Especificidades técnicas no tamponamento uterino com balões e algumas dificuldades técnicas / Technical specificities in uterine tamponade with balloons and some technical difficulties

A mortalidade materna é inaceitavelmente alta. A hemorragia pós-parto encontra- se na primeira posição no mundo, tendo como principal causa específica a atonia uterina. Eventualmente, as medidas iniciais e a terapia farmacológica não são efetivas no controle do sangramento, impondo a necessidade de tratamentos invasivos, cirúrgicos ou não. Entre esses, o tamponamento uterino com balão requer recursos locais mínimos e não exige treinamento extensivo ou equipamento muito complexo. Entretanto, algumas dificuldades podem ocorrer durante a inserção, infusão ou manutenção do balão na cavidade uterina, com especificidades relacionadas à via de parto. Após o parto vaginal, a dificuldade mais prevalente é o prolapso vaginal do balão. Na cesárea, as principais dificuldades são a inserção e o posicionamento do balão na cavidade uterina, principalmente nas cesáreas eletivas. Este artigo revisa e ilustra as principais dificuldades e especificidades relacionadas ao tamponamento uterino com balões.

Maternal mortality is unacceptably high. Postpartum hemorrhage is ranked first in the world, with the main specific cause being uterine atony. Eventually, initial measures and pharmacological therapy are not effective in controlling bleeding, imposing the need for invasive treatments, surgical or not. Among these, uterine balloon tamponade requires minimal local resources and does not require extensive training or very complex equipment. However, some difficulties may occur during insertion, infusion, or maintenance of the balloon in the uterine cavity, with specificities related to the mode of delivery. After vaginal delivery, the most prevalent difficulty is vaginal balloon prolapse. In cesarean section, the main difficulty is the insertion and positioning of the balloon in the uterine cavity, especially in elective cesarean sections. This article reviews and illustrates the main difficulties and specificities related to uterine balloon tamponade.

Balões de tamponamento intrauterino na hemorragia pós-parto ­ Atualizações / Uterine balloon tamponade in postpartum hemorrhage ­ Updates

A hemorragia pós-parto continua sendo uma condição relacionada a elevada morbimortalidade materna, sendo essenciais o diagnóstico precoce e o início do tratamento farmacológico. Em caso de falha, os balões de tamponamento uterino são uma alternativa eficiente, com aplicabilidade crescente na prática clínica. Esses dispositivos são seguros, apresentam baixa incidência de eventos adversos e reduzem as taxas de procedimentos cirúrgicos. Existe uma ampla variedade de modelos, tanto industriais quanto artesanais, com acúmulo de relatos na literatura demonstrando sua eficácia. Este artigo descreve os principais balões intrauterinos, com ênfase nos modelos mais novos, aplicabilidade, taxas de sucesso e eventos adversos.(AU)

Postpartum hemorrhage continues to be a condition related to high maternal morbimortality, early diagnosis and initiation of pharmacological treatment are essential. In case of failure, uterine balloon tamponade is an efficient alternative, with increasing applicability in clinical practice. These devices are safe, have a low incidence of adverse events and reduce the overall rates of surgical procedures. There is a wide variety of models, both industrial and artisanal, with an accumulation of reports in the literature demonstrating their effectiveness. This article describes the main intrauterine balloons, with an emphasis on newer models, applicability, success rates and adverse events.(AU)

Intrauterine balloon tamponade for postpartum hemorrhage / Tamponamento por balão intrauterino no tratamento da hemorragia pós-parto

