ABSTRACT
Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar o perfil epide- miológico dos usuários de benzodiazepínicos residentes em áreas adscritas à Unidade de Saúde da Família da ci- dade do Recife. Foram avaliados todos os prontuários dos usuários de acordo com o banco de dados de saúde mental, pertencente às equipes de referência de uma uni- dade de Saúde da Família em 2011. Os resultados obtidos indicaram a utilização de benzodiazepínicos por 71% de mulheres com idade média de 52,45 anos, que faziam o uso crônico de ansiolíticos de meia-vida longa por mais de 12 meses (94,5%), indicado principalmente para insônia (42,6%), com prescrição inicial pelo médico clínico geral (66,2%). Constatou-se o problema do uso do grupo tera- pêutico estudado em mulheres idosas, em uma propor- ção significante, com continuidade do uso que vai além de uma finalidade específica e com um tempo indeterminado.
This study aimed to describe the epidemiological profile of benzodiazepine users among residents in areas covered by a basic family health unit in the city of Recife. Medical records were evaluated for all users according to the mental health database belonging to specialized teams of a Family Health unit, in 2011. The results indicated the use of benzodiazepines by 71% of women, with a mean age of 52.45 years, who were chronic users of long half-life anxiolytics for more than 12 months (94.5%), prescribed mainly for insomnia (42.6%), with initial prescription by a general practitioner (66.2%). The problem with the use of the therapeutic group studied was demonstrated in elderly women, in a significant proportion, where continued use goes beyond a specific purpose and has an indeterminate time frame.
Subject(s)
Primary Health Care , Anti-Anxiety Agents , Pharmaceutical Services , National Health StrategiesABSTRACT
Introduction Inappropriate use and dependence to prescription drugs has been considered as a growing health problem in recent years. It has been recognized that benzodiazepines (BZD) are one of the most commonly prescribed drugs due to their rapid therapeutic effect, high efficacy and favorable side effect profile when compared to other psychotropic medications. Despite the desirable therapeutic actions of BZD, mainly for the treatment of anxiety disorders, concerns about the dependence producing or addictive nature of these drugs have been expressed for decades. BZD dependence, unlike dependence to other substances, is a condition generally circumscribed to a therapeutic framework. It is well known that BZD use generally starts legitimately by a medical prescription for the treatment of anxiety symptoms or insomnia. Persons with psychiatric disorders are at a greater health risk for BZD dependence than other groups as BZD are highly used for the treatment of several psychiatric symptoms. BZD dependence in these patients may have a negative clinical impact in the medical treatment of the primary psychiatric disorder and may also affect patients' quality of life as the BZD dependence is added as a comorbid diagnosis that also requires clinical management. In this way, the need for clinical useful information for the prevention or early detection of BZD dependence emerges. Although inconsistent associations have been encountered in the scientific literature, some sociodemographic variables, such as gender and level of education, as well as the characteristics of BZD use, have been identified as potential risk factors for the development of BZD dependence. This information is of easy access for the mental health professional during the initial or subsequent clinical interview with patients, and if significant findings are obtained in Mexican psychiatric patients, these variables may become useful clinical tools for a closer follow-up of those patients with high risk of presenting BZD dependence. Objective To determine sociodemographic variables and characteristics of BZD use that may be risk factors for the development of BZD dependence in a sample of psychiatric patients from Mexico City. Method Subjects. Subjects were consecutively recruited at the outpatient services of the Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente (INPRF) in Mexico City. All patients with BZD consumptions were included indistinctly of their psychiatric diagnosis of attendance in the institution. All patients gave their written informed consent after receiving a comprehensive explanation of the nature of the study. The Ethics Review Board of the INPRF approved the study. Assessment procedure Psychiatric diagnoses were made with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and BZD dependence was determined with an adapted version of the substance dependence section of the SCID-I designed to assess BZD use exclusively. Sociodemographic features and characteristics of BZD use were registered in a previously designed format and information was obtained by a personal interview with each patient and main caregiver. The Benzodiazepine Dependence Questionnaire in its Mexican version (BDEPQ-MX) is a self-administered questionnaire used to assess the subjective experience with BZD in the last month in three main areas: perceived dependence, BZD pleasant effects and perceived need of BZD consumption. Results The sample comprised 150 psychiatric patients. A total of 70.0% (n=105) were women and 30.0% (n = 45) were men. Their mean age was 45.9±14.1 with a mean educational level of 11.6±3.9 years. Diagnoses of the sample were mainly anxiety disorders (n = 76, 50.7%) and affective disorders (38.0%). According to the SCID-I, a total of 73 (48.7%) patients met the diagnostic criteria for BZD dependence. Sixty seven percent of the men included in the study reported BZD dependence in contrast to 41.0% of the women. Also, patients with BZD dependence exhibited a higher level of education and a longer time consumption of BZD. A longer duration of BZD consumptions was the main indicator for BZD dependence conferring a risk 10.4 higher for its development. Male gender and psychiatric diagnoses different to anxiety and affective disorders were also significant predictors for BZD dependence. Discussion Numerous potential risk factors relating to BZD dependence have been found and our results support the influence of sociodemographic features and characteristics of BZD consumption for dependence development in a Mexican sample of psychiatric patients. In general, it has been described that men are more prone to substance abuse and dependence and our results showed this same pattern. Nevertheless, this result must be replicated in future studies as for BZD dependence men and women may exhibit similar patterns of consumption and dependence. High rates of BZD prescription, coupled with an elevated risk of substance dependence in diagnoses different to anxiety disorders, highlight the need for a careful review of the costs-benefits of BZD use for the treatment of anxiety emergent symptoms, as other additional medications with lower dependence effect can be used to minimize the potential risk of BZD dependence in these patients. One of the biggest controversies surrounding BZD use has been its long-term use, which has been reported and replicated in our studies as the main indicator for BZD dependence development. Treatment with BZD may be useful for short-term periods of time, and specific goals and objectives of their therapeutic benefits must be established since the initial treatment plans for each patient. The clinical relevance of the present study relies in standing out the high prevalence of BZD dependence found in patients treated with BZD and had not been treated for this comorbid condition. It is important to promote in the mental health professional attendance team strategies for the prevention and early detection of BZD dependence in psychiatric patients.
