Urban-rural differentials in the relationship between personality traits and changes in depressive symptoms / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#The prevalence of depressive symptoms has become a significant public health issue in China. Research on the relationship between personality traits and changes in depressive symptoms, as well as further exploration of urban-rural differences, not only benefits for the understanding of the prevalence trend of depression in China, but also provides a useful reference for the government to develop personalized mental health prevention strategies.@*METHODS@#Based on the data from the China Family Panel Studies in 2018 and 2020, a univariate analysis was conducted on 16 198 Chinese residents aged 18 years and above. Five dimensions of personality traits were conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism and openness. In the study, 16 198 residents were divided into "keep good group", "better group", "worse group" and "keep bad group" according to the changes in depressive symptoms in 2018 and 2020. After controlling for factors, such as gender and education, multinomial Logistic regression analysis was used to examine whether personality traits were associated with changes in depressive symptoms. In addition, we evaluated whether urban-rural and personality traits interacted to influence depressive symptoms.@*RESULTS@#The five dimensions of personality traits were significantly correlated with changes in depressive symptoms. Conscientiousness, extroversion, and agreeableness were negatively associated with depressive symptoms, while neuroticism and openness were positively related. Urban and rural differences moderated the relationship between personality traits and depressive symptoms. Compared with urban residents, rural residents showed stronger correlations between neuroticism (OR=1.14; 95%CI: 1.00-1.30) and the group of depression-recovery, as well as conscientiousness (OR=0.79;95%CI: 0.68-0.93) and the group of persistent-depression.@*CONCLUSION@#The study finds that personality traits have a significant correlation with changes in depressive symptoms, with certain traits showing a negative or positive relationship. Specifically, higher levels of conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness are associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms, while higher levels of neuroticism and openness are associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. In addition, the study finds that rural residents have a stronger association between their personality traits and persistent or improved depressive symptoms, which highlights the need for tailoring mental health intervention and prevention programs that should take into account personality traits and urban-rural differences in China. By developing targeted strategies that are sensitive to personality differences and geographic disparities, policymakers and mental health professionals can help prevent and reduce the incidence of depressive symptoms, ultimately improving the overall well-being of Chinese adults. Meanwhile, additional studies in independent populations are needed to corroborate the findings of this study.

Students’ Perspective of Online Medical Education in India during COVID - 19 Pandemic: The need for Rural - Urban Equity

Background: Sudden shifting of medical education to online mode during COVID presented several challenges for teachers and students. It was complicated by differences in resources between rural and urban India. We assessed perception of medical students for online education and difference in these between students of rural and urban areas . Materials and Methods: A cross - sectional pan India online survey was conducted amongst undergraduate medical students. Responses were collected for one week during May 2021. Results: 1125 students from 52 medical colleges responded. 85% of students already had device for online classes. Non - urban students were more affected by network interruptions. 85% students complained of eye p roblems while 71% complained of postural issues. 77% of students did not have practical training, with problem increasing in higher professional years. Interaction with teachers and classmates was another area of concern highlighted by most of the students . Conclusions: Internet connectivity, health issues and practical training are major concerns of medical students for online education. We need to ensure that non - urban residents are not at a disadvantage due to lack of infrastructure in non - urban areas. M edical institutions also need to innovate for two - way interaction between students and teachers

Primary health care for noncommunicable diseases in the Philippines: An exploratory mixed-method study in select local government units

Background@#Primary health care (PHC) is an important strategy in the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases (NCD). Over the last ten years, the Philippine health sector has attempted to strengthen service delivery and health financing for PHC to address NCDs. This study aimed to describe and identify the challenges and best practices for NCD services in select local government units (LGUs) in the Philippines.

