Hematoma disecante de esófago como diagnóstico diferencial del dolor torácico agudo / Dissecting hematoma of the esophagus as a differential diagnosis of acute chest pain

Resumen El dolor torácico es un motivo de consulta muy frecuente en el servicio de urgencias. El abordaje adecuado del paciente en el que se incluye el diligenciamiento de la historia clínica, el examen físico y la toma de paraclínicos iniciales son cruciales para determinar cuáles son los posibles diagnósticos diferenciales. A continuación, presentamos el caso de un paciente de 71 años que ingresa al servicio de urgencias por un dolor retroesternal intenso posterior al consumo de alimentos, en quien, ante la persistencia del dolor, biomarcadores cardíacos negativos y patología aórtica descartada, se realiza una endoscopia que evidencia un hematoma disecante del esófago. En general, el pronóstico es bueno, pero es de gran importancia una buena historia clínica para su sospecha.

Abstract Chest pain is a very common reason for consultation in the emergency department. An adequate approach to the patient, including medical history, physical examination and initial laboratory tests, is crucial for determining possible differential diagnoses. The following is the case of a 71-year-old patient that visited the emergency room due to severe retrosternal pain after food consumption. In view of the persistence of pain and negative cardiac biomarkers, and after ruling out aortic disease, the patient underwent an endoscopy that showed dissecting hematoma of the esophagus. The prognosis is generally favorable, but a thorough medical history is required to suspect it.

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in dyspeptic patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in a tertiary-care teaching hospital

Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is widely prevalent in the world especially in the developing countries. The common clinical presentation of this disease includes peptic and duodenal ulcer. A major post-infection complication of this disease is gastric carcinoma. The scope of this study was to determine the prevalence of active H. pylori infection in the local population by retrospective review of patient records, which can give a better picture of the current situation and estimate the at-risk population of gastric carcinoma. Objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of H. pylori infection in biopsy specimens obtained from upper gastrointestinal endoscopy performed in dyspeptic patients in a tertiary-care hospital.Methods: The study was performed as a retrospective review of biopsy reports of 262 dyspeptic patients with previously unknown H. pylori status who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy during the months of January 2018 to May 2018. Biopsy obtained from stomach was evaluated for the presence of H. pylori infection by Rapid Urease Test (RUT) or histopathological examination.Results: The prevalence of H. pylori infection in dyspeptic patients obtained from the above study was 44.7% and was found to be more common in males compared to females.Conclusions: H. pylori is a risk factor for gastric carcinoma. Determining the prevalence with early identification of active infections results in better treatment and post infection monitoring for malignancy.

Diagnostic Value of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Prior to Cholecystectomy in a Tertiary Care Institute

Cholelithiasis is one of the most common problems encountered in surgery department. It has always been a challenge to distinguish upper gastrointestinal symptoms due to gall stones from other causes. The persistence of abdominal symptoms even after cholecystectomy is highly discouraging for surgeons.METHODSThis is a prospective study conducted on 50 cases at the Department of Surgery, MMU Hospital, Mullana among ultrasonographically proven gall bladder stones. After history taking and examination, all the patients were subjected to endoscopy 1-2 days prior cholecystectomy, and biopsies were obtained for histopathology if required.RESULTSOut of a total of 50 patients, 44 (88%) were females and 6 (12%) were males with a M:F ratio of 3:22. 28 (56%) presented with typical pain and 22 (44%) presented with atypical pain. All patients were subjected to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGE) and no lesion was found on endoscopy of 28 patients who presented with typical pain while out of 22 patients who presented with atypical pain, 18 (81.8%) had abnormal endoscopic finding and only 4 (18.2%) had normal endoscopy (p<0.001). Gastritis (72.2%) was the most common finding on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy followed by duodenitis (27.8%), oesophagitis (22.2%) and peptic ulcer (11.1%). On follow-up after 1 week of cholecystectomy all the patients except 10 from atypical group had persistence of preoperative symptoms.CONCLUSIONSPresence of atypical pain in patients with gall stones is highly likely to have other coexisting upper gastrointestinal pathologies. Hence, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy prior to elective cholecystectomy in patients with atypical presentation can be clinically helpful.

Esofagitis por píldoras / Pill-induced esophageal injury

Si bien no se encuentra entre las principales causas de disfagia u odinofagia, la lesión de la mucosa del esófago a causa de la medicación administrada como píldoras debe ser tenida en cuenta, en particular en algún grupo etario con patologías crónicas. Presentamos el caso de una mujer con dolor retroesternal de confuso diagnóstico y buena evolución con tratamiento conservador. El mecanismo preciso por el cual se producen las lesiones no está bien claro. La videoendoscopia digestiva alta es la herramienta clave para observar las lesiones producidas y realizar diagnóstico diferencial; además puede resolver algunas complicaciones. En la mayoría de los casos, el tratamiento es médico. Esta situación debe tenerse presente para realizar un correcto interrogatorio y examen endoscópico.