Abstract Introduction: Postpartum hemorrhage is an obstetric emergency with high prevalence and significant morbidity and mortality, especially in areas with reduced access to specialized health services. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of intrauterine balloon tamponade in controlling postpartum hemorrhage, with the aim to reduce the need for emergency surgical interventions and decrease maternal mortality. Methods: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials, guided by the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and reported through the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Randomized clinical trials that evaluated the use of different types of balloons for intrauterine tamponade as a strategy for reducing or stopping postpartum hemorrhage compared to other interventions (pharmacological or surgical) were considered for inclusion. Results: Four studies evaluated 498 patients. In 80% of the reported cases, hemorrhage cessation was observed within a mean interval of 15 min after device insertion. The device permanence time was 24 h. No serious adverse events were reported. Due to clinical heterogeneity between studies, it was not possible to perform a quantitative synthesis. Conclusion: We did not find enough evidence to support the routine use of uterine tamponade devices as a protocol practice in the control of refractory postpartum hemorrhage. However, the use of these devices seems to be promising in cases where first line interventions fail and may play an important role in decreasing maternal morbidity and mortality and in uterine preservation.

Resumo Introdução: A hemorragia pós-parto trata-se de uma emergência obstétrica com elevada prevalência e morbimortalidade significativa, sobretudo em contextos de baixa acessibilidade a serviços especializados de saúde. Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade do tamponamento por balão intrauterino no controle da hemorragia pós-parto, redução da necessidade de intervenções cirúrgicas de emergência e redução da mortalidade materna. Métodos: Revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados, orientada pelo Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions e relatada através do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Foram considerados como critérios de elegibilidade ensaios clínicos randomizados que avaliaram o uso de diferentes tipos de balão para tamponamento intrauterino enquanto estratégia para a redução ou cessação da hemorragia pós-parto quando comparados a outras intervenções (farmacológicas ou cirúrgicas). Resultados: Quatro estudos avaliaram 498 pacientes para os desfechos preconizados. Em 80% dos casos relatados observou-se a cessação da hemorragia em um intervalo médio de 15 minutos, após a inserção dos dispositivos. O tempo de permanência dos dispositivos foi de 24 horas. Não foram relatados eventos adversos graves. Devido à heterogeneidade clínica entre os estudos, não foi possível realizar síntese quantitativa. Conclusão: Os achados obtidos não fornecem evidências suficientes para sustentar a utilização rotineira dos dispositivos de tamponamento uterino enquanto prática protocolar no controle da hemorragia pós-parto refratária. A utilização destes dispositivos, no entanto, parece ser promissora diante da falha das intervenções de primeira linha, podendo desempenhar um importante papel em termos de redução de morbimortalidade materna e preservação uterina.

Clinical profile of maternal deaths due to postpartum haemorrhage

Background: Postpartum haemorrhage is one of the dreadful complications that occur during delivery. It is often un-anticipated and occurs suddenly and un-expectedly. It is responsible for 20 percent of maternal deaths in developing countries. These deaths are largely preventable. The objective of the study was to find out the clinical profile, associated co-morbid conditions and contributory factors and treatment modalities used in the management.Methods: Retrospective observational study of maternal deaths due to postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) was carried out at tertiary care hospital. The data of maternal deaths for seven years from year 2013 to 2019 was reviewed, compiled and analyzed to draw conclusions.Results: There were 18 maternal deaths (19%) due to PPH out of total 86 maternal deaths. The average age of the woman who died due to PPH was 24 years. Ninety five percent of the cases of PPH were due to atonic uterus. Seventy percent of the cases had reported in advanced stage of shock with average blood loss of more than two to three litres. Poor general condition due to delay in reaching to tertiary care hospital was predominant feature. Sixty percent women underwent obstetric hysterectomy. Massive blood transfusion was given in fifty percent cases. Severe pregnancy induced hypertension, severe anaemia and severe concealed accidental haemorrhage were common associated factors in sixty percent of maternal deaths.Conclusions: Postpartum haemorrhage is still a common cause of maternal death. Early detection, prompt aggressive management, adequate blood replacement, use of uterine balloon tamponade and non-pneumatic anti-shock garment, timely transfer to higher centre and timely decision for surgical interventions can prevent maternal deaths.