Analysis of dietary intake in the residents aged 15 years and above in Shanghai / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo provide basic data of daily dietary intake from various food categories as well as in different regions， seasons， genders， and age groups in Shanghai residents aged 15 and over. MethodsMultistage stratified proportional probability sampling （PPS） was used to extract the samples， and food frequency questionnaire （FFQ） was used to investigate the dietary intake of the subjects in four seasons from 2012 to 2013. The weighted statistical analysis of the samples comprehensively considered the sampling design weights， the stratified adjustment weights， and the non-response adjustment weights. ResultsThe total daily dietary intake （excluding drinking water） of residents aged 15 years and above was 1 174.71 g， and the highest three daily dietary intake categories were cereals （252.31 g）， vegetables （205.36 g） and fruits （141.00 g）. The total daily dietary intake of the residents in the urban area， the suburban area and the rural area was 1 209.15 g，1 172.27 g and 948.50 g， respectively， and the total daily dietary intake in the outer suburb area was significantly lower than that in other areas （F=74.12，P<0.001）. The total daily dietary intake in different seasons was 1 232.47 g in spring， 1 166.80 g in summer， 1 241.15 g in autumn and 1 088.83 g in winter， respectively. The total daily dietary intake in winter was lower than that in other seasons （F=15.96，P<0.001）. Fruits and beverages intake showed apparent seasonality. The total daily dietary intake in male and female residents was 1 234.03 g and 1 112.32 g， respectively， and the total daily dietary intake of male was higher than that of female （F=78.59，P<0.001）. The total daily dietary intake of residents in different age groups was 1 218.64 g for 15‒44 years old， 1 141.27 g for 45‒59 years old， and 1 064.54 g for 60 years old and above （F=20.28，P<0.001）. ConclusionThe daily intake of cereals， livestock and poultry meat， aquatic products， eggs and edible oil is relatively balanced， but the daily intake of vegetables， fruits and milk is relatively insufficient for the residents aged 15 years and above in Shanghai. The daily intake of different food types shows distinguishable characteristics in urban and rural areas， seasons， age groups and genders.

Practice of the construction of urban medical alliance in Huzhou city / 中华医院管理杂志

Promoting balanced distribution of medical resources and realizing high-quality sharing of basic medical services between urban and rural areas are an important part of common prosperity. Huzhou urban medical alliance was a new urban and rural of medical alliance mode based on level 4 vertical integration, which played an important role in the whole evolution process of the medical alliance. This medical alliance had not only broken through the " integration of counties" but also explored the " integration of cities" . It was a bridge connecting counties and cities, which was of great significance in narrowing the gap between urban and rural medical health services. The construction of urban medical alliance took digital transformation and systematic integration as two breakthroughs to comprehensively promote the upgrade of energy efficiency and benefit stacking of health governance. In 2021, the grass-roots medical utilization rate and county-level medical utilization rate were 72.7% and 90.6%. In 2020, the average hospitalization cost(8 726.7 yuan)and the average outpatient and emergency expenses(239.6 yuan)of public hospitals were 25.0% and 8.6% lower than the average level of Zhejiang Province, respectively. Although Huzhou city had broken through the restrictions of administrative divisions and actively promoted the construction of the medical alliance, and achieved phased results, there were still structural defects and institutional difficulties. In order to solve these problems, the author proposed to promote the improvement of governance structure and optimization of governance system through " three governance" and " three characteristics" , and then promote the high-quality development of urban medical alliances.

Relationship of health promotion lifestyle with social support and self-efficacy of the elderly in urban-rural communities / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective:To investigate the health promoting lifestyle of the elderly in one urban-rural community in Shanghai, and explore its relationship with social support and self-efficacy. Methods:Using cluster sampling method, 984 senior citizens in a community of Pujiang Town, Minhang District, Shanghai were investigated with general situation, Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile Ⅱ (HPLPⅡ ). Results:The total score of social support was 40.51±5.92. The total score of general self-efficacy was 2.35±0.58. The total score of health-promoting lifestyle was 120.44±22.75. The total score of SSRS, subjective support and utilization of support, and the total score of GSES were positively correlated with the scores of all dimensions and total scores of HPLPⅡ(P<0.01).The factors that have a strong ability to predict the total score of HPLPⅡ for the elderly are in sequence the total score of GSES, the total score of SSRS, the number of children, and the utilization score of support. Conclusion:The level of health promoting lifestyle of the elderly in the urban-rural community needs to be improved. Among them, the score of nutrition dimension is the highest, and the score of exercise dimension is the lowest. The health promotion behavior and health level of the elderly in the community can be improved by improving social support and self-efficacy.