Dysphagia and odynophagia should be considered as symptoms of pill-induced esophageal injury, particularly in age groups with chronic diseases. We report a case of a female patient with retrosternal chest pain of unclear diagnosis and favorable outcome with conservative treatment. The precise mechanism of esophageal injury remains uncertain. Upper gastrointestinal videoendoscopy is the essential tool to examine the lesions, make differential diagnosis and treat some complications. Medical treatment is useful in most cases. This condition should be kept in mind for proper interrogation and endoscopic examination.

Study on incidence of oesophageal carcinoma in patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for upper gastrointestinal symptoms in a secondary care hospital

Background: Oesophageal carcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer related deaths worldwide and is also associated with high morbidity. Hence early diagnosis and treatment are the only effective way to improve survival and quality of life in oesophageal carcinoma patients. Early-stage oesophageal carcinoma are often asymptomatic and may also present with common upper gastrointestinal symptoms hence diagnosis of early oesophageal carcinoma is only based on detection of suspicious lesions through endoscopy and histopathological evaluation of biopsies from these suspicious lesions. The study is designed to see whether using alarming upper gastrointestinal symptoms, risk of oesophageal carcinoma in patients can be predicted.Methods: Present study comprises of 200 patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal symptoms at JSS Hospital, Chamarajanagar (both out patients and referred patients) during the period of October 2018 to December 2019, who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.Results: Out of 200 patients, 135 patients were males and 65 patients were females. According to the study, dysphagia was found to be a significant predictive factor and in contrary to the global statistics this study showed females aged more than 60 years were significantly at higher risk of developing oesophageal carcinoma.Conclusions: We recommend to do an early endoscopy for any patient presenting with upper gastrointestinal symptoms and to take multiple biopsies from any suspicious lesion especially for male gender older than 50 years and female gender older than 60 years presenting with dysphagia.

Primary application of disposable portable gastroscopy in emergency upper gastrointestinal examination / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To provide a portable disposable endoscopy for preventing potential viral infection in the patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB) or those who need emergency endoscopy and reducing the process of endoscopy cleaning and disinfection during the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. Methods The novel portable and disposable endoscopy system (YunSendo) was self-designed. Two patients with suspected AUGIB underwent emergency gastroscopy with YunSendo system by a senior endoscopist. Standard image acquisition and assessments of operation performance and image quality were fulfilled to evaluate the preliminary safety, feasibility, and operation performance of the novel endoscopy. Results Emergency endoscopy was completed safely in two AUGIB patients by the YunSendo system without alternating current (AC) power supply. The endoscopic manipulation and observation, including water absorption, air inflation, water spray, body rotation, and specimen biopsy, can be smoothly and effectively achieved. The video-recording, image acquisition, and electronic graphic report output were achieved integratedly in YunSendo. The upper GI tract can be clearly visualized, with eligible specimen biopsy without any obvious adverse events and compilations. Operation time was similar to an ordinary gastroscopy. The disposable endoscope was discarded after use according to the requirements of the hospital infection-control department. Conclusions The novel portable and disposable endoscopy system, YunSendo, is safe and feasible for upper gastrointestinal examination, with favorable operation performance and image quality. The preliminary experience provides evidence for its convenient use of epidemic prevention.

Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Findings in Patients with Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Background: Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency occurs in 3-40% of adult population. Stomach plays an important role both in absorption as well as in B12 deficiency. However, there is less emphasis on gastric endoscopic & biopsy changes in patients with B12 deficiency. Aim and objective: To study gastric endoscopic and histopathology changes in patients with proven vitamin B12 deficiency. Materials and methods: 75 patients with proven vitamin B12 deficiency were taken for the study. Detailed demographic data with presenting complaints, diet and alcohol history with detailed physical examination, including nervous system, were noted. Complete blood count, peripheral smear study, liver function tests, serum vitamin B12 and anti-intrinsic factor antibody (AIFA) were sent. Vitamin B12 deficiency is defined as levels < 200 pg/ml. All 75 patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with gastric antral and corporal biopsies. The results were analyzed using SPSS version18. Results: 44 patients (58.6%) were males, with mean age of 37.18 ± 14.8 years and 31 (41.4%) were females with mean age of 33.84 ± 19.7 years. The most common symptoms were generalized weakness (n=50, 66.7%), anorexia (n=45, 60%) and breathlessness (n=30, 40%) and the common physical findings included pallor (n=75, 100%), knuckle hyperpigmentation (n=33, 44%) and hepatomegaly (n=28, 37.3%). AIFA was found positive in 9 (12%) patients with B12 deficiency. Mean Hb, MCV, total leucocyte count (TLC) & platelet count (PC) were 6.14g% ±2.18 g% (range 1.7 – 11.2), 111.37 fL ±13.9 (range 64.9-134) and 4941.3 ± 2099.75 cells/cu.mm (range 1500-10000) and 1.29 ± 0.69 cells/cu.mm (range 0.09-3.20) respectively. The mean serum B12 levels were 125.94 Nagaraj Kotli, Sagar Sourabh. Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Findings in Patients with Vitamin B12 Deficiency. IAIM, 2019; 6(4): 112-121. Page 113 pg/ml±56.96 (range 30-210). There was statistically significant difference of mean of MCV, TLC and platelet count among AIFA positive and negative cases (p<0.05). Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was normal in 46 (61.3%), gastritis was noted in 17 (22.6%), and atrophy in 12 (16%) patients. Gastric biopsy showed chronic gastritis in 53 cases (70.6%), atrophic gastritis in 16 (21.3%), and normal in 6 (8%). There was no statistical difference observed between different levels of vitamin B12 with endoscopic findings and different levels of vitamin B12 with gastric biopsy reports. There was a very high statistical difference observed between different levels of age with endoscopy, with atrophy being most commonly observed in older age group. Conclusion: Gastric endoscopic and histopathology changes in commonly seen vitamin B12 deficiency have received less emphasis in literature. In our study majority of B12 deficiency patients had normal endoscopy, followed by gastritis and atrophy. Histopathology showed majority as having chronic gastritis, followed by atrophic gastritis and a normal histology. Limitations of the study included small numbers of patients with the not so uncommon condition of B12 deficiency and lack of correlation between the endoscopic and biopsy findings.

