Virus de la hepatitis E

Resumen El virus de la hepatitis E (VHE) es uno de los principales agentes etiológicos de hepatitis entérica en el mundo. En países en vía de desarrollo, la seroprevalencia oscila entre 20 y 50% y en países desarrollados entre 4,4 y 21%. Clínicamente los casos de infección por VHE en individuos inmunocompetentes cursan como una hepatitis viral aguda auto limitada; por el contrario, en mujeres embarazadas, individuos receptores de trasplantes de órganos e individuos que conviven con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), la infección puede manifestarse como una hepatitis crónica y grave. En América Latina, sólo Brasil y Argentina reportan cifras en individuos que conviven con el VIH. Se requieren más estudios en nuestra región que permitan determinar la prevalencia del VHE en individuos inmunosuprimidos, donantes de sangre y población general para adoptar medidas que garanticen un diagnóstico oportuno, acceso a la atención y el control de la transmisión.

Abstract The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the main etiological agents of enteric hepatitis in the world. In developing countries its sero-prevalence ranges from 20 to 50% and in developed countries from 4.4% to 21%. Clinically, cases of HEV infection in immunocompetent individuals present as self-limited acute viral hepatitis; conversely, in pregnant women, transplanted individuals, and individuals living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the infection can manifest as chronic and severe hepatitis. In Latin America, only Brazil and Argentina report figures for individuals living with HIV. More studies are required in our region to determine the prevalence of HEV in immunosuppressed individuals, blood donors, and the general population to adopt measures that guarantee timely diagnosis, access to care, and control of transmission.

Detección del genotipo 1d del virus de la hepatitis E en pacientes con sospecha de hepatitis viral aguda, Cuba 2013 / Detection of hepatitis E virus genotype 1d in patients with suspect of acute viral hepatitis in Cuba during 2013

Resumen Introducción El virus de la hepatitis E (VHE) se transmite, principalmente, por vía fecal-oral y es una de las principales causas de hepatitis viral aguda (HVA) en el mundo. En Cuba, a pesar de que este virus tiene un comportamiento endémico, no se relaciona a este patógeno al presentarse una hepatitis viral de trasmisión entérica. Objetivo Teniendo en cuenta que el VHE y el virus de la hepatitis A (VHA) comparten rutas de transmisión, nos propusimos estimar la incidencia de ésta infección (VHE), en muestras que se recibieron de todo el país durante el año 2013, cuyo criterio de inclusión fue la indicación médica de IgM anti-VHA. Materiales y Métodos Se empleó la RT-PCR específica para el marco abierto de lectura 2 (MAL2), con el propósito de detectar el ARN-VHE en las 422 muestras estudiadas. Los productos amplificados fueron purificados, secuenciados y analizados filogenéticamente con el programa MEGA6. Resultados La presencia de ARN-VHE se detectó en 8,53% (36/422) de las muestras estudiadas. El mayor índice de positividad se identificó en la región occidental del país, específicamente en La Habana con 5,45% (23/422). En total se diagnosticaron 5,21% (22/422) muestras positivas al marcador de IgM VHA; la detección simultánea de marcadores del VHA-VHE fue 13,88% (5/36). Los resultados demuestran una mayor incidencia del VHE con respecto al VHA (8,53% vs 5,21%) y el análisis filogenético mostró la circulación del genotipo 1, subgenotipo 1d del VHE. Conclusiones Se corroboró la endemicidad del VHE en nuestro país y, por primera vez, se identificó el subgenotipo 1d, variante africana asociada a casos esporádicos y brotes de hepatitis E.

Abstract Introduction Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route and is one of the most important causes of acute viral hepatitis (AVH) around the world. In Cuba, Despite of endemic behavior of HEV in Cuba, its causality is not associated when a picture of enteric acute hepatitis is suspected. Objective Taking into account the common transmission route of both HEV and HAV, our aim was to estimate the incidence of HEV infection in sera samples received throughout the country during 2013 where the IgM anti-HAV test was required by the Clinician. Materials and Methods A specific RT-PCR for open reading frame 2 (ORF2) was used to detect RNA-HEV in 422 sera. The amplified products corresponding to ORF2 were purified, sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed using MEGA6 software program. Results RNA-HEV was detected in 8.53% (36/422) of the samples. The highest rate of positivity was identified in the Western region of the country, specifically in Havana 5.45% (23/422). IgM anti-HAV was detected in 5.21% (22/422) and simultaneous detection of both HAV and HEV was found in 13.88% (5/36) of the samples. The results showed a higher incidence of HEV with respect to HAV (8.53% vs 5.21%) and phylogenetic analysis showed the circulation of genotype 1, subgenotype 1d of the HEV. Conclusions This study corroborated the endemicity of HEV and for the first time the subgenotype 1d, the African variant strain associated to outbreak of hepatitis E, is reported in viral hepatitis cases in Cuba.

