Interterritorialidades: psicoanálisis y políticas sociales / Interterritorialities: psychoanalysis and social policies

Nos proponemos avanzar con las investigaciones que venimos realizando sobre la intersección del psicoanálisis con las políticas sociales en los territorios de "pobreza urbana persistente" (Clemente, 2014, 2016) y "desamparo sociopolítico" (Wanzek, 2020, 2021) como efectos del discurso capitalista neoliberal. Esto implica retomar el debate iniciado por Freud, las primeras generaciones de analistas y otros contemporáneos en torno al tema dentro del propio campo psicoanalítico, así como con las ciencias sociales y humanas en la época actual. En la presente investigación revisitaremos algunas categorías que se alojan en esta compleja Inter[]territorialidad, desde "una perspectiva psicoanalítica situada en contexto" (Wanzek, 2019). Entre ellas podemos mencionar la de sujeto, lazo social -a lo otro y el Otro-, cuerpo y realidad; desamparo, privación y pobreza; diferencia, desigualdad y equidad; bienestar social del individuo y padecimiento del sujeto en sociedad; asistencia social, protección y cuidado integral, entre otras modulaciones discursivas que orientan las intervenciones y producen efectos a nivel de las subjetividades en los dispositivos territoriales de la época actual

We tend to continue with the investigations we have been doing about the psychoanalysis and social policies´ intersection in the land of "persistent urban poverty" (Clemente 2014, 2016) and "socio-political performance" (Wanzek, 2020, 2021). This involves returning to the debate that Freud and the first analyst generations started around the subject inside the psychoanalytic field itself, like the social and human sciences of this times. Inside the current investigation we will revisit some of the categories that are inside this complex investigation Inter[]territorialities, from "the point of view of the psychoanalytical perspective in context" (Wanzek, 2019). Among them we can mention the subject´s social bond ­to the other and the Other-, body and reality; performance, deprivation and poverty; difference, inequality and equality; individual´s social wellness and individual´s social suffering; social assistance and integral care, among other discursive modalities that guide the interventions and provoke effects at the level of subjectivities in the current times

Me chamam rua, população, uma situação: os nomes da rua e as políticas da cidade / Me llaman calle, población, una situación: los nombres de la calle y las políticas de la ciudad / They call me street, population, a situation: street names and city policies

Resumo O texto acompanha algumas categorizações criadas para nomear os habitantes da rua, ao ponto de chamarmos no Brasil por "População em Situação de Rua". A categoria expressa um dos limites da pobreza urbana e, de modo transversal, a expropriação burguesa, branca e patriarcal. No plano urbano, é resultado dos movimentos de dispersão, segmentação, periferização e rualização da cidade. Os habitantes da rua, por outro lado, animam um sistema filantrópico que cria seus códigos e técnicas de enquadramento e salvação. Apesar das nomeações, uma vida perene e incapturável surge das ruas, com estratégias de sobrevivência e proteção que desafiam a maldição dos nomes e as políticas da cidade.

Abstract The text follows some categorizations created to name the homeless, to the point of being called in Brazil "População em Situação de Rua" (Population in a Homeless Situation). Said category expresses one of the limits of urban poverty and, in a transversal way, the bourgeois, white and patriarchal expropriation. At the urban level, it is the result of the city's dispersion, segmentation and peripheralization movements. The homeless, on the other hand, animate a philanthropic system that creates its codes and techniques of framing and salvation. Despite the nominations, a perennial and uncapturable life emerges from the streets, with survival and protection strategies that defy the weight that the names given to them bring, as well as city policies.

Resumen El texto sigue algunas categorizaciones creadas para nombrar a la gente que vive en las calles, hasta el punto en que los llamamos en Brasil "Población en situación de calle". La categoría expresa uno de los límites de la pobreza urbana y, de manera transversal, la expropiación burguesa, blanca y patriarcal. A nivel urbano, es el resultado de los movimientos de dispersión, segmentación, 'periferización' y 'callerización' de la ciudad. Los habitantes de la calle, por otro lado, animan un sistema filantrópico que crea sus códigos y técnicas de encuadre y salvación. A pesar de los nombres, una vida perenne e insondable emerge de las calles, con estrategias de supervivencia y protección que desafían la maldición del nombre y las políticas de la ciudad.

