Clinical value of comprehensive intervention based on VTE risk score for venous thrombosis in elderly type 2 diabetes inpatients / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of targeted intervention measures based on risk score of venous thromboembolism （VTE）， on the prevention of senile type 2 diabetes inpatients， as well as their influence on the occurrence of venous thromboembolism. MethodsA total of 134 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were hospitalized in geriatrics department of Peking university third hospital during June 1， 2018 to September 30， 2018 were selected as the research subjects. All the patients were divided into control group and observation group according to random number table method， with 67 patients in each group. Patients in the control group were treated with conventional intervention methods， and patients in the observation group were treated with targeted intervention measures based on VTE risk score. After one month of intervention， the Padua score， blood glucose level and coagulation indexes of the two groups were compared. The incidence of thrombosis during the intervention period was also recorded. ResultsThe Padua score in observation group （2.09±2.17） points was significantly lower than that （3.19±2.37） points in control group （P<0.05）. The indexes of fasting blood glucose， 2h postprandial blood glucose and HbA1c in observation group were significantly lower than those in control group （P<0.05）. The fibrinogen， D-dimer， activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time in observation group were significantly lower than those in control group （P<0.05）. The incidence of DVT， PVT， lower limb swelling， pain and abnormal skin color in the observation group were 4.00%， 2.00%， 2.00%， 2.00%， and 0， respectively， and in the control group were 12.00%， 10.00%， 10.00%， 12.00%， and 8.00%， respectively. The incidence of adverse events in observation group was significantly lower than that in control group （P<0.05）. ConclusionTargeted intervention based on VTE risk score can significantly reduce the risk of VTE occurrence， improve blood clotting function and blood glucose level in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This nursing measure has important clinical application value.

Enfermedad tromboembólica venosa: factores de riesgo y profilaxis en pacientes hospitalizados / Venous thromboembolic disease: risk factors and prophylaxis in hospitalized patients

Un alto porcentaje de pacientes hospitalizados puede presentar trombosis venosa profunda con sus corresponientes consecuencias. Objetivos: Determinar el riesgo y tratamiento profiláctico de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa (ETEV) en pacientes hospitalizados. Métodos:investigación de tipo observacional, transversal y multicéntrica. Se aplicó la escala de Caprini para identificar factores de riesgo en pacientes hospitalizados de cuatro hospitales del área Metropolitana de Caracas. Por otra parte, se aplicó una encuesta a médicos residentes y especialistas de las distintas sedes hospitalarias para determinar su conocimiento en profilaxis para ETEV. Resultados: Se registraron 851 pacientes hospitalizados con edad 48,6 + 19,3 años, con predominio del género masculino (59 %). Estaban en servicios quirúrgicos 489 pacientes (57,5 %) y servicios médicos 362 pacientes (42,5 %). Según la escala de Caprini 154 pacientes (18,1 %) estaban en riesgo moderado, y 642 pacientes (75,4 %) en riesgo alto. Recibieron tratamiento profiláctico 61 pacientes (7,7 %), siendo la medicación y la dosis adecuada solo en el 32,8 % de estos pacientes. En cuanto al conocimiento de ETEV, el 96,9 % de los médicos conoce la enfermedad, pero solo el 58,5 % reconoce la embolia pulmonar como parte de esta entidad. Solo el 49,2 % de los encuestados conoce o aplica escalas de riesgo para esta enfermedad. El tratamiento farmacológico es conocido por el 93,8 % de los médicos. Solo el 56,6 % de los médicos realiza seguimiento a los pacientes, siendo el lapso menor de 3 meses el más frecuente (40 %). Conclusiones: en nuestro estudio hay predominio de pacientes con alto riesgo para ETEV. El uso de profilaxis farmacológica es muy bajo. El conocimiento de escalas de riesgo no es adecuado(AU)