Correlation of portal vein diameter with the presence of oesophageal varices in chronic liver disease: a prospective study

Background: Guidelines recommends upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for all the patients with cirrhosis of liver to rule out portal hypertension. Many patients may not be willing to undergo this unpleasant procedure or resources may not be available. In this study, authors aim to identify the effectiveness of portal vein size as a non-invasive predictor of esophageal varices.Methods: In this prospective observational study of 30 patients, patients with liver cirrhosis without a previous history of upper GI bleeding were included between November 2012 and October 2014. Relevant clinical parameters were assessed which included physical examination, complete hemogram, biochemical workup, upper GI endoscopy and ultrasonographic measurement of portal vein diameter.Results: Out of the study population 70% of the patients had Oesophageal varices. Ultrasonography abdomen showed portal vein dilatation(>13mm) in 66.6% cases. The mean portal vein diameter in our study group was 13.1mm and majority of patients had portal vein between 13-13.9 mm (43.3%). A cut-off point of more than 13 mm had strong significant relationship (p<0.01) with presence of esophageal varices (sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 90% and positive predictive value of 95.24%). Higher grades of esophageal varices exists with larger portal vein size.Conclusions: From present study, authors conclude that portal vein size and its dilatation detected ultrasonographically can determine the presence of esophageal varices and can hence identify the subset of patients who require endoscopy for the prophylactic management of variceal bleeding. Therefore, reduce the burden on the endoscopy units, avoiding unnecessary screening endoscopies. Apart from being non-invasive, portal vein diameter is a relatively inexpensive and easily reproducible parameter.

Profile of acute upper gastro intestinal bleed: a referral hospital-based study in sub Himalayan region

Background: Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is one of the most common medical emergencies and remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. We are likely to see more of it in coming years with ageing population, patients with liver disease, increasing use of NSAIDs, single or multiple antithrombotic agents and novel anticoagulants, the present study was designed with the aim to assess the clinical profile of UGIB presenting to the Department of Medicine in sub Himalayan region.Methods: Study done over 12 months included all patients presenting with acute hematemesis and/or melena. Detailed history, clinical examination, blood tests and Upper GI Endoscopy was done in all patients.Results: One hundred seventy-five patients were included in the study, 129 (73.7%) were males. The commonest age group was 41-60 years contributing to 44%, male to female ratio 2.8:1. The commonest presentation was melena, patients with hematemesis presented earlier, with mean duration 1.46 days. 42.3% of patients were hemodynamically unstable at admission. The mean hemoglobin (Hb) was 8.224±2.78 g%. The cause of bleed was shared by ulcer, varices, non-ulcer non-variceal approximately 1/3rd each, major cause being ulcer in 39.4%. Varices was common in age 30-40 yrs, ulcer in age 51 to 70 years.Conclusions: UGI bleed was more frequent in males age between 41-60 yrs, peptic ulcer being the leading cause in our study, presence of signs of liver failure were associated with varices.

Miotomía endoscópica por vía oral (POEM) para el tratamiento de la acalasia: experiencia clínica inicial y resultados a corto plazo / Per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for the treatment of achalasia: initial clinical experience and short term results

Resumen Introducción: La acalasia es el trastorno motor primario más frecuente del esófago. El estándar de tratamiento actual es la miotomía de Heller laparoscópica. En los últimos años, el desarrollo de técnicas endoscópicas avanzadas ha permitido el posicionamiento de la técnica POEM (del inglés: per-oral endoscopic myotomy) como una nueva alternativa terapéutica con resultados promisorios. Objetivo: Presentar nuestra experiencia clínica, con descripción de la técnica utilizada, resultados perioperatorios y seguimiento a corto plazo en el desarrollo de esta alternativa terapéutica. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de datos obtenidos en forma prospectiva de 15 pacientes intervenidos mediante POEM en 3 hospitales docentes asociados. Se recopilaron variables demográficas preoperatorias, detalle del intraoperatorio y registro de morbimortalidad operatoria. Se realizó un seguimiento clínico dirigido registrando el puntaje de Eckardt y la presencia de síntomas de reflujo gastroesofágico. Resultados: Entre agosto de 2015 y noviembre de 2016 se realizaron 15 POEM. Seis de estos pacientes eran mujeres, y la edad promedio fue de 49 años. El tiempo operatorio promedio fue de 110 min; no hubo morbimortalidad operatoria. La estadía hospitalaria promedio fue de 2,8 días. El seguimiento fue de entre 1 y 15 meses. El puntaje de Eckardt promedio en el preoperatorio y en el postoperatorio fue de 10,5 y 0,4 puntos, respectivamente. Tres pacientes presentaban síntomas de reflujo gastroesofágico al momento del seguimiento. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos en nuestra serie apoyan la efectividad y seguridad del POEM a corto plazo. Se requiere de un seguimiento mayor para determinar el rol definitivo de esta técnica.