Urban-rural coordinating development, "Five Dimensions" promoting Healthy Jinshan / 上海预防医学

As a remote suburb of Shanghai, Jinshan District has been realizing the "Five Dimensions" health dream of Jinshan people, in the process of implementing Healthy China strategy, Healthy Shanghai actions, constructing Healthy Jinshan, focusing on urban and rural planning, and actively exploring the appropriate development model, by promoting healthy lifestyle, raising the level of health service, perfecting the health guarantee mechanism, creating healthy and harmonious environment, giving priority to development of health industries for "paving the way for the health of the whole people".This article highlights some practices and thoughts in the process of implementing Healthy Shanghai action in Jinshan District.

Urban-rural coordinating development, "Five Dimensions" promoting Healthy Jinshan / 上海预防医学

As a remote suburb of Shanghai, Jinshan District has been realizing the "Five Dimensions" health dream of Jinshan people, in the process of implementing Healthy China strategy, Healthy Shanghai actions, constructing Healthy Jinshan, focusing on urban and rural planning, and actively exploring the appropriate development model, by promoting healthy lifestyle, raising the level of health service, perfecting the health guarantee mechanism, creating healthy and harmonious environment, giving priority to development of health industries for "paving the way for the health of the whole people".This article highlights some practices and thoughts in the process of implementing Healthy Shanghai action in Jinshan District.

Reacción de comunidades rurales de la cordillera occidental de Perú en interacciones con el puma (Puma concolor), con y sin pérdida de animales domésticos / Reactions of rural communities of the western cordillera of Peru during interactions with puma (Puma concolor), with and without livestock loss

Entre los años 2013 y el 2017, siete (7) interacciones de pumas con comunidades rurales fueron registradas, cuatro (n= 4) de las cuales incluyeron ataques a animales domésticos, y donde la respuesta de la comunidad fue la persecución y muerte del puma. En los otros tres (n 3) registros, no se reportaron daños a rebaños, y los pumas fueron capturados, o por la comunidad, o por el servicio público, y translocados por el servicio público a una nueva área. A pesar del bajo número de muestras, los resultados revelan: (1) que existen casos en los que la población no elimina al felino inmediatamente sucedida la interacción, y solicitan asistencia de las autoridades; (2) aunque las autoridades reaccionan de la mejor manera posible para efectuar translocaciones, en una ocasión un puma silvestre fue enviado a un zoológico y en la otra el puma fue abatido, lo que demanda la implementación de un protocolo para ayudar a la toma de decisiones en estas situaciones. Los resultados también indicarían: (1) que los niveles de tolerancia de la población serían menores cuando hay pérdidas de rebaños domésticos; (2) que las interacciones en áreas residenciales rurales y el registro cerca del litoral desértico, zona distante de hábitats característicos de los pumas, serían indicios de una posible expansión de las poblaciones de pumas.

Records of interactions of pumas with rural communities (n= 7) are registered from 2013 to 2017, four of them with attacks on domestic herds, which resulted in the persecution and death of the puma. In the remaining three records, without damage to domestic herds, the puma was captured, either by the community, or by the public service, and translocated by the public service to a new area. Despite the low sample size, the results revealed: (1) That, there are cases in which the population does not eliminate the feline promptly, but calls for assistance from the authorities; (2) That the authorities react as best they can to carry out translocations in spite of that, in one occasion a wild puma was sent to a zoo and in other it was killed, which requires the implementation of a standardized protocol to aid decision making in these situations. The results indicate other possible consequences: (1) That the tolerance levels of the population appear to be lower when there are losses of domestic herds; (2) A possible expansion of the puma population, as in other regions of its distribution, due to interactions in residential areas and registry near the desert coast, away from appropriate habitats.