Venous thromboembolic disease is frequent in hospitalized patients.Objectives: To determine the risk and prophylactic therapy of venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) in patients with medical and surgical pathologies according to the Caprini scale. Methods: an observational, transversal and multicenter research was performed. The Caprini scale was applied to identify risk factors in medical and surgical hospitalized patients of four hospitals in the metropolitan area of Caracas. Also, a survey was applied to residents and specialists from the different hospitals to determine the knowledge about prophylactic treatment for VTE. Results: we registered 851 hospitalized patients with an age of 48,6 + 19,3 years, mainly men (59 %). There were 489 surgical patients (57,5 %) and 362 medical patients (42,5 %). According to Caprini risk scale 154 patients (18,1 %) were at middle risk and 642 patients (75,4 %) were at high risk. Prophylactic treatment was indicated in 61 patients (7,7 %), this treatment was adequate (doses and drug type) only in 32 % of these patients. About the ETV, 96,9 % of the medical doctors had knowledge of this illness, but only 58,5 % recognize pulmonary embolism as part of this entity. Only 49,2 % knows or applies risk scales for ETV. 56,6 % follows the patients, more frequently for less of 3 months (40 %). Conclusions: we found is a high predominance of moderate to high risk patients for ETV. Pharmacological prophylaxis was very low. ETV risk scales knowlegde is not adequate(AU)

Risk Assessment For Vte: All Are Not Equal

Venous Thromboembolism [VTE] risk assessment has become common in most hospitals. However, the comparison of effectiveness between quantitative and qualitative risk assessments is sparse in the literature. We performed a comparative analysis between a quantitative and qualitative assessment in 146 consecutive adult trauma patients. Of the 146 patients enrolled, 64 of whom had no contraindications to VTE prophylaxis, 99 were men and 47 were women. Mean population age was 52.3 years and mean injury severity score [ISS] was 20.0 (+ 9.9). ISS did not correlate with VTE risk. Elderly patients were found to be at higher risk for development of VTE. The non-quantitative risk assessment assigned 38 low risk, 80 moderate risk and 28 high risk patients. Each grouping was re-evaluated to provide a mean quantitative risk for each category of the non-quantitative assessment: 1.5 points for low risk, 3 points for moderate risk, and 3.96 for high risk. Based on recommended guidelines of the quantitative risk score, adequacy of VTE prophylaxis was assessed for each non-quantitative category: 72.2% for low risk, 64.7% for moderate risk and 58.3% for high risk. After re-evaluating all patients using the quantitative risk score, adequacy of VTE prophylaxis was assessed again: 100% for low risk, 83% for moderate risk, 74% for high risk, and 29% for very high risk. We found that the qualitative assessment tended to underscore the risk and therefore resulted in an under-treatment of the highest risk patients. Our data shows that quantitative assessment is superior to qualitative risk assessment.

Validation of the Caprini risk model for predicting deep venous thrombosis in hospital-ized patients with malignant tumors / 中国肿瘤临床

Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of the Caprini risk assessment model in predicting deep venous thrombosis in hos-pitalized patients with malignant tumors. Methods:Deep venous thrombosis screening was performed in 504 patients with malignant tumors who were hospitalized in Beijing Shijitan Hospital between January 2015 and January 2017. Their Caprini thrombosis risk mod-el scores and risk classifications were analyzed and compared with those of the Khorana risk model. Results:The median Caprini score of patients with deep venous thrombosis was 6 (range 4-8), which was higher than the score of 5 (range 4-7) in the group without deep venous thrombosis (Z=10.033, P=0.004). Statistically significant differences in the incidence of deep venous thrombosis were found among the low-medium, high-, and extremely high-risk groups (Z=-1.933, P=0.053). The area under the receiver-operating char-acteristic curve (AUC) of the Caprini scores was 0.611 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.54-0.69, P=0.004], and the cutoff value was 6 points, with the largest Youden index. The AUC of the Khorana model was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.57-0.72, P<0.001), and the difference be-tween the Khorana and Caprini models was not statistically significant (Z=0.674, P=0.500). The AUC of the Caprini model was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.66-0.96, P<0.01) and that of the Khorana model was 0.68 (95% CI: 0.47-0.84, P=0.18) in the patients who underwent malig-nant tumor surgery. The AUC of the Khorana model was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.61-0.82, P=0.01) and that of the Caprini model was 0.55 (95% CI: 0.44-0.67, P=0.54) in the non-operative patients who received chemotherapy. Conclusions:The Caprini and Khorana risk assess-ment models have certain predictive values, but the discrimination is not good. The Caprini model is providing better predictability in patients with malignant tumors treated with surgery. The Khorana model is suitable for non-operative patients who received chemo-therapy. Further studies on the application of the Caprini risk assessment model in patients with malignant tumors are needed.