A study of the efficacy and safety of the balloon tamponade in the management of atonic post-partum hemorrhage

Background: The most common cause of post-partum hemorrhage (PPH) is uterine atony. Treatment for atony follows a well-defined stepwise approach, including drugs and mechanical interventions followed by surgery as a last resort. Early use of intrauterine balloon tamponade is a way of limiting ongoing uterine blood loss while initiating other measures and can be readily implemented by providers with minimal training.Methods: This prospective interventional study was conducted in 112 consecutive patients attended department of obstetrics and gynecology, Gandhi Medical College and Associated Sultania Zanana Hospital, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, in one year of study period.Results: In this study most of the patients had gestational age >37 weeks [83 (74.1%)]. Most of the patients in the study had vaginal delivery [64 (57.1%)]. In 84 (75%) patients Bakri balloon was used followed by Burke balloon in 17 (15.2%) patients, condom catheter in 7 (6.2%) patients and CG balloon in 4 (3.6%) patients. Different types of balloons were used according to availability of balloon at the time of management. Most of the patients [71 (63.3%)] had trans-vaginal route of balloon placement and 41 (36.7%) patients underwent trans-abdominal balloon placement. Most of the patients 69 (61.65%), responded to tamponing within 20 minutes of balloon placement while 9 patients had negative tamponade and continued to bleed. Bakri balloon tamponade was most commonly used in 84 (75.0%) patients. CG balloon and condom catheter were used only in 4 (3.6%) and 7 (6.3%) patients respectively. Tamponading was effective and successful in 103 (92%) patients.Conclusions: PPH is still a leading but preventable cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. In the majority of cases, relatively simple methods are used to avert a disaster, although these are not always employed. Uterine tamponade using intrauterine balloons appears to be an effective tool in the management of PPH.

Aplicación del Balón de Bakri ante hemorragia obstétrica postparto. Presentación de un caso / Application of Bakri's Balloon to postpartum obstetric hemorrhage. Case Presentation

RESUMEN La hemorragia obstétrica pos parto complica el 10,5 % de los nacimientos a nivel mundial y está relacionada con una elevada morbimortalidad perinatal. El manejo de esta complicación abarca el tratamiento médico y de ser refractario, habrá que recurrir a un tratamiento quirúrgico basado en taponamiento endouterino con gasas o balón, suturas compresivas uterinas, devascularización pelviana y la embolización arterial. Si todos estos procedimientos no tuvieran efectividad, entonces hay que realizar un tratamiento radical como la histerectomía obstétrica. Se presenta un caso de una gestante 37.5 semanas, nulípara, atendida en el Hospital Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima de Cienfuegos. Se le induce el parto por rotura prematura de membranas, que evoluciona hacia la fase activa y se decide realizar parto instrumentado por fórceps para abreviar período expulsivo por variedad no fisiológica y alteración del bienestar fetal. Se extrae recién nacido femenino con peso de 4025 g, diagnosticándose hemorragia obstétrica mayor por atonía uterina, que no resuelve con el tratamiento médico convencional y se decide realizar manejo conservador del útero mediante compresión endouterina con balón de Bakri. Se logra contractilidad uterina y una evolución clínica satisfactoria. Este procedmimento quirúrgico se describió por primera vez a nivel mundial desde finales del siglo XX y es introducida en Cuba en el año 2016. La provincia de Cienfuegos ha implementado desde entonces estas prácticas conservadoras, logrando en el caso referido reducir la hemorragia, disminuir la morbimortalidad obstétrica y conservar la fertilidad en pacientes con paridad no satisfecha.

ABSTRACT Obstetric hemorrhage after delivery complicates 10.5% of births worldwide and is related to high perinatal morbidity and mortality. Its management includes medical treatment and if refractory, it will be necessary to resort to a surgical treatment based on uterine tamponade with gauze or balloon, uterine compression sutures, pelvic devascularization and arterial embolization. If all these procedures are not effective, then a radical treatment such as obstetric hysterectomy should be performed. The case of a 37.5 week, nulliparous pregnant woman, attended at the Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima Hospital in Cienfuegos is presented. Labor is induced due to premature rupture of membranes that evolves into the active phase and it is decided to perform instrumental delivery by forceps to shorten the expulsive period by non-physiological variety and alteration of fetal well-being. A female 4025 g weight newborn was obtained, with greater obstetric hemorrhage due to uterine atony, which does not resolve with conventional medical treatment and it was decided to perform conservative management of the uterus by means of Barki´s balloon uterine compression. Uterine contractility and a satisfactory clinical evolution are achieved. This surgical procedure was first described worldwide by the end of the 20th century and was introduced in Cuba in 2016. Since then, the Cienfuegos province has implemented these conservative practices. In the case presented it was possible to reduce bleeding. In addition it reduces obstetric morbidity and mortality and preserves fertility in the patient with unmet parity.

