A study of visual inspection of cervix under acetic acid and visual inspection of cervix under Lugol's iodine for screening of carcinoma cervix

Background: Carcinoma cervix is the most common cancer among women in developing countries. The objectives of the study were to study the sensitivity and specificity of visual inspection of  the cervix with acetic acid (VIA) and Lugol's iodine (VILI) for cervical cancer screening. To study the correlation of demographic data like age, socioeconomic status, education residential area, parity, age at marriage in premalignant lesion of  the cervix.Methods: The present study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology  at a Tertiary Medical Care Center over a period of two years. Five hundred fifty women between 20-65 years of age who fulfilled the selection criteria were enrolled in our study. Positive tests for VIA was opaque aceto white lesion on applying 5% acetic acid or detection of definite yellow iodine non uptake areas with Lugol's iodine in the transformation zone or close to touching the squamocolumnar junction. Positive cases were scheduled for cervical biopsy. Ethical approval of the study protocol was obtained from the ethics committee of the institute.Results: On down staging 7.2% (40/550) of cases  had an unhealthy cervix and 0.36% (2/550) with a suspicious cervix. VIA positive in 4.55% (25/550), VILI positive in 2.73% (15/550). Biopsy was taken from positive with VIA and VILI. On histology 2.9% (16) were chronic cervicitis, CIN I had (1), 0.2%, CIN II (2) 0.4%, CIN III (4) 0.7% and squamous cell carcinoma (2) 0.4% VIA sensitivity 72.22%, specificity 97.74%. VILI sensitivity 100%, specificity 98.89%.Conclusions: VIA and VILI are simple, inexpensive, low resources technique. Both have high sensitivity and specificity.

Estrés nitroxidativo pulmonar y sistémico en pacientes en ventilación mecánica con sepsis sin lesión pulmonar aguda y en pacientes en ventilación mecánica sin sepsis / Pulmonary and systemic nitroxidative stress in mechanically ventilated patients with sepsis without acute lung injury and in mechanically ventilated patients without sepsis

Propósito: Durante la sepsis y la ventilación mecánica, se genera estrés oxidativo por activación de las células pulmonares endoteliales e inflamatorias y producción de especies reactivas del oxígeno (ERO). Nuestro principal objetivo fue estudiar la producción pulmonar y sistémica de óxido nítrico (•NO) y oxidantes derivados del •NO que generan estrés nitroxidativo y su relación con la lesión pulmonar aguda (LPA) en pacientes en ventilación mecánica sépticos y no sépticos. Métodos: estudiamos 69 pacientes ventilados mecánicamente, de estos 36 pacientes con sepsis y 33 pacientes sin sepsis. Los pacientes fueron estudiados dentro de las primeras 48 horas de ingreso a unidad de cuidado intensivo (UCI). La producción de estrés nitroxidativo se comparó entre los pacientes con sepsis y los pacientes ventilados mecánicamente sin sepsis (VM). Ocho pacientes de quirófano sin enfermedad pulmonar sirvieron como grupo de control sano (GCBQ). Se analizaron nitrito más nitrato (NOx - ), 3-nitrotirosina (3-NT) y malondialdehído (MDA) en líquido de lavado bronquioloalveolar (LBA). En plasma se midió NOx - (n=69). Adicionalmente en plasma se midió 3-NT, MDA, y alfa tocoferol (α-TOH). Resultados: NO x - , 3-NT, MDA en LBA y NOx - y α-TOH en plasma fueron mayores en pacientes con sepsis que en los pacientes con VM sin sepsis (todos p <0,05). Tanto los pacientes con sepsis como VM tenían concentración de NOx - en LBA mayor que el grupo de control sano (p <0,001). En los pacientes con sepsis, los pacientes que fallecieron en la UCI tuvieron concentraciones mayores de NOx - en LBA que los sobrevivientes en la UCI, 80 (70 - 127) µM en comparación con 31 (15 - 47) µM, respectivamente, p <0,001. Los pacientes con síndrome de distress respiratorio agudo (SDRA) en el grupo sepsis tuvieron mayor concentración de NOx - en LBA. Conclusiones: Durante las fases tempranas de la sepsis y la ventilación Sepsis y Estrés Nitroxidativo Pulmonar 20 mecánica hay aumento del estrés nitroxidativo pulmonar y sistémico debido a un aumento de la producción de •NO que conduce a oxidantes secundarios derivados del •NO, los que promueven la nitración de proteínas y la peroxidación de lípidos. Esto se asocia con SDRA/LPA y aumento de la mortalidad en UCI