Introducción El uso inapropiado de los fármacos de prescripción y la dependencia a ellos conforman un problema de salud que va en aumento en la actualidad. A diferencia de la dependencia a otras sustancias, la dependencia a BZD es una condición generalmente circunscrita a un marco terapéutico, ya que el primer contacto frecuentemente se presenta en un contexto clínico. Por el es necesario contar con información que pudiera ser de utilidad clínica para prevenir o detectar de forma oportuna la dependencia en pacientes tratados con BZD. Objetivo Determinar las variables sociodemográficas relacionadas con el patrón de consumo de BZD que pudieran ser predictoras de dependencia a BZD en una muestra de pacientes psiquiátricos de la Ciudad de México. Método Sujetos. Se reclutó a los pacientes que acudieron de forma consecutiva al servicio de Consulta Externa del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente (INPRF) que presentaron uso de BZD, indistintamente del diagnóstico psiquiátrico por el que acudieron a recibir atención especializada. Instrumentos El diagnóstico psiquiátrico y de dependencia a BZD de los pacientes se realizó mediante la entrevista SCID-I. Los principales datos sociodemográficos y las características del consumo de BZD fueron registrados en un formato diseñado ad hoc. El Cuestionario de Dependencia a Benzodiazepinas en su versión para México (BDEPQ-MX) se utilizó para evaluar la experiencia subjetiva del consumo de BZD. Resultados Se incluyó a un total de 150 pacientes con una edad promedio de 45.9±14.1 años. El 48.7% de los pacientes presentaron dependencia a BZD. Los pacientes con dependencia a BZD fueron con mayor frecuencia hombres, con una mayor escolaridad y presentaron un mayor tiempo de consumo. El ser hombre, presentar un diagnóstico distinto a un trastorno de ansiedad o afectivo y tener un mayor tiempo de consumo de BZD fueron los principales factores predictores de dependencia en el presente estudio. Discusión Los hallazgos del presente estudio sustentan la influencia de variables demográficas y del consumo de BZD en el riesgo para desarrollar dependencia. Se observa un mayor riesgo para el desarrollo de dependencia en los hombres. Para los pacientes con diagnósticos distintos a los trastornos de ansiedad es necesario evaluar el costo-beneficio de utilizar las BZD como parte del tratamiento para el manejo de síntomas relacionados con la ansiedad. El uso crónico de BZD fue el principal predictor de dependencia en la presente investigación, lo que pone de manifiesto la importancia de restringir el uso de BZD a periodos cortos de tiempo, estableciendo metas y objetivos claros de sus beneficios terapéuticos. Es fundamental fomentar en el personal médico y paramédico la prevención y detección oportuna de la dependencia a BZD en pacientes psiquiátricos.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics associated with benzodiazepine use among community-dwelling older adults. METHOD: 1606 subjects, aged > 60 years, corresponding to 92 percent of the residents of Bambuí city, participated in this study. The information about medication use was obtained by means of a standard interview and the review of medication packaging. Substances were classified using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Index. RESULTS: The prevalence of benzodiazepine current use was 21.7 percent (26.7 percent among females and 14.0 percent among males). From these, 68.7 percent had been taking the medication for over one year, 31.3 percent for over five years and 53.2 percent were using long half-life benzodiazepines. The medication most frequently used was bromazepam (35.6 percent), followed by diazepam (22.5 percent), clonazepam (12.6 percent) and lorazepam (7.8 percent). After adjustment for confounders, female gender (RP = 1.93; CI95 percent = 1.51-2.46) was the only sociodemographic characteristic found to be independently associated with substance consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of benzodiazepine use in the study population was high, but within the variation observed in developed countries. Chronic use of benzodiazepines and long half-life medications predominated.
OBJETIVOS: Determinar a prevalência e características sociodemográficas associadas ao uso de benzodiazepínicos entre idosos residentes na comunidade. MÉTODO: Participaram deste estudo transversal 1.606 indivíduos, que correspondem a 92 por cento do total de residentes na cidade de Bambuí-MG com idade > 60 anos. As informações sobre uso de medicamentos foram obtidas por meio de entrevista padronizada e verificação da embalagem. A classificação do princípio ativo foi baseada no Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Index. RESULTADOS: A prevalência do uso de benzodiazepínicos foi de 21,7 por cento (26,7 por cento entre as mulheres e 14,0 por cento entre os homens); 68,7 por cento faziam uso do medicamento há pelo menos um ano, 31,3 por cento há pelo menos cinco anos e 53,2 por cento faziam uso de benzodiazepínicos de meia-vida longa. O medicamento de uso mais comum foi o bromazepam (35,6 por cento), seguido pelo diazepam (22,5 por cento), clonazepam (12,6 por cento) e lorazepam (7,8 por cento). Após ajuste para variáveis de confusão, sexo feminino foi o único fator independentemente associado ao uso de benzodiazepínico (RP = 1,93; IC95 por cento = 1,51-2,46). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência do consumo de benzodiazepínicos na população estudada foi alta, mas dentro da variação observada em países desenvolvidos. O uso crônico e o uso de benzodiazepínicos de meia-vida longa foi predominante.