Abstract Introduction: Achalasia is the most common primary motor disorder of the esophagus. The current standard of treatment is laparoscopic Heller's myotomy. Recently the development of advanced endoscopic techniques has allowed the positioning of the POEM (per-oral endoscopic myotomy) technique as a new therapeutic alternative with promising results. Objective: To present our clinical experience in POEM, with description of the technique used, peri-operative results and short-term follow-up in the development of this therapeutic alternative. Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of data obtained prospectively from 15 patients undergoing POEM in three clinical centers in our country. Preoperative demographic variables, intraoperative detail, and operative morbidity and mortality were collected. Clinical follow-up was performed with controls recording Eckardt score and presence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Results: Between August 2015 and November 2016, 15 POEM were performed, six of these patients were women, average age was 49 years. The average operative time was 110 min, we did not have any perioperative morbimortality. Hospital stay was 2.8 days. Follow-up was between 1 and 15 months, Eckardt's preoperative and postoperative score was on average 10.5 and 0.4 points, respectively. Three patients had gastroesophageal reflux symptoms at the time of follow-up. Conclusion: Our results support the effectiveness and security of POEM in short-term follow up. Further monitoring is required to determine the definitive role of this technique.

Avaliação dos achados endoscópicos de DRGE no pré e pós-operatório de pacientes submetidos ao bypass gástrico em Y-de Roux e à gastrectomia vertical em hospital no sul de Santa Catarina, 2008 a 2013 / Pre- and postoperative endoscopic findings of GERD in patients submitted to Y-de Roux gastric bypass and vertical gastrectomy in a hospital in south Santa Catarina, 2008-2013

Introdução: A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) é muito frequente na população obesa. Atualmente, como tratamento cirúrgico para a obesidade e suas comorbidades, o bypass em Y-de Roux e a gastrectomia vertical tem sido as técnicas cirúrgicas mais utilizadas. Sabe-se que a endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) é o método de escolha para o diagnóstico das lesões causadas pela DRGE e para a avaliação da evolução dessa patologia antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica. Objetivos: Analisar a resolução dos achados endoscópicos de DRGE em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica, comparando a gastrectomia vertical e o bypass em Y-de Roux, além de associar com a perda de peso e a alteração no IMC dos pacientes. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo transversal observacional por conveniência dos prontuários de 53 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica com achados endoscópicos de DRGE no pré e/ou pós-operatório de 3 meses, no período de 2008 a 2013. Foram avaliadas a variação do peso, IMC e a presença ou não de esofagite no pré e pós-operatório através da classificação endoscópica de Los Angeles. Resultados/Conclusão: Não houve diferença na perda de peso em 3 meses pós-operatórios entre os pacientes submetidos ao bypass em Y-de Roux e à gastrectomia vertical. Entretanto, a piora dos achados endoscópicos de DRGE no pós-operatório de 3 meses foi 4 vezes maior na gastrectomia vertical quando em comparação com o bypass em Y-de Roux.

Introduction: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is very common in the obese population. Currently, Y-of-Roux bypass and vertical gastrectomy have been the most common surgical techniques for treatment of obesity and its comorbidities,. It is known that upper digestive endoscopy (UDE) is the method of choice for diagnosing lesions caused by GERD and evaluating the evolution of this disorder before and after bariatric surgery. Aims: To analyze the resolution of endoscopic findings of GERD in patients undergoing bariatric surgery by comparing vertical gastrectomy and Y-of-Roux bypass, and to associate these with weight loss and change in patient BMI. Methods: We conducted an observational cross-sectional study by convenience of 53 records from patients undergoing bariatric surgery with endoscopic findings of GERD preoperatively and/or during the 3-month post operative period, from 2008 to 2013. We evaluated change in weight, BMI and presence or absence of esophagitis preoperatively and postoperatively using the Los Angeles endoscopic classification. Results/Conclusion: There was no difference in weight loss between patients undergoing Y-of-Roux bypass and vertical gastrectomy during the 3-month post operative period. However, the worsening of endoscopic findings of GERD in this period was four times higher in vertical gastrectomy than in Y-of-Roux bypass.