Expectativas laborales en la adolescencia: Correlatos psicosociales / Employment expectations in adolescence: Psychosocial correlates

Las expectativas laborales positivas representan la confianza que tienen los jóvenes de un futuro prometedor en términos de desarrollo laboral y económico. La obtención de un trabajo cualificado y un mejor ingreso es importante en el ajuste social adecuado en la vida de los jóvenes. Este estudio analiza la influencia de distintas variables psicosociales de hijos y padres sobre las expectativas laborales de los hijos adolescentes de beneficiarios del Programa Oportunidades. Los hogares inscritos en este programa son considerados como hogares que viven en condiciones de pobreza. Se analizaron datos de 1.093 jóvenes (55.8% hombres), con un promedio de edad de 14.92 (±1.29) años y de 1.049 madres y 545 padres con una edad promedio de 46.21 (±13.43) y 49.58 (±14.17) años, respectivamente. Se realizaron regresiones lineales múltiples con variables medidas en los padres y las madres por separado, con las que se identificaron predictores significativos de las expectativas laborales positivas de adolescentes que viven en condiciones de pobreza, provenientes de entornos tanto urbanos como rurales. Los resultados indican que la esperanza de obtener estabilidad económica en el futuro en estos jóvenes depende más bien de aspectos personales, por ejemplo, habilidades sociales y de aspectos familiares, por ejemplo interacciones familiares no punitivas ni coercitivas; más que del género o de sus habilidades cognitivas, aunque los jóvenes de localidades urbanas reportan perspectivas laborales más optimistas. Los datos provienen de una muestra probabilística nacional de hogares beneficiarios del Programa Oportunidades en México, lo que permite extender los resultados a otros jóvenes que viven en condiciones similares.

Positive employment expectations represent the confidence that young people have of a promising future in terms of employment and economic development. Obtaining a skilled job and a better income is important in terms of the adequate social adjustment of youth to the adult life. The aim of this study was to determine what factors may predict positive employment expectations in the adolescent offspring of beneficiaries of the Opportunities Program of Mexico. Households enrolled in this program are considered as households living in poverty. The program aims to reduce poverty in the current generation by conditioned cash transfers; in order to alleviate poverty in the next generation through investment in the offspring’s human capital (education, nutrition, and health). The participants come from a probability sample of beneficiaries of Opportunities households with program-recertification data and proceeding from non-indigenous communities with 45 or more households. From this selection, a national sample of 2112 households was obtained. Of these 2112 households, in the first survey were interviewed the program household holder, which is usually the wife or a single parent, and the spouses, if they were available. Subsequently, from the original 2112 households there were selected those households with teenage children and we returned to those households in the second survey to interview the teenage children of the program household holder interviewed in the first survey. Data of 1093 children, 1049 mothers, and 545 fathers were obtained from both surveys. The sample of children had an average age of 14.92 (± 1.29) years, 55.8% of them were male, and 55.2% lived in an urban area. The sample of mothers had an average age of 46.21 (± 13.43) years, and the sample of fathers had an average age of 49.58 (± 14.17) years. Self-reports from both children and parents were obtained separately from both surveys. Self-reports from the children measured work expectations, cognitive abilities, psychopathology, social competence, school attitude, relationship with peers, social support, adverse life events, and perceived parenting practices and family conflict. Self-reports from the parents measured self-control, achievement motivation, social maladjustment, and social competence. Two models of multiple linear regression were performed to analyze the influence of the variables measured in the mother and father separately, in addition to the measured variables in the children.The results showed that the perception of social competence at school, positive attitude toward school, and social support consistently played an important role in predicting positive employment expectations. Positive peer relationship also has a positive influence; so that higher perceived social popularity predicted higher level of positive work expectations. Additionally, behavioral control parent practices, as perceived by the children, positively influenced the employment expectations of the adolescents. In contrast, the report of externalizing symptoms reduces their employment prospects. Likewise, maternal practices of autonomy, parental psychological control practices and conflicting family relationships, as perceived by the children, negatively affect the positive employment prospects of young people. Neither the gender of the adolescents nor their intellectual abilities influenced their work expectations; but the type of locality they live in did: the urban adolescents reported higher levels of positive work expectations. In summary, this analysis allows to identify significant predictors of positive work expectations of adolescents living in poverty, from both urban and rural settings. The results suggest that increasing the hope of gaining economic stability in the future largely depends on stimulate the social skills of young people and on eradicate punitive and coercive family interactions. It can be expected that interventions to improve social skills of the adolescents and to encourage more positive family interactions would promote greater economic stability in the future of young people living in poverty.