Purpose: During sepsis and mechanical ventilation oxidative stress is generated by endothelial and inflammatory lung cells. Our main objective was to study pulmonary and systemic •NO (nitric oxide) production and nitroxidative stress in mechanically ventilated septic patients. Methods: we study 69 mechanically ventilated patients, 36 with sepsis and 33 without sepsis within the first 48 hours of ICU admission compared with 33 mechanically ventilated patients without sepsis (MV) plus eight operating room patients without lung disease served as control healthy group (ORCG). Nitrite plus nitrate (NOx - ), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were analyzed. Additionally, we measured plasma alpha tocopherol (α-TOH), MDA, and 3-NT. Results: BALF NOx - , BALF 3-NT, BALF MDA, and plasma NOx - were higher in the Sepsis than in MV patients (all p<0.05). Both SG and MV patients had higher BALF NOx - than the healthy control group (p<0.001). Sepsis patients had higher plasma NOx - and α TOH than mechanically-ventilated patients without sepsis (all p <0,05). In the Sepsis patients, the ICU non-survivors had higher levels of BALF NOx - than ICU survivors 280(70 - 127) µM versus 31(15 - 47) µM, p< 0.001. Conclusions: We conclude that during early phases of sepsis there is an enhanced lung nitroxidative stress due to an increase of •NO production leading to secondary Sepsis y Estrés Nitroxidativo Pulmonar 21 •NO-derived oxidants, which promote protein nitration and lipid peroxidation. This is associated with ARDS /ALI and increased mortality in ICU

Determinación del poder mecánico en pacientes en ventilación mecánica invasiva en modalidad espontánea / Determination of the mechanical power in patients in invasive mechanical ventilation in spontaneous mode / Determinação da potência mecânica em pacientes com ventilação mecânica invasiva no modo espontâneo

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar cuál es el poder mecánico (mediante un modelo matemático que puede englobar las posibles causas de lesión pulmonar) otorgado por el ventilador en pacientes bajo ventilación mecánica invasiva en modalidad espontánea VAP (ventilación asisto-proporcional). Material y métodos: Se calculó el poder mecánico y de distensión con las fórmulas: p o d e r m e c a n i c o r s = F R . ∆ V 2 . 1 2 . E L r s + F R . 1 + I : E 60 . I : E . R a w + ∆ V . P E E P 2. Poder mecánico rs = (0.098) · (FR . ΔV) · (Ppico − ½ · ΔP) 3. PD = (0.098) · (PPL − PEEP) · Vt · FR Se realizó en 60 pacientes, la mitad de ellos con ventilación mecánica invasiva en modalidad espontánea VAP, estimando la presión meseta (P pl ) mediante el volumen corriente (Vt), la distensibilidad (C rs ) y la presión positiva al final de la espiración total (PEEPt) dadas por el ventilador mecánico. Resultados: Se incluyeron datos de 60 pacientes bajo ventilación mecánica invasiva, 30 de ellos en la modalidad espontánea: ventilación asisto-proporcional (VAP), de los cuales 100% tuvo retiro de la ventilación exitoso; 30 pacientes como controles emparejados en modalidades controladas, con edad de 65 (DE ± 15) años, 63% hombres y parámetros generales: frecuencia respiratoria (FR) media de 18 (DE ± 5.5) min-1, Vt medio de 0.46 (DE ± 0.1) Lts, Crs media de 55 (DE ± 22) mL/cm H2O, PEEPt de 7.6 (DE ± 3.3) cm H2O, presión pico (P pico ) 20.4 (DE ± 6.9) cm H2O, Ppl de 17.05 (DE ± 5.8) cm H2O. Al calcular el poder mecánico, todas las comparaciones fueron menores en pacientes en modalidad espontánea versus aquellos ventilados con modalidad controlada; se determinaron los siguientes valores: 6.98 (DE ± 1.69) versus 18.49 (DE ± 8.20) J/min (p < 0.001), 7.17 (DE ± 1.67) versus 20.92 (DE ± 9.05) J/min (p < 0.001) y de 4.6 (DE ± 1.64) versus 12.33 (DE ± 7.04) J/min (p < 0.001), en las fórmulas 1, 2 y 3 respectivamente, con un valor promedio para los pacientes en modalidad espontánea de 6.25 (DE ± 1.66) J/min. Conclusiones: La posibilidad de determinar un valor promedio del poder mecánico en pacientes bajo ventilación mecánica invasiva en modalidad VAP puede permitir obtener un parámetro como objetivo a seguir bajo el contexto de su equivalencia estimada en condiciones fisiológicas y, sobre todo, en pacientes en quienes se desean conservar medidas de protección pulmonar y progresar para retirar la ventilación invasiva.

