Malformaciones müllerianas: actualización y revisión a propósito de casos clínicos, 2022 / Müllerian malformations: update and review of clinical cases, 2022

Las malformaciones müllerianas (MM) son un grupo de anomalías estructurales originadas por fallas de desarrollo de los conductos paramesonéfricos o de Müller durante las primeras 16 semanas de gestación. Un oportuno diagnóstico y una correcta clasificación permiten ofrecer el mejor manejo y diferenciar aquellas pacientes que requieren tratamiento quirúrgico. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre MM en las bases de datos Epistemonikos, SciELO, Cochrane y PubMed. Se rescataron todas las pacientes ingresadas con diagnóstico de MM. En el año 2021, la American Society of Reproductive Medicine publicó un consenso en el que se estandarizó la nomenclatura, se amplió el espectro y se simplificó la clasificación. La clínica es variada, e incluye pacientes asintomáticas cuyo diagnóstico es un hallazgo por imágenes. Los mejores estudios imagenológicos son la resonancia magnética (RM) y la ultrasonografía 3D, dejando la histeroscopia y la laparoscopia (método de referencia) como procedimiento diagnóstico-terapéutico. Se presentan casos clínicos desarrollados durante el primer trimestre de 2022. Recomendamos la utilización sistemática de la RM para el diagnóstico de anomalías complejas u obstructivas del aparato genital. El tratamiento de estas patologías debe ser realizado por ginecólogos endoscopistas expertos, e incluye tratamiento médico y quirúrgico, el cual debe ser enfocado en cada paciente dependiendo del tipo de MM y de los deseos de fertilidad.

Müllerian malformations (MM) are a group of structural anomalies caused by developmental failure of the paramesonephric or Müllerian ducts during the first 16 weeks of gestation. Timely diagnosis and classification allow us to offer the best management and to differentiate those patients who require surgical treatment. Literature review on MM in Epistemonikos, SciELO, Cochrane and PubMed databases. All patients admitted with a diagnosis of MM were rescued. In 2021, the American Society of Reproductive Medicine publishes a consensus where it standardizes the nomenclature, broadens the spectrum, and simplifies the classification. The clinical picture is varied and includes asymptomatic patients whose diagnosis is an imaging finding. The best imaging studies are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 3D ultrasonography, leaving hysteroscopy and laparoscopy (gold standard) as diagnostic therapeutic. Clinical cases developed during the first trimester 2022 are presented. We recommend the routine use of MRI for the diagnosis of complex and/or obstructive anomalies of the genital tract. The treatment of these pathologies should be performed by expert endoscopic gynecologists and include medical and surgical treatment, which should be focused on each patient, depending on the type of MM and fertility desires.

SUCCESSFUL HYSTEROSCOPY GUIDED SUCTION & EVACUATION OF PRODUCT OF CONCEPTION ALONG WITH REMOVAL OF UTERINE SEPTUM IN SAME SITTING

Objective To report a case of early pregnancy loss with septate uterus, successfully managed by hysteroscopy guided suction & evacuation of product of conception along with removal of uterine septum in same sitting. Case report. Tertiary care hospital. One woman with early pregnancy loss with septate Design Setting Patient uterus. Hysteroscopy guided suction & evacuation of product of conception along with removal of uterine septum Intervention in same sitting. Hysteroscopy guided suction & evacuation of product of conception followed by septum removal with Result hysteroscopic scissor was performed, with minimal blood loss, in same sitting. Products of conception were sent for pathologic examination. There were no intra-operative or postoperative complications. Even though the role of septum as a Conclusion contributing factor to miscarriage in not certain, early pregnancy loss may be seen in patients with septate uterus. Blind removal of POCs with dilatation & curettage, may be complicated with retained products of conception (RPOC) or intrauterine adhesion formation, which can lead to adverse fertility outcomes in the future. Also removal of septum, which may or may not be the cause, is often performed before further pregnancy. This requires another admission & exposure to anaesthesia, along with added cost. Hysteroscopy guided resection of POC with septum removal in same sitting has been associated with complete tissue removal under vision, less damage to surrounding endometrium, cost effective combination of two surgical procedures & earlier time to conception compared with 2 sitting procedure (dilation and curettage than septum removal). Thus, hysteroscopy guided suction & evacuation of POC & septum removal in same sitting can be considered as an alternative surgical technique for management of early pregnancy loss in patients diagnosed with septate uterus. This case report demonstrates the successful application of hysteroscopic procedure in a case of early pregnancy loss with septate uterus.