Analysis on the urban-rural disparity of childhood stunting and its association with economic growth among Chinese Han students aged 7-18 years old / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To analyze the urban-rural disparity of childhood stunting and its association with subnational economic growth among Chinese Han students aged 7-18 years.@*Methods@#We used the data from 2014 Chinese National Survey on Students′ Constitution and Health. 213 940 Chinese Han students aged 7-18 years with complete height records were included in this study. Stunting was defined according to the Screening Criteria of Malnutrition for School-age Children and Adolescents(2014 version, in Chinese). We divided students into two groups (economically developed and underdeveloped areas) according to the provincial GDP per capita. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to explore the association between the difference of urban-rural stunting prevalence and the provincial GDP per capita. Logistic regression models were established to assess the risk of stunting in rural children compared with urban children.@*Results@#Among 213 940 students, 107 033 (50.0%) were from urban areas. The average height of 7-18 years old and 18 years old [(152.9±15.7) and (166.1±8.7) cm] of urban students were both higher than those of rural students [(150.7±16.0) and (165.1±8.6) cm] (P<0.001). The stunting prevalence of Chinese urban students (0.4%) was statistically significant lower than that of rural students (1.1%) (P<0.001), which was consistent in all age groups (P<0.05). The urban-rural disparity was found in 60% (18/30) of Chinese provinces. The difference of urban-rural stunting prevalence was negatively associated with provincial GDP per capita (r=-0.62, P<0.001). In economically underdeveloped areas, the risk of stunting for rural students aged 7-9 years was 4.69 (95%CI: 2.93-7.52) times that for urban children, while for students aged 10-18 years, the odds ratio was 2.44 (95%CI: 2.02-2.96). In economically developed areas, the risk of stunting for rural students aged 7-9 years was 5.43 (95%CI: 3.67-8.03) times that for urban children, while for students aged 10-18 years, the odds ratio was 2.15 (95%CI: 1.85-2.49).@*Conclusions@#The urban-rural disparity of childhood stunting existed in most places in China. The difference of growth retardation between urban and rural areas was related to regional economic development.

Epidemiologic characteristics of fall in the elderly in urban and rural areas in Shanghai / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective@#To understand the epidemiologic characteristics of fall in the elderly in Shanghai, as well as the differences between urban and rural areas, and provide evidence for targeted fall prevention and intervention.@*Methods@#From January to March in 2017, a questionnaire survey was conducted in the elderly aged 60 or above selected from 7 urban communities and 6 rural communities in Shanghai to understand the epidemiologic characteristics of fall in the elderly and analyze the gender and urban-rural differences.@*Results@#In urban area, a total of 3 386 elderly people were surveyed, in whom 441 (13.0%) had fall and 261 (7.7%) were injured after fall. In rural area, a total of 2 826 elderly people were surveyed, in whom 320 (11.3%) had fall and 169 (6.0%) were injured after fall. Fall risk in women were higher than that in men in both urban and rural areas with OR of 1.62 (95%CI: 1.42-1.86) and 1.16 (95%CI: 1.38-1.98) respectively, but the differences of fall related injury were not significant. Compared with urban areas, fall risk and fall related injury risk were both lower in rural areas with OR of 0.86 (95%CI: 0.73-0.99) and 0.74 (95%CI: 0.56-0.99). Compared with urban areas, men had lower risk for fall, and women had lower risk for fall related injury with OR of 0.68 (95%CI: 0.51-0.90) and 0.66 (95%CI: 0.47-0.93) respectively. Fall mainly occurred at home. Fall in urban area more frequently occurred on stairs, and fall in rural area more frequently occurred during farming. More than 60% of the falls had environmental risk factors. Slippery ground and uneven ground were main reasons. The incidence of fracture resulted from fall was high indicated by 89 fracture cases in urban areas (28.2%) and 64 fracture cases in rural areas (36.1%).@*Conclusions@#The risk for fall in Shanghai had gender and urban-rural differences. Targeted intervention should be conducted according to the characteristics of fall in the elderly.