Abstract: Objective: To define which would be the mechanical power (using a mathematical model that can apply to possible causes for lung injury) used by a ventilator, in patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation in spontaneous PAV (proportional assist ventilation). Material and methods: The mechanical and distention powers are calculated using the equations: p o d e r m e c a n i c o r s = F R . ∆ V 2 . 1 2 . E L r s + F R . 1 + I : E 60 . I : E . R a w + ∆ V . P E E P 2. Mechanical power rs = (0.098) . (FR . ΔV) . (Ppeak − ½ . ΔP) 3. PD = (0.098) . (PPL − PEEP) . Vt . RF Sixty patients were selected, half of them with invasive mechanical ventilation PAV in spontaneous mode, estimating the plateau pressure (P pl ) though tidal volume value (Vt), distensibility (C rs ), and the positive pressure at the end of a normal exhalation (PEEPt) given by the mechanical ventilator. Results: Data from 60 patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation was included, 30 of them through spontaneous modality: proportional assist ventilation (PAV), from which 100% had a successful ventilator tube removal; 30 patients were paired as controls with controlled modalities, with age 65 years (SD ± 15), 63% were men, with the general parameters: mean respiratory frequency (RF) of 18 (SD ± 5.5) min-1, mean Vt of 0.46 (SD ± 0.1) Lts, mean C rs of 55 (SD ± 22) mL/cm H2O, PEEPt of 7.6 (SD ± 3.3) cm H2O, peak pressure (Ppico) 20.4 (SD ± 6.9) cm H2O, Ppl of 17.05 (SD ± 5.8) cm H2O. When comparing the mechanical power, all the results were inferior in patients with spontaneous modality versus patients undergoing controlled modality ventilation, determining the following values: 6.98 (SD ± 1.69) versus 18.49 (SD ± 8.20) J/min (p < 0.001), 7.17 (SD ± 1.67) versus 20.92 (SD ± 9.05) J/min (p < 0.001) and of 4.6 (SD ± 1.64) versus 12.33 (SD ± 7.04) J/min (p < 0.001), in the equations 1, 2, and 3 respectively, with an average value for the patients undergoing spontaneous modality of 6.25 (SD ± 1.66) J/min. Conclusions: The probability of determining a mean value for the mechanical power used in patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation on a PAV mode may allow to obtain a standard parameter to follow under the context of its estimated equivalence in physiological conditions, mainly for patients in whom lung protective measures are desired in order to obtain a positive progress and the eventual removal of the invasive ventilation.