Resección histeroscópica de septo uterino conformado por mioma submucoso / Hysteroscopy Resection of the Uterine Septum Due To Submucosal Myoma

Las malformaciones uterinas congénitas presentan una baja prevalencia en la población general (0,5-6,7 por ciento), el útero septo es la más frecuente. Estas enfermedades pueden afectar a los resultados reproductivos de las pacientes, así como aumentar la incidencia de abortos de repetición, presentaciones fetales anómalas o partos pretérminos. De la misma forma, los miomas uterinos submucosos también pueden producir alteraciones de la fertilidad, aunque la sintomatología más relacionada con los mismos es el sangrado. Constituyen el tumor benigno más frecuente del aparato genital femenino. El diagnóstico de estas patologías puede realizarse mediante pruebas de imagen como la ecografía transvaginal y la resonancia magnética, aunque la visualización directa vía histeroscópica sigue siendo de elección. Esta técnica constituye, además, la primera opción terapéutica, ya que se puede realizar tanto la resección del septo uterino como la miomectomía, sin apenas complicaciones y mediante una técnica quirúrgica segura y poco invasiva. El tratamiento histeroscópico está especialmente indicado en pacientes sintomáticas, con esterilidad o abortos de repetición, incluso antes de iniciar terapias de reproducción asistida. En el siguiente trabajo exponemos el caso de una paciente que presentaba un septo uterino constituido en su mayor parte por un leiomioma submucoso tratado vía histeroscópica; siendo un caso muy raro, dada la infrecuente asociación entre ambas patologías(AU)

Congenital uterine malformations present low prevalence in the general population (0.5-6.7 percent), and uterus septum is the most frequent. These pathologies can affect the reproductive outcomes of patients, as well as increase the incidence of repeating abortions, abnormal fetal presentations or preterm deliveries. In the same way, submucosal uterine fibroids can also produce alterations in fertility, although the most related symptomatology is bleeding. They are the most frequent benign tumor of the female genital tract. Diagnosis can be carried out through imaging tests such as transvaginal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, although direct visualization, via hysteroscopy, is still the preferred option. This technique is also the first therapeutic option, since both, resection of the uterine septum and myomectomy can be performed with few complications and a safe and minimally invasive surgical technique. Hysteroscopy is especially indicated in symptomatic patients, with sterility or repeated abortions, even before initiating assisted reproduction therapies. In the following paper, we present the case of a patient who presented a uterine septum formed mostly by a submucosal leiomyoma. She was treated by hysteroscopy. This case is very rare given the infrequent association between both pathologies(AU)

The research of curative effect of hysteroscope electrotomy for treating infertile women with uterine septum / 中国医学装备

Objective:To study the effect of hysteroscope electrotomy for treating infertile women with uterine septum.Methods: 64 patients with uterine septum were divided into observation group (25cases) and control group (39cases) according to different operation method. Patients of observation group received the combination mode of hysteroscope and laparoscope while the patients of control group received hysteroscope electrotomy. And thenthe effects of the two surgical methods for pregnancy outcome of the patients of the two groups were compared. Results: In 22 patients with complete uterine septum, the postoperative pregnancy rate was 59.09％ which was significantly higher than preoperative pregnancy rate (18.18％) (x2=4.539,P<0.05). The postoperative rate of normal childbirth in term was 31.82％ which was significantly higher than preoperative outcome (0％) (x2=8.324, P<0.004). In 42 patients which incomplete uterine septum, the postoperative pregnancy rate was 73.81％ which was significantly higher than preoperative pregnancy rate (33.33％) (x2=13,832,P<0.05). The postoperative rate of normal childbirth in term was 54.76％ which was significantly higher than preoperative outcome (0％)(x2=31.672, P<0.004).Conclusion: Hysteroscope electrotomy is significant in the treatment for patient with uterine septum, and it has series of advantages of minimally invasive surgery including small wound, less blooding, fast prognosis and others. Therefore, it is worthy in the clinical promoting.