Depression emotion and its related factors among rural elderly during urbanization / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objectives:To investigate the prevalence of depressive emotion and related factors among rural elderly living in urban-rural fringe zones and traditional villages.Methods:Totally 1135 rural elderly were surveyed in Fuding,Fujian Province.The 10-item CES-D Scale was adopted to assess depressive emotion (score 10 or higher as having depression problem),and a self-made questionnaire was used to investigate other relevant demographical information.Results:Rural elderly lived in traditional villages had significantly higher ratio of depression than the elderly lived in urban-rural fringe zones (49.6％ vs.30.3％,P ＜0.001).Logistic regression analysis showed that the ratio of depression in elderly of traditional villages was 1.40 times that of urban-rural fringe zone after control ling other factors.Other important factors (P ＜ 0.001) related to depression were poorer self-rated health (OR =7.52),financial strain (OR =4.41),negative life event (OR =2.91),and living alone (OR =2.72) in elderly of urban-rural fringe zone,but only financial strain (OR =8.52) in elderly of traditional villages.Conclusion:Depression is more prevalently identified among rural elderly living in traditional villages,and urbanization could effectively reduce depression in rural elderly.Public policies should improve the financial and medical security,social support and so on to promote the emotional well-being among rural elderly during urbanization.

Study on residents' satisfaction of basic public health services of urban and rural primary health care institutions / 中国卫生政策研究

Objective:To analyze the satisfaction degree and influencing factors of basic public health services in urban and rural areas in Hubei province,and to provide the evidence for further improvement of the quality of basic public health services. Methods:A total of 12 primary health institutions (6 urban community health service centers and 6 rural township hospitals) were selected from Wuhan,Huanggang,Jingzhou of Hubei Province. A questionnaire survey was conducted on the satisfaction,accessibility,comfort,safety and effectiveness of basic public health services among 719 residents. Results:The overall urban and rural residents'satisfaction score of basic public health service was 71.62 points,and the total satisfaction rate was 73.44%. The urban residents overall satisfaction score was 74.67 points,and the overall satisfaction rate was 75. 34%. The rural residents overall satisfaction score was 67.64 points,and the overall satisfaction rate was 71.52%. Among the specific indicators,the most satisfactory items were the convenience of visits (83.03%),privacy protection (80.25%),and indicators least satisfactory were medical technology(61.61%)and equipment facilities(64.53%). Logistics regression analy-sis showed that accessibility,comfort and safety of basic public health services had a greater impact on community residents' satisfaction;and gender and annual medical expenditure had a certain impact on residents'satisfaction. Conclusions:The over-all satisfaction of basic public health services in urban and rural residents of Hubei province is at a general level and still to be promoted. Urban residents'satisfaction is higher than that of the rural area. The basic public health services should further strengthen the quality improvement to further promote the equalization of basic public health services in rural as in urban areas.

Evaluation of activities of daily living and related factors in community elderly people in urban and rural areas of Beijing / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To evaluate the activities of daily living (ADL) and related factors in community elderly people in urban and rural areas of Beijing.Methods A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Haidian and Miyun districts of Beijing using two-stage random cluster sampling method between 2011 and 2014.Results A total of 4 499 community elderly people (1 815 males,2 684 females) aged 60-95 years were included in the study.The mean age was (70.3 ±6.7) years.Compared with the participants from urban area,the participants from rural area had lower education level (85.2％ had education level primary school),but higher level of smoking (22.8％) and drinking (43.1％).The ADL disability rate was higher in rural area than in urban area (12.4％ vs.11.8％,P=0.039).And it increased significantly with age (P＜0.05).Multivariate logistic regression showed besides urban-rural difference (P=0.031),age (P=0.013),education level (P=0.015),physical activity (P=0.001) and stroke (P＜0.001) were related factors influencing ADL disability.Conclusions The ADL disability was relatively low in the community elderly people in Beijing,and there was significant difference between rural area and urban area.Older age,lower education level and physical inactivity and stroke were related factors.