Resumo: Objectivo: Determinar qual seria a potência mecânica (usando um modelo matemático que pode englobar às possíveis causas de lesão pulmonar) outorgada pelo ventilador, em pacientes submetidos a ventilação mecânica invasiva no modo espontâneo PAV (Ventilação assistida proporcional). Métodos: Calculamos a potência mecânica e de distensão com as fórmulas: p o d e r m e c a n i c o r s = F R . ∆ V 2 . 1 2 . E L r s + F R . 1 + I : E 60 . I : E . R a w + ∆ V . P E E P 2. Poder mecánico rs = (0.098) · (FR · ΔV) · (Ppico − ½ · ΔP) 3. PD = (0.098) · (PPL − PEEP) · Vt · FR Foram selecionados 60 pacientes, metade com ventilação mecânica invasiva PAV, estimando a pressão de platô (Ppl) mediante o volume corrente (Vt), distensibilidade (Crs), e a pressão positiva ao final de uma expiração total (PEEPt) dadas pelo ventilador mecânico. Resultados: Foram incluídos dados de 60 pacientes com ventilação mecânica invasiva, 30 no modo espontâneo: ventilação assistida proporcional a (PAV), dos quais 100% tinham remoção bem sucedida de ventilação, 30 pacientes com controles em modalidades controladas, com idade de 65 (SD ± 15) anos, 63% homens e parâmetros gerais: frequência respiratória (FR) média de 18 (SD ± 5.5) min-1, Vt médio 0.46 (SD ± 0.1) Lts, Crs média de 55 (SD ± 22) mL/cm H2O, PEEPt de 7.6 cm (SD ± 3.3) com H2O, pressão de pico (Ppico) 20.4 (SD ± 6.9) cm H2O, Ppl de 17.05 (SD ± 5.8) cm H2O. Todas as comparações ao calcular a potência mecânica, foram menores em pacientes no modo espontâneo vs os pacientes ventilados com modo controlado, determinando os seguintes valores: 6.98 (SD ± 1.69) vs 18.49 (SD ± 8.20) J/min (p < 0.001), 7.17 (SD ± 1.67) vs 20.92 (SD ± 9.05) J/min (p < 0.001) e 4.6 (SD ± 1.64) vs 12.33 (SD ± 7.04) J/min (p < 0.001), nas fórmulas 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente, com um valor médio para os pacientes em modo espontâneo de 6.25 (SD ± 1.66) J/min. Conclusões: A possibilidade de determinar um valor médio da potência mecânica em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica invasiva no modo PAV, permitiu obter um parâmetro como objetivo a seguir; no contexto da sua equivalência estimada em condições fisiológicas e acima de tudo, os pacientes que desejamos preservar medidas de proteção pulmonar e progressar para remover a ventilação invasiva.

Ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria en pediatría / High frequency oscillatory ventilation in pediatrics

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a usual therapy for the management of critically ill children. However its inappropriate use can produce lung injury. Today, the evidence recommends protective ventilation such as strategie low tidal volumes (VT) that minimize injury and thus, high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) would have a theoretical role. HFOV allows gas exchange using low tidal volumes (1 – 2 ml/kg) and supraphysiologic respiratory frequencies. In pediatrics it comprises 3 – 30 percent of mechanically ventilated patients, most of the time as a rescue therapy in refractory respiratory failure cases where conventional mechanical ventilation fails. Many aspects of HFVO in children remain unclear, theoretical benefits has no solid clinical basis, when is the best time to initiate (early vs rescue mode), which are the optimal settings, and how to monitor lung mechanics. This review examines HFVO theoretical bases, suggest recommendations for its use and considers the available evidence to understand the aspects that are still unclear.