Triagem do Desenvolvimento Neuropsicomotor de Crianças das Unidades de Educação Infantil do Município de Belém, Pará, Brasil / Psychomotor development screening of children from kindergarten units of Belém, Pará, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Child development is considered a sequence of changes in behaviour and underlying processes that are influenced by biological and environmental factors. The screening and monitoring of neuropsychomotor development (NPMD) procedures have been shown to be effective in the early identification of different diseases in childhood. OBJECTIVE: relate the condition of the NPMD in children aged 36-48 months attending Early Childhood Education Units (ECEU) in Belém, Pará, Brazil to certain personal characteristics and variables of their ecological environment. METHODS: The following instruments were applied: Questionnaire of the biopsychosocial characteristics of the child, the Instrument for Measuring Urban Poverty Level, and finally, Developmental Screening Denver II Test. RESULT: The study revealed that of the 319 children evaluated, 77.74% had probable delays in development. The variables that were statistically significant were paternal education (0.000**), the child's primary caregiver (0.039*) and pregnancy planning (0.007*). Regarding the instrument of measurement for the level of urban poverty, the scores ranged from 28 to 52 points, and showed a statistically significant relation with the outcome (0.003)* CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of probable developmental delays seen in children of the city's ECEU showed the need to introduce early stimulation programs, encouraging the monitoring of child development through the screening, and, in addition, to alert for the issue of negative interference of socioeconomic factors related to family condition and city they reside in on child growth and development.

INTRODUÇÃO: O desenvolvimento infantil é considerado uma sequência de mudanças no comportamento e processos subjacentes, sendo influenciado por fatores biológicos e ambientais. A triagem e o acompanhamento do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor (DNPM) têm se revelado como procedimentos eficientes na identificação precoce das diferentes afecções na infância. OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo relacionar o estado do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor de crianças, na faixa etária de 36 a 48 meses, que frequentavam Unidades de Educação Infantil (UEI) do município de Belém, com determinadas características pessoais e variáveis do seu ambiente ecológico. MÉTODO: Foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: Questionário das Características Biopsicossociais da Criança, o Instrumento de medição do Nível de Pobreza Urbana, e por fim, o Teste de Triagem do Desenvolvimento Denver II. : O estudo revelou que das 319 crianças avaliadas, 77,74% apresentaram desenvolvimento suspeito de atraso. As variáveis que apresentaram relação estatisticamente significativa foram escolaridade paterna (p < 0,001**), principal cuidador da criança (p=0,039*), planejamento da gravidez (p = 0,007*). Quanto ao instrumento de medição do nível de pobreza urbana, a pontuação variou de 28 a 52 pontos, e apresentou relação estatisticamente significativa com o desfecho (0,003*). CONCLUSÃO: A alta prevalência da condição de suspeita de atraso no desenvolvimento entre as crianças pesquisadas alerta para a influência de fatores socioeconômicos relativos à condição da família e do município em que moram no crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil, e aponta a necessidade de introduzir programas de estimulação precoce.

Entre la escucha y el escuchar: psicoanálisis, psicoterapia y pobreza urbana en Buenos Aires / Between listening and hearing: psychoanalysis, psychotherapy and urban poverty in Buenos Aires / Entre a escuta e o escutar: psicanálise, psicoterapia e pobreza urbana em Buenos Aires

ResumenPartiendo de los resultados de la etnografía que vengo desarrollando desde el año 2013 en Centros de Salud en un barrio del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, el objetivo de este trabajo consiste en problematizar la escucha, es decir, los modos de escuchar en su diversidad que participan como tecnologías en dichos tratamientos centrados en la palabra y orientadas a sectores populares y poblaciones marginalizadas. A través de la articulación de las perspectivas que en Antropología abordan las psicoterapias y tecnologías psi en contextos de pobreza urbana por un lado, y aquellas que estudian los sentidos, por el otro, en este trabajo los modos de escuchar son analizados en términos de acciones corporales, perceptuales y expresivas. Finalmente, se describen y analizan diferentes modalidades de escucha psicológica (reductora, fragmentaria y en formación), a través del reconocimiento de tres procesos que atraviesan los modos de escuchar en las psicoterapias y que se corresponden con las tensiones producidas por los modos de gobierno de lo sensible, de la pobreza y de la marginación en contextos de pobreza urbana.