El virus de hepatitis E en los animales domésticos: Una revisión / Hepatitis E virus in domestic animals: A review

El virus de la Hepatitis E (VHE) es un patógeno emergente, fue originalmente identificado como el agente de transmisión de hepatitis entérica No-A, No-B, e identificado en cerdos y en humanos. La infección por el virus de la hepatitis E (VHE), está ganando la atención mundial, debido a la creciente car ga de la enfermedad en los países de baja endemicidad, en términos de morbilidad y mortalidad, sino también debido a los avances recientes en la virología molecular y la epidemiología de esta emergente patógeno. La propagación del VHE infección puede ser descrita como la evolución de una zoonosis hacia una infección humana establecida. Como se sabe por otros virus, tales como el virus de la inmunodeficiencia hu mana o de los virus de influenza, que cruzan las barreras de las especies de animales a los seres humanos, es un fenómeno recurrente. Aunque lenta al principio, una vez que el virus se ha adaptado a los humanos, la propagación de persona a persona puede proceder muy rápidamente. Las cepas del VHE aisladas en humanos tienen una estrecha relación genética con cepas halladas en cerdos, ratas y pollos. Se han determinado anticuerpos anti-VHE en bovinos, caninos, felinos, primates y roedores. El virus de Hepatitis E es de gran importancia desde el punto de vista de la salud pública. Los animales domésticos y otras especies se pueden comportar como reservorios potencialmente infeccioso. El riesgo de infección para el humano es inminente ya sea por consumo de alimentos de origen animal contaminado, aguas contaminadas y transmisión directa oral-oral, oral-fecal. Alimentos de origen animal sin la inspección sanitaria que garanticen la calidad e inocuidad deben ser considerados como un elemento infeccioso potencial a nivel de mataderos industriales y sobre toda la cadena de comercialización.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging pathogen, was originally identified as the agent of transmission of enteric hepatitis Non-A, Non-B, identified in pigs and humans. Hepatitis E virus (HEV), Infection is gaining worldwide attention because of the increasing burden of disease in low endemic countries in terms of morbidity and mortality, but also because of recent advances in the molecular virology and epidemiology of this emerging pathogen. The spread of HEV infection can be described as the evolution of a zoonosis to established human infection. As known from other viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus or influenza virus crossing the species barrier from animals to humans is a recurring phenomenon. Although slow at first, once the virus has adapted to humans, spread from person to person can come very quickly. HEV strains iso lated in humans are closely related genetically to strains found in pigs, rats and chickens. Have been gi - ven an ti-HEV antibodies in cattle, dogs, cats, primates and rodents. Hepatitis E virus is of great importance from the standpoint of public health, the impact on the liver and pregnancy. Pets and other species can behave as re - servoirs potentially infectious. The risk of infection for humans is im mi nent either through consumption of con - taminated food of ani mal origin, contaminated water and direct oral-oral trans mission, fecal-oral. Animal foods without health inspections to ensure quality and safety must be considered as a potential infectious element-level slaughterhouses and the entire supply chain.

Molecular characterization of swine hepatitis E virus from Southeastern Brazil

Despite serological evidences of presence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in humans or other animals, until this study the virus had not been detected and molecular characterization of the isolate that circulates in Brazil had not been described. Thus, we collected stool samples of young pigs and tested for presence of HEV RNA by RT-PCR, using primers for partial amplification of ORF2 sequence. Phylogenetic analysis with sequence obtained from the amplified products revealed that the HEV isolate identified here was most closely related to HEV isolates of genotype 3, which is commonly detected in HEV infected pigs. Nucleotide sequence analyses carried out with the entire amplified fragment, ORF2/ORF3 overlapping and ORF2 non-overlapping sequences showed highest identities with the US isolate of genotype 3. Similarly, amino acid sequence analyses done with the entire amplified fragment, ORF2 non-overlapping, ORF2 and ORF3 overlapping sequences also showed highest identities with the genotype 3 isolate. Presence, in Brazil, of HEV of genotype 4, which also infects pigs, as well as HEV strains that infect humans still remain to be detected and characterized.

Apesar de evidências sorológicas da presença do vírus da hepatite E (VHE) em humanos ou outros animais, até o presente estudo o vírus não havia sido detectado e a caracterização molecular da cepa que circula no Brasil não havia sido descrita. Assim, amostras de fezes de porcos jovens foram colhidas e analizadas quanto a presença do ARN do VHE por RT-PCR, utilizando-se oligonucleotídeos para amplificação da seqüência parcial do ORF2 viral. Análise filogenética realizada com a seqüência obtida dos produtos amplificados revelou que a cepa encontrada apresentou relação próxima com cepas do genótipo 3 que são detectadas com freqüência em porcos. Análises das seqüências nucleotídicas realizadas com todo o segmento amplificado, com somente o segmento sobreposto do ORF2/ORF3 e aquele sem sobreposição do ORF2, em comparação com isolados de genótipos conhecidos, mostraram maior identidade com o isolado encontrado nos Estados Unidos (US) do genótipo 3. De maneira semelhante, análises da seqüência de aminoácidos realizadas com os mesmos segmentos também mostraram maior identidade com o isolado de genótipo 3. Presença ou não do vírus de genótipo 4, que também infecta porcos, ainda necessita ser verificada. Da mesma forma, cepas do VHE que infectam humanos ainda necessitam ser detectadas e caracterizadas.