Actualización en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad celiaca / An update on diagnosis of coeliac disease

La enfermedad celiaca (EC) es una afección autoinmune multisistémica inducida por el gluten en personas genéticamente susceptibles. La presentación clínica clásica es con un síndrome diarreico crónico, aunque existen formas atípicas y silentes, lo cual dificulta el diagnóstico. El mismo se basa en la detección de diversos autoanticuerpos, sobre todo la IgA contra la transglutaminasa tisular, aunque la prueba de oro es el estudio anatomopatológico de biopsias duodenales obtenidas por endoscopia digestiva alta. La ausencia del gen HLA es una prueba que se utiliza para descartar la EC. La respuesta a la dieta sin gluten confirma esta afección, que de no diagnosticarse oportunamente y tratarse en forma adecuada puede llevar a complicaciones graves.

Celiac disease (CD) is a multisystem autoimmune condition induced by gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. The classical clinical presentation is the chronic diarrhea syndrome although there are atypical and silent forms, which rnay lead to diagnostic problems. Diagnosis is based on the detection of various autoantibodies, especially against tissue transglutaminase IgA, although the gold standard is the pathological examination of duodenal biopsies obtained by upper endoscopy. The absence of the HLA gene is a test used to rule CD. The response to gluten-free diet confirms this condition, which if not promptly diagnosed and properly treated can lead to serious complications.

Aumento de detección de lesiones gástricas premalignas mediante protocolo Sydney en comparación con biopsias no protocolizadas / Increased detection of premalignant gastric lesions through Sydney protocol in comparison with non-protocolized gastric biopsies

Introduction: Gastric cancer (GC) is the leading cause of cancer mortality in Chile. The development ofgastric adenocarcinoma its preceded by a histopathologic cascade composed of gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and gastric dysplasia. Sydney protocol has been proposed as the standard method for diagnosingthese conditions. The aim of this research study was to establish whether Sydney protocol increase thedetection of premalignant gastric lesions, as gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia, compared to non protocolizedendoscopies/biopsies. Methods: Upper gastroduodenal endoscopies (GDE) from Hospital Clí-nico Universidad Católica de Chile between April-May 2015 and April-May 2016 was analyzed. Patientswith histological study with 18 years-old or older were included. Patients with history of GC or malignantlesions at GDE where excluded. Detection of gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and suggestive findingsof autoimmune gastritis where compared between Sydney protocol and non-protocolized endoscopies/biopsies...

Introducción: El cáncer gástrico (CG) es la principal causa de muertes por cáncer en Chile. El desarrollo del adenocarcinoma gástrico es precedido por una cascada histopatológica (gastritis; atrofia gástrica/AG; metaplasia intestinal/MI). Se ha propuesto la biopsia del cuerpo, ángulo y antro a través del protocolo de Sydney para la búsqueda de estas condiciones. Objetivo: Determinar la diferencia en la detección delesiones premalignas gástricas a través del protocolo de Sydney comparado con el estudio endoscópico habitual. Métodos: Se analizaron las endoscopias digestivas altas (EDA) realizadas en el Centro de Endoscopia Digestiva del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad Católica en los períodos entre abril y mayo del 2015 y 2016. Se incluyeron las EDA de pacientes mayores de 18 años con estudio histológico. Fueron excluidos los pacientes con antecedente personal de CG o lesiones de aspecto maligno macroscópicas. Se comparó la detección de AG, MI y gastritis autoinmune (GA) en el estudio histológico entre los pacientes con protocolo Sydney y el estudio endoscópico no protocolizado...

Validez y confiabilidad de una escala de clasificación de limpieza gástrica en endoscopia digestiva alta en población chilena / Validity and reliability of a gastric cleansing scale in upper endoscopyin chilean population

The presence of foam and bubbles during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGE) obscures the view of gastric lesions. Objective: To assess the confidence of a gastric cleansing scale in UGE. Methods: Prospective, multicenter study. The instrument was administered to patients undergoing a UGE examination. For the gastric visualization scale, the stomach was divided in 4 parts and a 1-4 scale was used to classify each part, with a total score of 4 (optimal view of gastric mucosa) and 16 (poor view of gastric mucosa), assessed by 2 independent endoscopists. An initial cleansing score was obtained and later, after cleansing of each studied section, and total. Inter-observer concordance was established by means of Kappa test, and the agreement on the global cleansing score was established with the Bland-Altman plot. Results: 53 patients went under UGE, with an average age of 48,7 years and 62,3 percent female subjects. The main indication for performing the UGE examination was gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (32.1 percent). Average duration of the procedure was 13.6 minutes. The average total gastrointestinal view before cleansing with water was 6.26 points (scale from 4 to 16) and 5.1 points (p < 0.001) after cleansing. 37.7 percent required at least 50 cc of water for cleansing. The difference in the pre and post cleansing score inter-observers was no different of 0. Kappa value obtained in gastric fundus, upper body, lower body and antrum before cleansing was 0.81; 0.71; 0.9 and 0.8, respectively. Kappa value obtained after cleansing of gastric fundus, upper body, lower body and antrum was 0.84; 0.65; 0.81 and 0.78; respectively. The mean difference between inter-observer scores before cleansing was 0.08 (p = 0.51), and after cleansing, 0.02 (p = 0.78)...