Fertilidad posterior a la septoplastia histeroscópica de consultorio. Una propuesta de clasificación del septo uterino / Fertility after hysteroscopic septoplasty surgery. A proposed classification for the septum uterine

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Las malformaciones müllerianas son anomalías del desarrollo de los genitales internos femeninos. La incidencia mundial es de 0.16 a 10%. La más común es el útero septado, consecuencia de una falla en la reabsorción del tabique útero-vaginal. OBJETIVO: Evaluar, en la población estudiada, la repercusión de la septoplastia histeroscópica en la fertilidad de mujeres con útero septado. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio abierto, observacional, retrospectivo y transversal de pacientes de la Clínica de Histeroscopia del Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, con diagnóstico de infertilidad establecido con auxilio de la técnica de acceso por vaginoscopia, según Betocchi, siguiendo el concepto de "ver y tratar". RESULTADOS: Se revisaron 508 expedientes y de estos se seleccionaron 313 de pacientes a quienes se practicó histeroscopia diagnóstica de las que 32 resultaron con septo uterino. Se efectuaron 27 septoplastias histeroscópicas en consultorio y 5 programadas en quirófano. En 27 (84.3%) se logró el embarazo y de éstos 5 mediante fertilización asistida; hubo 8 nacimientos prematuros y 17 a término y 2 abortos diferidos. CONCLUSIÓN: Hoy día la septoplastia histeroscópica es la alternativa de tratamiento del septo uterino debido a su facilidad de realización en el consultorio por personal adiestrado, baja morbilidad, menores costos, rápida recuperación y excelente resultado reproductivo. Se propone una clasificación de acuerdo con el componente del septo.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Müllerian malformations are defined as anomalies development of female internal genitalia. Its incidence worldwide is 0.16% to 10%. The most common of these is the septate uterus which is due to a failure in the reabsorption of uterovaginal septum. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact on fertility hysteroscopic septoplasty in women with uterine septum. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is an open, observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study. 508 cases of which 313 patients underwent diagnostic office hysteroscopy hysteroscopy clinic were reviewed Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, diagnosed with infertility, you access using the technique vaginoscopic according Betocchi, following the concept of" see and treat ", proceed to perform septoplasty with bipolar energy at that moment. RESULTS: 32 patients were diagnosed with uterine septum. 27 hysteroscopic septoplasty were performed in office and five scheduled in the operating room. 27 of them achieving pregnancy (84.38%) spontaneously regarding perinatal outcomes of those 27 patients who achieved pregnancy 2 had missed abortion, premature 8 were 17 were concluded; 5 required assisted fertilization. CONCLUSION: The hysteroscopic septoplasty is now recommended for the treatment of uterine septum due to ease of performance by trained personnel, low morbidity, the feasibility of its implementation in practice, reduced cost, speedy recovery of patients and excellent reproductive outcome alternative. Classification according to the component of the septum is proposed.

Influencing factors analysis of the postoperative pregnancy in patients with uterine septum / 中国内镜杂志

Objective To analyze the impact of uterine septum on pregnancy and influencing factors on postopera-tive pregnancy. Methods 125 patients with septate uterus and bearing requirement who underwent TCRS were fol-lowed up to assess fertility outcome. The clinical data was retrospectively analyzed. Results Spontaneous abortion rate was 70.40%and 19.39%, live birth rates was 10.40%and 72.45 %in preoperation and postoperation respec-tively. The difference was statistically significant ( < 0.05). Spontaneous abortion rate in older than 35 years old group was significantly higher than that in younger than 35 years old group, but live birth rate was lower. There was no significant difference in different times of operation in uterine cavity, number of abortion and septum length and so on. Conclusions TCRS can significantly improve pregnancy outcome. The age has influence on postoperative pregnancy outcome. Abortion numbers, septum length, septal base width, intrauterine device (IUD) and hormone re-placement therapy (HRT) may have no effects.

The diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in different planes for uterine septum malformation / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To explore the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)different planes in the diagnosis of uterine sep-tum.Methods The MR images of 28 cases with hysteroscopy surgery proved congenital uterine septum were analyzed retrospective-ly.The MRI findings in different planes of uterine septum were compared.Results 28 cases of congenital uterine septum malforma-tion were shown by magnetic resonance imaging in different planes.The sensitivity of oblique coronal for the uterine septum was not only higher than the conventional axial and oblique axial,but also higher than normal coronal (P <0.05).The oblique coronal was the most sensitive MRI imaging position for diagnosis of uterine septum,especially for complete uterine septum malformation.The uterine septum morphology and signal characteristics was fully visualized and accurately measured by the oblique coronal T2 WI.The oblique axial T2 WI displayed a continuous cross-sectional image of uterine septum and played a complementary role on the diagnosis of uterine septum.In contrast,a poor display was observed for uterine septum on sagittal plane.Conclusion Congenital uterine sep-tum can be clearly demonstrated by MRI oblique coronal and oblique axial joint application.

Patología uterina y su impacto en la fertilidad / Impact of uterine diseases on fertility

El útero es un órgano fundamental dentro del proceso reproductivo y participa en eventos claves, como el transporte espermático, la implantación y la nutrición fetal. Los miomas uterinos, las anomalías congénitas, los pólipos endometriales y las sinequias uterinas son las principales patologías uterinas en mujeres en edad reproductiva, y pueden ser causa de infertilidad, aborto recurrente o parto prematuro. De acuerdo a la evidencia, el tratamiento quirúrgico de miomas uterinos submucosos e intramurales (que distorsionan la cavidad uterina), pólipos endometriales y sinequias se asocia a un aumento significativo en las tasas de embarazo. El tratamiento quirúrgico del septum uterino disminuye significativamente la probabilidad de aborto a repetición y puede incrementar la probabilidad de embarazo en pacientes sin otra causa aparente de infertilidad. El tratamiento quirúrgico de miomas intramurales y subserosos (que no comprometen la cavidad endometrial) es controvertido y su indicación depende de la evaluación de cada caso en particular.

The uterus exerts an important role in the reproductive process and participates in key events, including sperm migration, embryo implantation and fetal nourishment. Uterine myomas, congenital anomalies, endometrial polyps and uterine synechia are the main diseases affecting women in reproductive age, and display a significant impact as asource of infertility, recurrent abortion or preterm labour. According to evidence, surgical treatment of submucous and intramural myomas (associated to uterine cavity distortion), endometrial polyps and uterine adhesions significantly improves pregnancy rates. Surgical treatment of uterine septum significantly decreases recurrent miscarriage rate and can increase odds of pregnancy in patients with no apparent cause of infertility. Surgical treatment in patients with intramural and subserous myomas (without endometrial cavity distortion) is controversial and treatment should be based on an individual basis.

Combined use of hysteroscopy and laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of infertility with uterine septum: Analysis of 110 cases / 中国微创外科杂志

Objective To evaluate clinical effects of combined use of hysteroscopy and laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of infertility with uterine septum,and to analyze the relationship between infertility and uterine septum. Methods Surgery using hysteroscopy combined with laparoscopy was performed in 110 patients with infertility accompanying uterine septum,including primary infertility in 78 patients and secondary infertility in 32 patients.The relative infertility factors and post-operative pregnancy prognoses were analyzed. Results Unexplained infertility accounted for 40% of patients(44/110).As of March 2006,a total of 82 patients were successfully followed.The total post-operative pregnancy rate was 45.1%(37/82),consisting of 46.6% in patients with primary infertility(27/58) and 41.7% in patients with secondary infertility(10/24),without significant difference between the two groups(?~2=0.164,P=0.686).The post-operative pregnancy rates in patients with unexplained infertility and etiologically-clarified infertility were 51.2%(22/43) and 38.5%(15/39),respectively,without significant difference(?~2=1.332,P=0.248).In patients with unexplained infertility,the post-operative pregnancy rate for primary infertility was 56.7%(17/30) and for secondary infertility,38.5%(5/13). Conclusions Combined use of hysteroscopy and laparoscopy for infertility with uterine septum can improve the post-operative pregnancy rate.The presence of uterine septum bears some relationship to the incidence of infertility.