ABSTRACT
The present investigation was layout out in Completely Randomized design (CRD) to assess the impact of biofertilizers on China aster with total of nine treatments and each treatment replicated thrice. The treatments consist of different combinations of bio-inoculants (Azospirillum, PSB, VAM and KSB). The results revealed that the treatment T8 (75%RDF+Azospirillum+PSB) was found significantly higher compared to other treatment combination, which recorded highest plant height (27.28 cm), Number of leaves (27.44), plant spread (15.28 cm2), Days to bud emergence (47.11 days), days of first bud break (54.67 days), opening first flower (62.33 days),number of flowers per plant(14.12), stalk length (13.00 cm), flower dimeter (4.92cm),Vase life (12.22 days), Leaf area (14.11 cm2).The economics viz. Gross return (Rs. 16,800), Net return (Rs. 8928) and Benefit cost ratio (2.13) was found highest in the same treatment.
ABSTRACT
The field experiment was conducted at Crop Research Farm, Naini Agriculture Institute, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during Zaid 2022 on sandy loamy soil. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design. The experiment consists of treatments i.e., VAM (20g/kg seed) + Phosphorus 30kg ha-1, PSB (20g/kg seed) + Phosphorus 30kg ha-1, VAM + PSB (40g/kg seed) + Phosphorus 30kg/ha, VAM (20g/kg seed) + Phosphorus 40kg ha-1, PSB (20g/kg seed) + Phosphorus 40kg ha-1, VAM + PSB (40g/kg seed) + Phosphorus 40kg/ha, VAM (20g/kg seed) + Phosphorus 50kg ha-1, PSB (20g/kg seed) + Phosphorus 50kg ha-1, VAM + PSB (40g/kg seed) + Phosphorus 50kg/ha, including control i.e., application of 20-40-20 kg NPK ha-1 (Farmer practice), which are replicated thrice. The variety PDM-139 SAMRAT green gram was sown in February 2023. The results of the experiment revealed that the application of VAM + PSB @ (40g/kg seed) along with 50 kg ha-1 of phosphorus significantly increased the growth parameters viz., plant height (32.94 cm), plant dry weight (42.73 g plant-1), crop growth rate (72.1 g m-2 day-1), relative growth rate (2.16 g m-1 day-1), branches per plant (6.53), nodules per plant (16.4) and yield parameters viz, pods per plant (19.20), seeds per pod (11.87), test weight (40.0g), seed yield (1,620 kg ha-1), haulm yield (1,022.22 kg ha-1), harvest index (49.30%) over control. This treatment also showed its positive effect on economics viz., gross returns (Rs. 1,45,770 ha-1), net return (Rs. 1,04,120.40 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (2.50).
ABSTRACT
Vam3 is a potential pharmacologically active ingredient isolated from Vitis amurensis Rupr. A rapid, simple and sensitive method to determine Vam3 levels in rat plasma and tissue was developed based on LC-MS/MS. Vam3 and an internal standard (IS) were chromatographed on a C18 short column with acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid in water by gradient elution. MS detection was performed by electrospray ionization in negative ion multiple reaction-monitoring modes. This method monitored the transitions m/z 451.0→345.0 and m/z 301.0→164.0 for Vam3 and IS, respectively. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of 1.64-1000 ng/mL. The inter-day and intra-day variabilities in precision was less than 12.8%, while the inter-day and intra-day accuracies ranged from -10.60% to 9.08% in plasma and tissue homogenates. This method was applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of Vam3 in rats. The results indicated that Vam3 had poor absorption into systemic circulation and extensive tissue distribution after oral administration, and the absolute bioavailability was low (0.79%). Vam3 had a relatively long terminal elimination half-life in lung, and the highest concentration was found in small intestinal tissue. The developed method and the pharmacokinetic data can provide a basis for further studies on the bioactivity of Vam3.
ABSTRACT
Aim To investigate the effects of Vam3 on ATP-induced inflammatory response in macrophages and the underlying mechanisms. Methods LPS primed mouse peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with ATP,and IL-1βlevel in supernatants was meas-ured by ELISA.Activity of caspase 1 was measured u-sing caspase 1 activity assay kit.Reactive oxygen spe-cies (ROS )level was detected with fluorescent probe DCFH-DA.MTT assay was used to detect cell prolifer-ation,and intracellular Ca2+concentration was meas-ured using laser scanning confocal microscope.Results Extracellular ATP led to increase in IL-1βrelease, caspase 1 activity and ROS production.It also led to rapid increase in intracellular Ca2+concentration and induced cell death.These effects were inhibited by Vam3 .Conclusion Vam3 inhibits ATP-induced in-flammatory response in macrophages,which may sug-gest the blocking effect of Vam3 on caspase 1 ~IL-1βinflammatory signaling pathway in macrophages.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and betal integrins mediate cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions. We investigated effects of mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR), cyclosporine A (CsA), or hydrocortisone (HC) on their expression by endothelial (EnC) and mesangial cells (MC). METHODS: MLR was performed with or without CsA or HC for 5 days. After adding 25N MLR supernatant, cytokines or CsA to MC or EnC, the expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and alpha3beta1 and a501 integrins was examined by using cell surface enzyme immunoassays or flow cytometry. RESULTS: MLR supernatant induced a marked increase in the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on MC or EnC(p<0.001). HC treatment during MLR effectively inhibited MLR-induced upregulation of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 on both cells (p<0.005). HC had, however, no inhibitory effect on VCAM-1 expression when added with MLR supernatant to cells. CsA treatment during MLR caused a modest decrease in MLR-induced expression of VCAM-1 on EnC, but had no effect on that of ICAM-1. INFgamma or TGFbeta1 stimulated expression of VCAM-1, and INFgamma, IL-1beta, or TNF alpha expression of ICAM-1 on MC after 24 hr. INFgamma, or TGFbeta1 enhanced expression of alpha3beta1 or alpha5beta1 integrins on MC after 5 days. CsA caused a modest decrease in basal expression of VCAM-1, and also decreased the basal, or INFgamma, or TGFbeta1-induced expression of alpha3beta1 and alpha5beta1 integrins on MC. CONCLUSION: Alloreactive lymphocytes and monocytes upregulate expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 on EnC and MC maybe by secretion of cytokines such as INFgamma, and facilitate leukocytes attachment and following renal or vascular injury. HC effectively prevent the upregulation of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 by inhibiting the release of cytokines during MLR. CsA did not cause an increase in the expression of VCAM-1 and beta1 integrin.