La presencia de espuma y burbujas durante la endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) es una limitante para la visualización de lesiones gástricas. Objetivo: Evaluar la confiabilidad de una escala de clasificación de limpieza gástrica en EDA. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico. Se aplicó el instrumento a pacientes que estaban agendados para EDA. Para la clasificación de visualización gástrica, el estómago se dividió en 4 porciones y se utilizó una escala de 1 a 4 por porción, sumando un puntaje total entre 4 (óptima visualización de la mucosa) y 16 (pobre visualización de ésta), evaluada por 2 endoscopistas independientes. Se obtuvo un puntaje de limpieza inicial y luego de la limpieza con agua de cada segmento estudiado y total. La concordancia inter-observador se estableció por medio del test de Kappa y el acuerdo para el puntaje global de limpieza fue establecido mediante el gráfico de Bland-Altman. Resultados: 53 pacientes fueron sometidos a EDA, con edad promedio de 48,7 años y 62,3 por ciento de sexo femenino. La principal indicación de EDA fue enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (32,1 por ciento). El tiempo promedio del procedimiento fue 13,6 min. El promedio de visualización gástrica total previo a limpieza con agua fue de 6,26 puntos (escala 4 a 16) y post limpieza 5,1 puntos (p < 0,001). Para la limpieza el 37,7 por ciento requirió al menos 50 cc de agua. La diferencia de puntaje de visualización pre y post limpieza inter observador no fue distinta de 0. En fondo gástrico, cuerpo alto, cuerpo bajo y antro se obtuvo un valor de Kappa previo a limpieza de 0,81; 0,71; 0,9 y 0,8, respectivamente. El valor de Kappa posterior a limpieza en fondo gástrico, cuerpo alto, cuerpo bajo y antro fue 0,84; 0,65; 0,81 y 0,78, respectivamente. La diferencia media de los puntajes inter-observadores previos a la limpieza gástrica fue de 0,08 (p = 0,51) y posterior a la limpieza gástrica fue de 0,02 (p = 0,78)...

Synchronous primary cancers in the head and neck region and upper aero digestive tract: Role of triple endoscopy.

BACKGROUND: Patients with cancers in the head and region are at increased risk of developing synchronous primary cancers. AIM: The aim of this study is to see the role of endoscopy in the pre‑therapeutic works‑up of patients with the cancers in the head and neck region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of head and neck cancer patients from January 2010 to December 2011 were obtained from the hospital cancer registry for retrospective analysis of patients with synchronous cancers. All synchronous malignancies were analyzed for distribution of sites, association with smoking history and the average age of patients at presentation with synchronous cancers. The Chi‑square test for association of upper aero digestive tract (UADT) and smoking and statistical formula of mode for average age have been employed for analyzing results. RESULTS: Incidence of synchronous primaries has been found to be 1.43% and mostly males were affected. The common index sites for synchronous primaries are oropharynx 22 (36.6%), oral cavity 14 (23.3%), hypopharyx 12 (20%) and larynx eight (13.3%) cases in decreasing order, 58.3% synchronous occurred at esophagus and 0.83% of all head and neck cancers developed synchronous primary at esophagus. Association of UADT synchronous cancers with smoking (odds ratio = 13.42, Chi‑square 7.12 at 95% confidence interval, P = 0.0076) is highly significant and the average age is 62.6 years in males and 62 years in females. CONCLUSION: Endoscopy can be rationally used during the pre‑therapeutic work‑up of patients with a history of smoking and/or in patients over the age of 62 years. Instead of complete upper gastro intestinal endoscopy up to the second part of duodenum, only esophagoscopy is needed for the detection of synchronous primary of upper aero‑digestive tract in cancers of the head and neck region.

Introduction to Starting Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: Proper Insertion, Complete Observation, and Appropriate Photographing

Diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is the most basic of endoscopy procedures and is the technique that trainee doctors first learn. Mastering the basics of endoscopy is very important because when this process is imprecise or performed incorrectly, it can severely affect a patient's health or life. Although there are several guidelines and studies that consider these basics, there are still no standard recommendations for endoscopy in Korea. In this review, basic points, including proper endoscope insertion, precise observation without blind spots, and appropriate photographing, for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy will be discussed.

A Case of Gastric Diverticulum (Solitary Fundal Diverticulum) – Pictorial CME.

Gastric diverticula are uncommon form of diverticular disease. Akerlund classified gastric diverticula as congenital and acquired. The congenital gastric diverticulum is a ‘true diverticulum’ and involves all layers of the gastric wall. True diverticula make up 75% of all gastric diverticula, most commonly located near the gastroesophageal junction on the lesser curvature of the stomach. We report the case of a 46-year-old female patient who came for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with history of upper abdominal pain; which was mild, continuous and increased after meals. She was diagnosed to have reflux esophagitis with mild antral gastritis and solitary fundal diverticulum.

