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Transposons are the most prevalent elements in human genomes, which plays a vital role in gene expression regulation and evolutionary processes. They also jeopardize genome integrity with the characteristics of jumping and insertions. A delicate balance is maintained between the benefits and deleterious aspects of transposons, mediated by the epigenetic regulatory system. Once the balance is broken, it will give rise to genomic instability, leading to neoplasia. A lot of studies have shown that the transcriptional activation, expression products and methylation of transposons are closely related with urological malignancies, holding tremendous potential as biomarkers for risk and effect prediction, noninvasive diagnosis and targeted therapies of urological malignancies. In this article, the molecular mechanisms of transposons underlying the initiation, promotion and progression of urological malignancies as well as advances in diagnosis and treatment are reviewed.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a distribuição espacial e a tendência temporal da mortalidade por câncer de pênis em Sergipe. Método: estudo ecológico, com técnicas de análise espacial. Foram utilizados dados secundários dos óbitos por câncer de pênis de residentes dos municípios de Sergipe de 2000 a 2015, obtidos no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. A análise das tendências temporais foi realizada pelo programa Joinpoint por meio da regressão Poisson. As análises espaciais foram realizadas por meio do modelo bayesiano empírico, estimador de Kernel e Índices de Moran. Resultados: ocorreram 67 óbitos por câncer de pênis e uma tendência crescente dos coeficientes de mortalidade, de 0,11 (2000) para 0,64 (2015) por 100.000 homens. Observou-se autocorrelação espacial positiva (I=0,64; p=0,01) com áreas de maior risco de morte localizadas na região sul do estado. Conclusão: houve aumento dos coeficientes de mortalidade por câncer de pênis e distribuição geográfica heterogênea das áreas de risco.
RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la distribución espacial y la tendencia temporal de la mortalidad por cáncer de pene en Sergipe. Método: estudio ecológico, con técnicas de análisis espacial. Se utilizaron datos secundarios de las muertes por cáncer de pene en residentes de los municipios de Sergipe de 2000 a 2015, obtenidos del Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad. El análisis de las tendencias temporales se realizó en el programa Joinpoint por medio de la regresión Poisson. Los análisis espaciales se realizaron por medio del modelo bayesiano empírico, del estimador de Kernel y de los Índices de Moran. Resultados: se registraron 67 muertes por cáncer de pene y una tendencia creciente de los coeficientes de mortalidad, de 0,11 (2000) a 0,64 (2015) por cada 100.000 hombres. Se observó una autocorrelación positiva (I=0,64; p=0,01) con áreas de mayor riesgo de muerte localizadas en la región sur del estado. Conclusión: se registró un aumento de los coeficientes de mortalidad por cáncer de pene y una distribución héterogenea de las áreas de riesgo.
ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the spatial distribution and temporal trend of mortality due to penile cancer in Sergipe. Method: An ecological study with spatial analysis techniques. Secondary data on penile cancer deaths from residents of Sergipe municipalities from 2000 to 2015 were used, obtained from the Mortality Information System. The analysis of the temporal trends was performed in the Joinpoint program through Poisson regression. Spatial analyses were performed using the empirical Bayesian model, kernel estimator and Moran indexes. Results: 67 deaths due to penile cancer occurred and a rising trend in mortality rates from 0.11 (2000) to 0.64 (2015) per 100,000 men was recorded. A positive spatial autocorrelation (I=0.64; p=0.01) was observed with areas of higher risk of death in the southern region of the state. Conclusion: There was an increase in the coefficients of mortality due to penile cancer and heterogeneous geographical distribution of the risk areas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Penile Neoplasms , Time Series Studies , Mortality , Urologic Neoplasms , Spatial AnalysisABSTRACT
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are deifned as transcripts longer than 200 nt without coding capacities. Although they were initially argued to be transcriptional by-products of RNA polymeraseⅡ, recent evidence suggests that lncRNAs have been associated with a spectrum of biological processes, and aberrant lncRNA expression may be a major contributor to tumorigenesis, progression and prognosis. This study summarizes the up-to-date studies on lncRNAs in urological neoplasms.
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Objective To investigate the clinicopathological features, treatment modalities, and prognostic factors for survival in patients with urinary tract small cell carcinoma (UT-SCC).Methods A total of 25 patients treated from June 2000 to December 2014 were included in the retrospective study.The data included age, gender, primary tumors origins, stage, treatment modalities, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), pathology and immunohistochemistry.Of these cases, 22 were male, and the other was female, whose age was 45-79 years (mean age 67).20 cases small cell carcinoma of bladder patients and 2 small cell carcinoma of prostate cancer patients were included.The number of small cell carcinoma in pelvis,ureter and retroperitoneal was 1 respectively.The patients with small cell carcinoma of the urinary tract were classified as disease and extensive disease.17 bladder small cell carcinomas were limited disease and 3 cases were extensive disease;Prostate small cell carcinomas were both extensive disease;The small cell carcinomas in pelvis, ureter were limited disease;The small cell carcinoma in retroperitoneal was extensive disease.10 bladder small cell carcinomas which were limited disease received radical cystectomy.6 of 10 patients received etoposide and cisplatnum (EC).4 of 10 patients received gemcitabine and cisplatnum (GC).7 bladder small cell carcinomas patients who with limited disease refused to receive radical cystectomy in which 2 patients received TURBT and 5 patients received TURBT followed chemotherapy.Both prostate small cell carcinomas received chemoradiotherapy.2 small cell carcinomas in upper urinary tract (pelvis and ureter) received radical nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff resection.The patient of retroperitoneal small cell carcinoma received percutaneous nephrostomy after biopsy.The progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of these patients are analyzed;the influence of TURBT with adjuvant chemotherapy and clinicopathologic characteristics were analyzed in median PFS and OS.PFS and OS were compared between groups as a function of time, using a Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis and the log-rank significance test.All statistical tests were two-sided, and P values ＜ 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results 25 patients with a pathologic confirmation of UT-SCC,either by biopsy or surgery,were finally included.These patients were classified as pure UT-SCC (14) and Mixed UT-SCC (11).Mixed UT-SCC was defined as tumors containing both SCC and non-SCC components,regardless of the proportion of the latter.13 cases were strongly positive and 3 cases were weakly positive in neuron specific enolase (NSE) level.8 cases were strongly positive and 2 cases were weakly positive in CgA level.Patients with limited disease experienced a significant longer PFS and OS compared with extensive disease subjects (PFS 13.2 vs.7.8 x2=13.53 P＜0.01;OS27.2 vs.12.7x2=19.88 P＜0.01).Patients with bladder SCC showed a significantly higher median PFS and OS compared with patients with SCC of other parts of urinary tract (PFS 12.8 vs.8.2 x2 =12.00, P =0.001;OS 26.3 vs.13.2 x2 =14.45,P ＜0.01) .The two different chemotherapy regimens (GC and EC) have no influence on survival (PFS: 16.3 vs.12.5,x2 =3.34, P =0.07;OS 29.5 vs.22.8, x2 =1.66, P =0.198).TURBT followed by adjuvant therapy have no influence on survival (PFS 14.5 vs.12.0 t =1.30 P =0.251;OS 24.5 vs.28.4 t =0.50,P =0.636).Conclusions The primary tumors origins and stage may have influence on survival in patients with UT-SCC.Patients with bladder small cell carcinoma and limited disease experienced a longer survival.