AbstractPsychoanalysis in Argentina has been studied by different approaches and Social Sciences; however, only a few studies have investigated it within the public health system, specifically in hospitals. Based on the results of the ethnographic research carried out in Health Centers in a neighborhood of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area, this paper aimed to problematize the listening technique, specifically, the modes of listening that participate in those treatments based on speech and orientated to marginalized populations. By articulating the anthropological perspectives on health, psychotherapies and psy technologies on the one hand, and on the sense on the other, in this paper the modes of listening are understood and analyzed as perceptual, corporal and expressive actions. Finally, based on a ethnographic approach, it is suggested that to hear and to listen, being listened and to speak within the treatments, can be understood as only one case related to a complex set that these actions are carried out in everyday life.

ResumoA partir de diferentes disciplinas e perspectivas tem se pesquisado as diversas técnicas, orientações e desenvolvimentos da psicanálise na Argentina; no entanto, somente alguns poucos estudos se dedicaram a pesquisar as psicoterapias e a psicanálise no sistema público de saúde, especificamente em hospitais. Partindo dos resultados da etnografia que vem sendo realizada desde 2013 em Centros de Saúde em um bairro da Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, este trabalho tem por objetivo problematizar a escuta. Isto é, os modos de escutar em sua diversidade que participam como tecnologias nos tratamentos centrados na palavra e orientados às populações marginalizadas. Através da articulação das perspectivas antropológicas que abordam as psicoterapias e tecnologias psi em populações marginalizadas e aquelas que estudam os sentidos, serão analisados aqui os modos de escutar em termos de ações corporais, de modo perceptivo e expressivo. Finalmente, e baseada em uma aproximação etnográfica da comunidade/bairro, o ouvir e o escutar, o ser escutado e o falar nos tratamentos centrados na palavra, se convertem em uma variação entre os diversos modos que estas ações assumem na vida cotidiana destas populações.

The allure of the private practitioner: Is this the only alternative for the urban poor in India.

The main objective of the study has been to identify trajectories of health seeking behaviour of the urban poor, particularly their use of the private health sector, with the aim to identify strategies to improve quality of health care for this burgeoning population. This article presents findings from a slum settlement in Delhi where ethnographic sub-studies were carried out over two years among private health providers and selected households alongside a survey of household expenditure patterns. The primary research tools were in-depth interviews with practitioners and key informants as well as observations of clinical interactions. Illness narratives and case studies were documented over two years. The software package q.s.r. Nvivo was used for coding and content analysis. It was found that almost 90% of the respondents exclusively depend on local unlicensed and unregistered practitioners for basic primary health care. Long distances, time-consuming procedures, rude behaviour and, in many cases, bribes that had to be paid to staff in the hospitals were cited as major deterrents to utilising government facilities. Despite the public health consequences of inappropriate treatment protocols and misuse of drugs by these untrained private providers, in the absence of a structured urban primary health care system in the country, they seem to be the only alternative for the burgeoning urban poor in vast metros such as Delhi.

As redes sociais importam para a pobreza urbana? / Les réseaux sociaux influent-ils sur la pauvreté urbaine? / Do social networks matter for urban poverty?

This article emphasizes the importance of social networks and sociability in situations of urban poverty. The study is based on research about social networks in contexts of urban poverty, identifying and analyzing networks of individuals in situations of poverty and subject to different types of segregation in the city, as compared to a control group of middle class individuals. The study adopted social network analysis as its methodology, in addition to exploratory and multivariate quantitative techniques. The results corroborate the central importance of sociability and of the social networks to which individuals belong in the definition of conditions surrounding employment, job stability, social vulnerability, and income. The multivariate analyses indicate that the networks are as important as traditional variables such as family structure and schooling.

Dans cet article, on confirme l'importance des réseaux sociaux et de la sociabilité pour les situations de pauvreté urbaine. On part d'une recherche sur des réseaux sociaux dans des milieux de pauvreté urbaine, où l'on a repéré et analysé nombre d'individus en situation de pauvreté et vivant dans des conditions de ségrégation urbaine, ainsi que sur un groupe de contrôle constitué d'individus de la classe moyenne. On a utilisé des méthodes d'analyse de réseaux sociaux, ainsi que des techniques quantitatives d'analyse exploratoire et multivariée. Selon les résultats, on peut soutenir qu'il est primordial de prendre en considération la sociabilité et les réseaux sociaux où se trouvent insérés les individus en vue de la définition des conditions d'emploi, d'emploi fixe, de vulnérabilité sociale et de revenus. Les analyses multivariées servent à montrer que les réseaux ont une importance aussi grande que la structure familiale et la scolarité.