exerts no influence on percent of filled grains, but it does exert a strong influence on the mass of 100 grains. The production components most influenced by spacing-density are the number of panicles m-2 and the number of grains per panicle. In short, there was a maximization of grain yield in cultivar BRSMG Conai, at 30 cm interrow spacing, regardless of sowing density. As regards density, that of 80 seeds m-1 was the one which most contributed to yield.