Utilidad de la endoscopia digestiva alta diagnóstica en pacientes menores de 18 años / Diagnostic Usefulness of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy for Patients under 18 Years of Age

Objetivo: Definir la utilidad diagnóstica de la endoscopia digestiva alta en pacientes menores de 18 años. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal retrospectivo, basado en los hallazgos de la endoscopia digestiva alta e informes de los estudios histopatológicos resultantes de los procedimientos. Estos informes fueron encontrados en la base de datos de un centro de endoscopia hospitalario de referencia, de tercer nivel, en Bogotá, Colombia, entre enero de 2007 y enero de 2013. La población de origen fueron pacientes con edades entre los 5 y los 18 años, con un total de 113 pacientes, en los cuales se recolectó la información disponible sobre edad, género, diagnóstico endoscópico e histopatológico. Resultados: Durante el período de evaluación (entre enero 2007 y diciembre del 2012) se encontró un total de 113 registros en pacientes, entre los 5 y los 18 años de edad, con una distribución, según el género, de 61% (n=69) mujeres. El 16,8% (n = 19) del total de pacientes fueron menores de 12 años, por lo que requirieron de una sedación conducida por un anestesiólogo. Las indicaciones más frecuentes para la endoscopia fueron dolor abdominal 36% (n=40) y sangrado digestivo 19% (n=22); los diagnósticos endoscópicos más frecuentes fueron gastritis crónica antral 70% (n=79) y endoscopia normal 11,5% (n=13). De los pacientes, 9 presentaron úlcera péptica, pertenecientes a los 22 que consultaron por sangrado. Al 66% de los pacientes (n = 75) les realizaron biopsias durante el procedimiento endoscópico, cuyos análisis histopatológicos evidenciaron la presencia de Helicobacter pylori en un 71% (n=53) y de gastritis crónica en un 93% (n=70). En las muestras examinadas de este grupo de pacientes no se encontró metaplasia intestinal, atrofia gástrica o cáncer. Conclusión: Las indicaciones para realizar endoscopia digestiva alta diagnóstica en los niños deben ser consideradas y evaluadas críticamente, con el fin de aumentar el rendimiento diagnóstico y disminuir la exposición a riesgos inherentes al procedimiento, ya que la producción diagnóstica es muy baja, dado que los pacientes que consultaron por solo dolor abdominal no se les encontró ningún hallazgo relevante, en comparación con los del sangrado, que en el 41% (9/22) se les encontró úlcera.

Objective: The objective of this study was to define the diagnostic value of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for patients under 18 years of age. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study based on findings from upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and resulting histopathology reports. These reports were found in the database of the endoscopy department at a third level medical center of referral in Bogotá, Colombia. Procedures were performs between January 2007 and January 2013. The study population consisted of 113 patients between the ages of five and seventeen years of age for whom all available information regarding age, gender and endoscopic and histopathological diagnoses was collected. Results: A total of 113 records of patients between 5 and 18 years old were found for the evaluation period between January 2007 and December 2012. Sixty one percent (n = 69) of these patients were female. 16.8% (n = 19) of the patients were under 12 years of age for which reason they required sedation administered by an anesthesiologist. The most common indications for endoscopy were abdominal pain (36 %, n = 40) and gastrointestinal bleeding (19 %, n = 22). The most common endoscopic diagnoses were chronic antral gastritis (70 %, n = 79) and normal endoscopy (11.5 %, n = 13). Of the 22 patients who underwent endoscopies because of bleeding, nine had peptic ulcers. Biopsies were taken from 66 % of the patients (n = 75). Histopathological analysis showed the presence of Helicobacter pylori in 71% (n = 53) of these patients and showed chronic gastritis in 93% (n = 70). The samples examined from this group of patients showed no signs of intestinal metaplasia, gastric atrophy or cancer. Conclusion: The indications for performing diagnostic upper endoscopy in children should be reconsidered and critically evaluated in order to increase the diagnostic yield and minimize exposure to inherent procedural risks. Current diagnostic yield is very low given that no relevant findings resulted from these procedures for many patients who consulted with a gastroenterologist simply because of abdominal pain, and ulcers were found in only 41% (9/22) of those who presented bleeding.

Frecuencia de Helicobacter pylori y características clínicas en niños con endoscopía digestiva alta de un hospital de Lambayeque / Clinical characteristics and frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection in child from and Hospital of Lambayeque: 2007 - 2010

Objetivo: Estimar la frecuencia del Helicobacter pylori y describir las características clínicas en menores de 18 años con endoscopía digestiva alta del Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo - EsSalud. 2007 - 2010.Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo- retrospectivo en el que se revisaron las historias clínicas y la hoja de endoscopía de 93 pacientes menores de 18 años con endoscopía digestiva alta. Se usó estadística descriptiva; el procesamiento fue mediante Microsoft Excel 2010 y STATA v 10.0. Resultados: Hubieron 93 pacientes de los cuales 60 fueron mujeres (64,52%) y 33 varones (35,48%). La media de edad fue de 12 +/-4 años. La frecuencia de Helicobacter pylori fue de 68,82%. En los pacientes con Helicobacter pylori, la principal indicación para endoscopía fue "gastritis": 50,54% seguido por "dolor abdominal inespecífico":24,73%. En los pacientes HP positivos el diagnóstico endoscópico más frecuente fue: Gastritis nodular: 31 pacientes (33,33%) y el principal hallazgo histopatológico fue Gastritis crónica folicular moderada: 55 pacientes (59,14%); se encontró asociación entre Gastritis nodular (p.0,044) y Gastritis crónica folicular moderada (p<0,001) con la presencia de Helicobacter pylori. Conclusiones:La frecuencia de la infección por Helicobacter pylori en niños fue elevada; la gastritis nodular y la gastritis crónica folicular moderada fueron los hallazgos endoscópico y de biopsia más frecuentes; se halló asociación entre éstos hallazgos y la presencia de Helicobacter pylori.(AU)