Evaluation of activities of daily living and related factors in community elderly people in urban and rural areas of Beijing / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To evaluate the activities of daily living (ADL) and related factors in community elderly people in urban and rural areas of Beijing.Methods A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Haidian and Miyun districts of Beijing using two-stage random cluster sampling method between 2011 and 2014.Results A total of 4 499 community elderly people (1 815 males,2 684 females) aged 60-95 years were included in the study.The mean age was (70.3 ±6.7) years.Compared with the participants from urban area,the participants from rural area had lower education level (85.2％ had education level primary school),but higher level of smoking (22.8％) and drinking (43.1％).The ADL disability rate was higher in rural area than in urban area (12.4％ vs.11.8％,P=0.039).And it increased significantly with age (P＜0.05).Multivariate logistic regression showed besides urban-rural difference (P=0.031),age (P=0.013),education level (P=0.015),physical activity (P=0.001) and stroke (P＜0.001) were related factors influencing ADL disability.Conclusions The ADL disability was relatively low in the community elderly people in Beijing,and there was significant difference between rural area and urban area.Older age,lower education level and physical inactivity and stroke were related factors.

Investigation of dry eyes occurrence and poor vision in primary and middle school students in the urban-rural fringe of Guangzhou / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM:To investigate the relationship between dry eyes incidence and poor vision in primary and middle school students in the urban-rural fringe of Guangzhou. <p>METHODS: We used stratified cluster random sampling, extracted the urban-rural fringe elementary school and middle school, gave out self-made questionnaire survey to 3572 students, at the same time, underwent ophthalmology routine inspection and tear secretion test, rupture time measurement and corneal and conjunctival fluorescein staining. <p>RESULTS: The overall number of poor vision was 764 people(1447 eyes), the overall poor vision was 20.25% counted by eye amount, the rate of poor vision in primary school was 14.08%, in junior high school was 29.51%, in junior middle school was significantly higher than that in primary school(<i>P</i><0.05). The number of subjects with dry eyes was 424 cases(848 eyes), the overall incidence of dry eyes was 11.87%, among them the occurring rate of dry eyes in primary school was 5.14%, in junior middle school was 21.96%, which was significantly higher than that in primary school(<i>P</i><0.05). Ordered multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that junior high school, doing homework for 1-3h or >3h every day, eyes away from the book <30cm, lying down when reading books, watching TV or playing computer phone for 1-3h and >3h every day, dry eyes, and the nutritional status(fat or thin)were the risk factors of poor vision in primary and middle school students the(<i>OR</i>=3.862, 1.164, 1.210, 1.212, 1.315, 1.319, 3.040, 1.110, 1.057 and 1.141). <p>CONCLUSION: The risk factors of primary and middle school students vision is multifarious, dry eyes is a risk factor for poor vision of primary and middle school students in the urban-rural fringe of Guangzhou.

Urban And Rural Inequality In Knowledge, Attitude And Practice On Haze Pollution Episode In Klang Valley, Malaysia

Introduction: Transboundary haze occurred was primarily derived from seasonal forest fires which has highly been concerned of the health effect on the local community. As awareness of the source and dangers of smoke haze spread, Malaysian government increa singly came under pressure from the public and civil society at the national, state, and district level to address the haze issues. However, the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) inequalities of urban and rural community could be a barrier in promoti ng awareness on haze. Objective: To determine the urban and rural inequality in KAP on haze. Methodology: A total of 400 urban and rural residents from Klang Valley was recruited to participate in this study. A validated survey form was used as the study i nstrument which composed of four parts: (1) Sociodemographic information, (2) Haze knowledge, (3) Attitude (concerns) during haze episodes, (4) Practices (protective behaviors) to prevent against the health effects of haze. Result: There were significant d ifferences of KAP on transboundary haze among urban - rural population. Urban population has higher knowledge and protective behaviors on hazes; however, both the rural - urban residents presented moderate levels of concerns on hazes. Conclusion: It is necessa ry to provide timely information (knowledge and practices) on haze to rural residents, at the same time, improve the urban residents’ concerns (attitudes) over the haze phenomenon. This will help to raise the overall awareness level to transboundary haze b y translating into a state of the resilient community.

