ABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: To estimate the usual intake and the prevalence of inadequacy of selected nutrients in the Mexican population and the potential effect that the nutrient retention factors (NRF) could have on these estimates. Likewise, document the methodology used in the analysis of the 24 hours of the mid-way National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016 (Ensanut MC 2016). Materials and methods: Dietary information from the Ensanut MC 2016 was analyzed with and without the use of NRFs. Results: Most nutrients evaluated showed a relevant inadequacy prevalence above 10% in all age groups. Likewise, we documented that, when NRFs were not applied, estimated intakes and prevalence were significantly underestimated in a range of 2% to 55.5%. Conclusions: We documented the relevance of the application of NRFs for adequate estimation of the prevalence of inadequate intake of selected nutrients in population studies.
Resumen Objetivo: Estimar la ingesta habitual y la prevalencia de inadecuación de nutrimentos selectos en la población mexicana y el efecto potencial de los factores de retención de nutrimentos (FRN). Asimismo, describir la metodología utilizada en el procesamiento del recordatorio de 24 horas de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino 2016 (Ensanut MC 2016). Material y métodos: Se analizó la información dietética de Ensanut MC 2016 con y sin utilización de FRN. Resultados: En los nutrimentos evaluados, las prevalencias de inadecuación fueron superiores al 10% en todos los grupos de estudio. La no consideración de los FRN causó la subestimación en las prevalencias de inadecuación en un rango de 2% a 55.5%. Conclusión: Se documenta la relevancia de la aplicación de FRN para la adecuada estimación de las prevalencias de inadecuación en estudios poblacionales.
Subject(s)
Humans , Vitamins , Nutrients/administration & dosage , Diet , Minerals/administration & dosage , Vitamins/administration & dosage , Energy Intake , Nutrition Surveys , Prevalence , Micronutrients , Recommended Dietary Allowances , MexicoABSTRACT
Objective@#The present study aimed to investigate the association of red meat usual intake with metabolic syndrome (MetS), and explore the contribution of red meat usual intake to serum ferritin.@*Methods@#Based on the data from the longitudinal China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), 2,797 healthy adults aged 18-75 years without hypertension, diabetes, and MetS were selected in 2009 as subjects and follow-up studies were carried out till 2015. We used the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method to estimate the usual intake of foods. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed to evaluate the association between red meat usual intake and the risk of MetS. Quantile regression analysis was used to study the relationship between red meat consumption and serum ferritin levels.@*Results@#After adjusting for potential confounders, red meat, and fresh red meat were positively associated with the risk of MetS ( = 1.41, 95% : 1.05-1.90 and = 1.37, 95% : 1.02-1.85, respectively). These relationships showed increasing trend ( < 0.05). The level of serum ferritin increased significantly with the number of MetS components ( < 0.05). The quantile regression analysis showed that red meat and fresh red meat usual intake had a significant positive association with serum ferritin levels across the entire conditional serum ferritin distribution ( < 0.05). Processed red meat did not exhibit a similar association.@*Conclusion@#Higher red meat usual intake was associated with an increased risk of MetS and elevated serum ferritin levels.
ABSTRACT
This study, conducted among students from rural areas of Pujilí Canton, Cotopaxi Province, aged 8 to 15 years, allowed to determine: 1) The individual energy requirements by levels of physical activity; 2) the levels of energy and macronutrient sufficiency and balance of diet seen in the light of International standards. It was found that more than 70 % of schoolchildren do not meet the suggested range by the Joint Expert (World Health Organization / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/ United Nations University) for energy and fat intakes, but that percentage is less than 40 % for proteins and carbohydrates. Also, the results indicate that the percentage contribution from usual macronutrient intake of schoolchildren to their estimated energy intake reach respective goal requirements established.