La ventilación mecánica (VM) constituye un apoyo frecuente en el manejo de niños críticamente enfermos, quienes pueden requerirla por diferentes etiologías, entre ellas el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA). Sabemos que a pesar de ser un soporte vital, su uso inapropiado puede producir daño inducido por ventilación mecánica (DIVM). En la actualidad, la evidencia recomienda las estrategias de “ventilación protectora”, bajos volúmenes corrientes, que minimicen este daño y es ahí donde la ventilación de alta frecuencia oscilatoria (VAFO) tendría un rol teórico. La VAFO permite el intercambio gaseoso usando pequeños volúmenes corrientes (VT) 1-2 ml /kg y frecuencias respiratorias supra fisiológicas, con la consiguiente disminución del riesgo de atelectrauma, manteniendo el “pulmón abierto” y en la zona de seguridad de la curva presión-volumen. Su uso en pediatría oscila entre el 3 y el 30 por ciento de los pacientes ventilados, la mayoría de las veces como terapia de rescate frente a la falla de la ventilación convencional (VMC) en insuficiencia respiratoria refractaria. Muchos aspectos de la VAFO en pediatría no han sido totalmente esclarecidos; su efecto protector teórico permanece aún sin bases sólidas en el escenario clínico, quienes se benefician de su uso, cuál es el mejor momento para iniciarla (temprana o rescate), cuales son los valores óptimos del oscilador y como monitorear la mecánica pulmonar en VAFO. La presente revisión pretende repasar los conceptos teóricos de la VAFO, formular recomendaciones para su uso y considerar la evidencia disponible que nos permitan dilucidar las interrogantes antes mencionadas.

Visual inspection of cervix with Lugol's iodine for early detection of premalignant & malignant lesions of cervix.

Background & objectives: Majority of cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed at an advanced stage as cytology based screening programmes are ineffective in developing countries. The present study was done to look for carcinoma cervix and its precursors by visual inspection with Lugol's iodine (VILI), visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and Papanicolaou smear, and to analyse their sensitivity, specificity and predictive values using colposcopic directed biopsy as reference. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 350 women were subjected to Pap smear, VIA, VILI and colposcopy. Cervical biopsy and endocervical curettage was taken from patients positive on any of these tests and in 10 per cent of negative cases. Results: The Pap smear was abnormal in 3.71 per cent, including (2.85%), low grade (LSIL) and (0.85%) high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Thirteen per cent of the patients were found to be positive by VIA and 11.71 per cent were positive on VILI. Sensitivity for VIA, VILI and Pap smear was 89.5, 100 and 52.6 per cent, respectively, while the specificity for VIA, VILI and Pap smear was 91.2, 93.3 and 99.1 per cent, respectively. Interpretation & conclusions: In low resource settings, cervical cancer screening by Pap smear can be replaced by visual methods like VILI, which has the highest sensitivity (100%) to detect any grade of dysplasia, and a good specificity (93.3%).

Mechanical ventilation and volutrauma: study in vivo of a healthy pig model

Mechanical ventilation is essential in intensive care units. However, it may itself induce lung injury. Current studies are based on rodents, using exceptionally large tidal volumes for very short periods, often after a "priming" pulmonary insult. Our study deepens a clinically relevant large animal model, closely resembling human physiology and the ventilator setting used in clinic settings. Our aim was to evaluate the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in alveolo/capillary barrier damage due to mechanical stress in healthy subjects. We randomly divided 18 pigs (sedated with medetomidine/tiletamine-zolazepam and anesthetised with thiopental sodium) into three groups (n=6): two were mechanically ventilated (tidal volume of 8 or 20 ml/kg), the third breathed spontaneously for 4 hours, then animals were sacrificed (thiopental overdose). We analyzed every 30' hemogasanalysis and the main circulatory and respiratory parameters. Matrix gelatinase expression was evaluated on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after surgery and before euthanasia. On autoptic samples we performed zymographic analysis of lung, kidney and liver tissues and histological examination of lung. Results evidenced that high Vt evoked profound alterations of lung mechanics and structure, although low Vt strategy was not devoid of side effects, too. Unexpectedly, also animals that were spontaneously breathing showed a worsening of the respiratory functions.