Incidence of postpartum hemorrhage based on the use of uterotonics. Maternal outcomes in an intermediate complexity hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, 2016 / Incidencia de hemorragia posparto con base en el uso terapéutico de uterotónicos. Resultados maternos en un hospital de mediana complejidad de Bogotá, Colombia, 2016

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the incidence of obstetric postpartum haemorrhage (PPH), defined by the use of uterotonic drugs, as well as the interventions performed, and maternal outcomes in the first 24 hours. Materials and methods: A series of cases of pregnant women who presented PPH after vaginal delivery or cesarean section between February 1 and October 31, 2016, in a public intermediate complexity institution in Bogotá. Consecutive sampling was used. Sociodemographic, clinical and risk factors for PPH were measured. Variables measured were the cause of PPH, the degree of shock, estimated postpartum bleeding, frequency of activation of the "obstetric red code," interventions performed, admission to an intensive care unit, blood transfusions, and maternal mortality. A descriptive analysis was performed. Results: Out of 1633 births (1080 vaginal deliveries and 553 cesarean deliveries), 35 cases (2.1%) (26 and 9, respectively) were identified and the "obstetric red code" was activated in 11 cases (0.67%). There was no maternal mortality. The main cause of PPH was uterine hypotonia in 29/35 (82%), and 82.8% of the cases resolved with medical treatment. Uterine tamponade was required in 4/35 (11.4%) women to control bleeding, and surgical management was required in 2/35 (5.6%) women: haemostatic sutures in 1/35 (2.8%) and hysterectomy in 1/35 (2.8%). Conclusions: The use of more reproducible criteria for the identification of severe PPH and timely initiation of treatment could be safer and more effective in terms of maternal outcomes.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la incidencia de hemorragia obstétrica posparto (HPP) severa por el uso de medicamentos uterotónicos, como también las intervenciones realizadas y los desenlaces maternos en las primeras 24 horas. Materiales y métodos: Serie de casos de gestantes que presentaron HPP luego de parto vaginal o cesárea entre el 1 de febrero y el 31 de octubre de 2016, según el uso terapéutico de uterotónicos, en una institución pública de mediana complejidad en Bogotá. Muestreo consecutivo. Se midieron las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y los factores de riesgo para HPP. Como desenlace se determinó la causa de la hemorragia, grado de choque, sangrado posparto estimado, activación del código rojo obstétrico, intervenciones realizadas, ingreso a unidad de cuidado intensivo, necesidad de transfusión sanguínea y mortalidad. Se realizó análisis descriptivo. Resultados: De 1.633 nacimientos (1.080 partos y 553 cesáreas) se presentaron 35 (2,1 %) casos de HPP por uso de oxitócicos (26 y 9 respectivamente), y se activó el código rojo obstétrico en 11 casos (0,67 %). No hubo mortalidad materna. La principal causa de HPP fue hipotonía uterina 29/35 (82 %), y en el 82,8 % de los casos se resolvió con manejo médico; 4/35 (11,4 %) requirió taponamiento uterino adicional para control del sangrado; 2/35 (5,6 %) de las mujeres requirió manejo quirúrgico: sutura hemostática 1/35 (2,8 %) e histerectomía 1/35 (2,8 %). Conclusiones: La identificación de HPP severa por criterios más reproducibles para iniciar el tratamiento oportuno podría ser más efectiva y segura en cuanto a resultados maternos.