El presente estudio, se realizó en estudiantes de áreas rurales del Cantón Pujilí, Provincia Cotopaxi, con edades entre 8 y 15 años, el que permitió determinar: 1) Los requerimientos energéticos individuales según los niveles de actividad física realizada; 2) los niveles de suficiencia de energía y macronutrientes y de equilibrio de la dieta a la luz de los estándares internacionales. Se encontró que más del 70% de los escolares no cumplían las metas fijadas por la Consulta Mixta de Expertos (Organización Mundial de la Salud/ Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación/ Universidad de las Naciones Unidas). En relación al consumo de energía y grasas; dicho porcentaje fue inferior al 40% en el caso de las proteínas y los carbohidratos; y que el aporte porcentual de la ingesta usual de macronutrientes respecto al consumo estimado de energía se encuentra enmarcado en los respectivos requerimientos-meta establecidos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Schools , Students , Rural Areas , Eating , Nutrients , Child Nutrition , Diet, Healthy , Nutritional RequirementsABSTRACT
Objective: To present and discuss the process of the development of a Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (QFFQ) aimed to 7-10 year-old children. Methods: A methodological study was performed based on the application of a Food Diary (FD) fulfilled by 85 children. Based on registered foods, the diet composition in relation to energy and macronutrients was calculated. Foods were grouped into items and the percentage of the contribution of each item to the diet in terms of calories and macronutrients were calculated. Results: The QFFQ was constructed with 92 food items, 76 were selected by Block's method and 16 were identified from other instruments from literature developed for children and adolescents. The food items were grouped in 17 food groups with 3 serving sizes and 7 categories to measure food frequency. Conclusion: Among the food items, the rice was the one that showed the biggest percentage of contribution for energy and carbohydrates. For other nutrients, the meat and the milk were the ones that contributed most to the consumption of proteins and lipids, respectively. .
Objetivo: Apresentar e discutir o processo de construção de um Questionário de Frequência Alimentar Quantitativo (QFAQ) para crianças de 7 a 10 anos. Métodos: Para a construção do QFAQ realizou-se estudo metodológico com aplicação de três Diários Alimentares (DA) a uma população de 85 escolares de 7 a 10 anos. A partir dos alimentos registrados quantificou-se a composição da dieta em energia e macronutrientes e procedeu-se ao agrupamento dos alimentos em itens, com posterior cálculo do percentual de contribuição de cada item no consumo alimentar de energia e nutrientes. Resultados: Construiu-se um QFAQ com 92 itens alimentares, sendo 76 incluídos pelo método de Block e 16 selecionados de outros instrumentos já publicados, desenvolvidos para crianças e adolescentes. Os itens alimentares foram organizados em 17 grupos de alimentos e 3 opções de porções e 7 categorias de frequência alimentar. Conclusão: Entre os itens alimentares, o arroz foi o que apresentou maior contribuição percentual para energia e carboidratos. Para os demais macronutrientes, a carne bovina e o leite integral foram os que mais contribuíram para o consumo de proteínas e lipídios, respectivamente. .
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Diet Records , Feeding Behavior , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Accurate assessment of nutrient adequacy of a population should be based on usual intake distribution of that population. This study was conducted to adjust usual nutrient intake distributions of a single 24-hour recall in 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Surveys (KNHNS) in order to determine the magnitude of limitations inherent to a single 24-hour recall in assessing nutrient intakes of a population. Of 9,960 individuals who provided one 24-hour recall in 2001 KNHNS, 3,976 subjects provided an additional one-day 24-hour recall in 2002 Korean National Nutrition Survey by Season (KNNSS). To adjust for usual intake distribution, we estimated within-individual variations derived from 2001 KNHNS and 2002 KNNSS using the Iowa State University method. Nutritionally at risk population was assessed in reference to the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs). The Korean Estimated Average Requirement (Korean EAR) cut-point was applied to estimate the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes except for iron intakes, which were assessed using the probability approach. The estimated proportions below Korean EAR for calcium, riboflavin, and iron were 73%, 41%, and 24% from usual intake distribution and 70%, 51%, and 39% from one-day intake distribution, respectively. The estimated proportion of sodium intakes over the Intake Goal of 2,000 mg/day was 100% of the population after adjustment. The energy proportion from protein was within Korean Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (Korean AMDR), whereas that of carbohydrate was higher than the upper limit and that of fat was below the lower limit in the subjects aged 30 years or older. According to these results, the prevalence of nutritional inadequacy and excess intake is over-estimated in Korea unless usual intake distributions are adjusted for one-day intakes of most nutrients.