Objetive: To determine the frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection and describe the clinical characteristics of children with upper endoscopy from the service of Gastroenterology - Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo - ESSALUD: 2007 - 2010. Materials and Methods: Retrospective, descriptive study in which the medical records and the endoscopy sheet of 93 patients younger than 18 years, were reviewed. Descriptive statistics was used. The processing of data was using Microsoft Excel 2010 and 10.0th STATA version. Results: There were 93 patients of whom 60 were women (64.52%) and 33 males (35.48%). The mean age was 12 +/- 4 years. The frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection was 68.82%. In patients with Helicobacter pylori infection the primary indication for endoscopy was "gastritis" followed by nonspecific abdominal pain. In HP positive patients, the principal indication for endoscopic was "gastritis" 50.54%, follow with Abdominal recurrent pain with 24.73%. The most frequent endoscopic diagnosis in HP patients was nodular gastritis: 31 patients (33.33%), the main histopathological finding was moderate chronic follicular gastritis: 55 patients (59.14%). Association between Nodular gastritis (p.0,044) and Chronic folicular moderate Gastritis (p< 0,001) with the presence of Helicobacter pylori, was found. Conclusions: Helicobacter pylori infection in children under 18 years was very frequent, being Nodular gastritis and Chronic follicular moderate gastritis the endoscopic and biopsy findings, more frequently found. We found an association within Helicobacter pylori infection with Nodular gastritis and Chronic moderate follicular gastritis.(AU)

Prevalência do Helicobacter pylori em população pediátrica atendida em uma clínica privada de Goiânia / Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in the pediatric population treated at a private clinic in Goiânia

Objetivo: o Helicobacter pylori (HP) é um dos patógenos mais prevalentes, acometendo cerca da metade da população mundial, ocorrendo em qualquer faixa etária. Em adultos, é a principal causa de úlcera péptica, adenocarcinoma gástrico e linfoma gástrico primário. Todavia, a importância e prevalência deste patógeno em crianças ainda são incertas. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar a prevalência da infecção pelo HP em uma população pediátrica atendida em uma clínica privada de Goiânia, correlacionando-o com a faixa etária e a presença de gastrite. Métodos: avaliamos os achados endoscópicos e histopatológicos de pacientes com idade de zero a quinze anos, submetidos à endoscopia digestiva alta e que fizeram biópsia gástrica. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa. Resultados: o HP foi positivo em 33/492 (6,7%) dos casos (IC 95% variando de 4,7% a 9,7%). Não houve relação entre a presença de HP e o gênero (p=0,4). A média de idade dos pacientes com HP positivo foi de 9,2 +/- 3,9 anos e de 6,6 +/- 4,0 anos nos negativos (p=0,0005). Em 73/492 (14,8 %) pacientes encontramos achado histológico de gastrite, destes 33 (45,2%) apresentavam HP (p=0,0000001). Processo inflamatório acentuado, moderado e leve foi encontrado, respectivamente, em 1 (3,0%), 24 (72,8%) e 8 (24,2%) pacientes com HP positivo e em nenhum (0%), 3 (7,5%) e 37 (92,5%) dos com HP negativo. Conclusão: nossos achados mostram uma prevalência baixa de HP em pacientes pediátricos atendidos em uma clínica privada de Goiânia (6,7%). O risco de adquirir HP aumenta com a idade. E o processo inflamatório é mais acentuado nos pacientes com HP positivo.

Objective: Helicobacter pylori (HP) is one of the most prevalent pathogens worldwide, occurring at any age. It is estimated that affects half the world population. In adults is a major cause of peptic ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma and primary gastric lymphoma. However, the importance and prevalence of this pathogen in children are still uncertain. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of H. pylori infection in a pediatric population treated at a private clinic in Goiânia, correlating it with age and the presence of gastritis. Methods: we evaluated the endoscopic and histopathological features of patients aged zero to fifteen years undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and gastric biopsy done. The protocol was approved by the ethics committee on human research at the Hospital Geral de Goiânia. Results: the HP was positive in 33/492 (6.7%) of cases (95% CI ranging from 4.7% to 9.7%). There was no relationship between the presence of HP and gender (p = 0.4). The average age of patients HP positive was 9.2 + / - 3.9 years and 6.6 + / - 4.0 years in the negative (p = 0.0005). In 73/492 (14.8%) patients histological findings of gastritis, 33 of these (45.2%) had HP (p = 0.0000001). Severe gastritis, moderate and mild was found, respectively, in 1 (3.0%), 24 (72.8%) and 8 (24.2%) patients with HP positive and none (0%), 3 (7 5%) and 37 (92.5%) of HP negative. Conclusion: our findings show a low prevalence of HP in pediatric patients treated at a private clinic in Goiânia (6.7%). The risk of acquiring HP increase with age. And the inflammatory process is more pronounced in patients HP positive.