Evaluation of effectiveness of urban and rural integrated medical insurance system:An empiri-cal study based on Tianjin,Chongqing and Ningxia / 中国卫生政策研究

Objective:To comprehensively evaluate the urban and rural residents' basic integrated medical in-surance system,taking Tianjin,Chongqing and Ningxia as case study areas,to provide policy suggestions to relevant government departments. Methods:The evaluation index system for urban and rural residents' basic integrated medi-cal insurance system was constructed and made use of the scatter degree method for the evaluation of the effect of the system. Results:(1) Fairness and policy guarantee are higher relatively,while the medical service and sustainability are still running short for the urban and rural residents' basic integrated medical insurance; (2) Effect of the urban and rural residents' basic integrated medical insurance system of three municipalities is obviously different due to the difference in their respective population size, economic development, etc. Conclusions: Reasonable policy sugges-tions put forward to the pilot cities to improve the urban and rural residents' basic integrated medical insurance sys-tem,such as strengthening the top-level design of policy,increasing fiscal subsidies and improving the mechanism of fund-raising and reimbursement and strengthening the supervision of the medical insurance fund.

Study on interventions based on urban-rural integration system construc-tion to consolidate achievements of schistosomiasis control in hilly schistoso-miasis endemic areas / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To explore the effectiveness of comprehensive schistosomiasis control interventions based on urban-rural integration system construction to carry out the schistosomiasis control in hilly schistosomiasis endemic areas ,so as to offer a new mode to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis control in the new situation. Methods Shouan Town and Changqiu Township in Pujiang County in hilly schistosomiasis endemic regions were selected as demonstration areas. The com-prehensive schistosomiasis control interventions based on urban-rural integration system construction were implemented ,includ-ing the land consolidation,centralized residence and so on. The effectiveness the interventions was evaluated. Results In Shouan Town and Changqiu Township,the transformed environments with Oncomelania hupensis snail habitats were 1330.61 hm2 and 1456.84 hm2,the areas with snails decreased from 94.31 hm2 and 83.00 hm2 in 2000 to both 0 in 2015,the positive rates of serological tests for schistosomiasis decreased from 11.8%and 7.53%in 2000 to 1.01%and 1.86%in 2015,and the pos-itive rates of parasitological tests decreased from 0.18%and 0.15%in 2000 to both 0 in 2015 respectively. The numbers of cattle decreased from 358 and 368 in 2000 to 4 and 6 in 2015 respectively. In 2000,the schistosome infection rates of cattle were 3.63%and 6.51%in Shouan Town and Changqiu Township respectively,and from 2004,no infected cattle were found. Conclu-sion The comprehensive schistosomiasis control interventions based on urban-rural integration system construction can de-crease the schistosome infection rate and area with snails effectively,providing a new mode for schistosomiasis elimination.

Urban And Rural Inequality In Knowledge, Attitude And Practice On Haze Pollution Episode In Klang Valley, Malaysia

@#Introduction: Transboundary haze occurred was primarily derived from seasonal forest fires which has highly been concerned of the health effect on the local community. As awareness of the source and dangers of smoke haze spread, Malaysian government increasingly came under pressure from the public and civil society at the national, state, and district level to address the haze issues. However, the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) inequalities of urban and rural community could be a barrier in promoting awareness on haze. Objective: To determine the urban and rural inequality in KAP on haze. Methodology: A total of 400 urban and rural residents from Klang Valley was recruited to participate in this study. A validated survey form was used as the study instrument which composed of four parts: (1) Sociodemographic information, (2) Haze knowledge, (3) Attitude (concerns) during haze episodes, (4) Practices (protective behaviors) to prevent against the health effects of haze. Result: There were significant differences of KAP on transboundary haze among urban-rural population. Urban population has higher knowledge and protective behaviors on hazes; however, both the rural-urban residents presented moderate levels of concerns on hazes. Conclusion: It is necessary to provide timely information (knowledge and practices) on haze to rural residents, at the same time, improve the urban residents’ concerns (attitudes) over the haze phenomenon. This will help to raise the overall awareness level to transboundary haze by translating into a state of the resilient community.