ABSTRACT
Background: The Palmaris Longus Muscle is the first option in tendon graft procedures, for it fulfills the necessarycriteria of length, breadth and easy surgical accessibility. Therefore, the present study was performed with thepurpose to determine the morphometry of PL in North Indian population.Materials and methods: Material for the present study consisted of 40 limbs of different age group andsex(28Males&12Females). The limbs were made available in the Anatomy department for dissection purpose atSGRDIMSAR, Amritsar, Punjab. The length and width of the PL-Muscle Belly(PL-MB) and PL-Tendon(PL-T) weremeasured with the help of digital Vernier caliper. The unpaired t test was used to study the significance of thedifferences in male and females and right and left PLM.Results: The mean MBL and MBW of the PL was more (6.195+1.788cm & 2.095+0.723cm) on right side than(5.895+1.748cm & 1.920+0.740cm) on the left side. The mean TL on left side (15.690+1.336cm) was slightly morethan the right side (15.625+1.489cm) whereas TW on right side (0.435+0.099cm) was found to be slightly morethan the left side (0.426+0.108cm). It was also observed that the mean MBL, MBW, TL and TW was more in malecadavers as compared to female cadavers.Conclusion: PLM has importance in medical clinic, surgery, radiological analysis and has great significancewhen used as a donor tendon in reconstructive surgeries. Thus there are advantages to know the length and widthof the PL tendon for being the ideal choice for tendon graft procedures.
ABSTRACT
Background: The vermiform appendix is a narrow blind tube projecting from the postero-medial wall of caecum. The name is derived from the Latin word "Vermiforma" meaning worm shaped or worm like. Anatomically, it is one of the mobile viscera of abdomen with an average length of 6-8cm. Microscopically, it consists of mucous, sub mucous, muscular and serous coats from inside out, and its surface epithelium being lined with a simple columnar type of cells including Goblet, Paneth and Argentaffine cells. Due to the presence of extensive lymphoid tissue in the mucous and submucous coats forming lymphoid follicles, it has been called 'Tonsil of the Abdomen'. This small structure without any known function in a human being has been regarded as a vestigial remnant of a better developed distal caecum in herbivores. However, in view of its rich blood supply and histological cyto differentiation, the vermiform appendix has been accepted as a complex and highly specialized organ rather than a degenerate vestigial structure. Aim: This study was performed to compare and contrast the morphology and histology of the vermiform appendix in three species of class mammalia with different dietary habits. Methods: Samples of fifty-three human vermiform appendices were collected out of which twenty-three were of human being, seventeen were of goats and thirteen were of rabbit. The samples were subjected to a naked eye examination along with routine histological staining and observation. Results: In man the range of length of vermiform appendix was from 5.4 -12.4 cm. histologically, all four layers were prominent. In goat the length of caecum was from 15 – 28 cm and microscopically all four layers were prominent. In the rabbit length of the vermiform appendix was from 8.5 – 12.5cm and all four layers were observed histologically. Conclusion: Morphological and histological differences as observed in vermiform appendix and caecum of three mammals in this study appear to be associated with their different dietary habits. Morphologically distinct vermiform appendix was found in human being and rabbit only as goat has a well-developed caecum. Rabbit revealed to possess a very large caecum acting as a fermentation tank but also a prominent and distinctive appendix with lymphoid aggregations.
ABSTRACT
Muscles which regress during the process of evolution are called as vestigial muscles. One of them in humans is psoas minor, which sometimes forms a part of the posterior abdominal wall. It is clinically significant in relation to sportsmedicine and as a differential diagnosis for certain conditions. The following article presents a case report in a 60 year old male cadaver with bilateral psoas minor.
ABSTRACT
Background: Vermiform appendix is a vestigial organ of variable position in the abdomen. Its location, size and shape are subject to alterations with the race of the population and limited information is available on developmental morphology and morphometry of fetal appendix. Materials and Methods: In the present study 60 appendix specimens from aborted human fetuses of 17-40 weeks gestational age and both sexes were studied by dissection method for age related morphological features and morphometric parameters. The morphological parameters observed include its location in relation to abdominal region, caecum and ileum, clock position, position of base in relation to caecal wall and direction of tip of appendix. The morphometric parameters of length, diameter and distance between ileo-caecal orifice and appendicular orifice were measured. Results: The location of appendix in relation to abdominal region presented higher incidence of sub-hepatic position in less than 30 weeks fetuses and right iliac fossa location in more than 30 weeks fetuses. Discussion: in comparision with the literature available on adult vermiform appendix the observations in the present study are in favor of influence of developmental processes on the localization of appendix including its base, ileo-caecal orifice, direction of tip, distance from McBurney’s point. Conclusion: Results of this work suggests variability in localization of appendix during prenatal development and the influence of gestational age, sex, size, growth of caecum and gut on its final position and was different from that of adults. There is increase in the morphometric parameters of appendix with increase in gestational age. Both morphological and morphometric parameters were different between sexes.