Occurrence of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Lung Cancer and Its Anticoagulant Therapy / 中国肺癌杂志

Lung cancer is the first leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a recognized complication in patients with lung cancer, which is one of the leading cause of death in lung cancer patients. The cancer-related, patient-related and treatment-related factors are the main causes of VTE in lung cancer patients. Malignant cells can directly activate blood coagulation by producing tissue factor (TF), cancer procoagulance (CP), inflammatory factors and cytokines; And the one of predominant mechanisms in cancer-related thrombosis is the overexpression of TF. The 10th edition of the antithrombotic therapy guidelines for VTE with cancer patients (AT-10) published in 2016 by American College of Chest Physicians (APCC) recommended that anticoagulant therapy is the basic treatment for patients with lung cancer complicated with VTE; And low molecular-weight-heparin (LMWH) is preferred as an anticoagulant drug, but can be use with caution due to increasing risk of bleeding.
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Application of Caprini risk assessment model for preventing venous thromboembolism / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the Caprini risk assessment model for the application of the prevention of VTE in clinical nursing. Methods With a cross:sectional survey research, 6 624 patients were interviewed of a hospital from March to June in 2015.The Caprini risk assessment model was used to screen patients with VTE risk assessment. Results Patients have VTE risk in 6 229 cases, accounting for 94.04%. The patients of low risk, moderate risk, high risk, and super high-risk was 1 889 cases, 1 507 cases, 1 930 cases, 903 cases, accounted for 28.52%, 22.75%, 29.14%and 13.64%respectively. Surgical patients with VTE risk, low risk, moderate, high risk and super high-risk rate was 5.15% (79/1 533), 15.72%(241/1 533), 28.77%(441/1 533), 30.59%(469/1 533), 19.77%(303/1 533), the no-surgery group were 6.21% (316/5 091), 32.37% (1 648/5 091), 20.94% (1 066/5 091), 28.68% (1 461/5 091), 11.79%(600/5 091), two groups compare was statistically significant (χ2= 53.46, P = 0.000); High-risk ratio of trauma surgery,thoracic surgery, neurosurgery, orthopedics, mammary gland and thyroid surgery were63.2%、62.9%、61.5%、58.3%、55.8%; High-risk ratio of oncology medical, respiratory medical, neurology medical, cardiology medical were 92.0% , 68.2% , 55.9% and 64.4% . Conclusions Hospitalized patients have high risk of VTE, it is suggested that include VTE in nursing quality evaluation standard, establish an effective system of VTE risk management. Caprini risk assessment model has been clear about the VTE patients should be special attention, and has been great significance to early screening and prevention of VTE.

A case study of cancer-associated VTE:diagnosis and treatment strategies / 中国肿瘤临床

Symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) has a six-to seven-fold risk of occurring in cancer patients compared with non-cancer patients. VTE is the second most common cause of death among patients with cancer, and cancer-associated VTE is be-coming increasingly prevalent. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of cancer-associated VTE is particularly important. This study presents a pancreatic cancer-associated deep vein thrombosis (DVT) patient who engaged in a multidisciplinary comprehensive discus-sion in the Interventional Therapy Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital to enhance concern, interdisciplinary com-munication, and cooperation in terms of cancer-associated VTE diagnosis and treatment strategies.

Profilaxis de enfermedad tromboembólica en cirugía laparoscópica / Thromboembolic disease prophylaxis in laparoscopic surgery

Introducción: la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa perioperatoria es la que se produce en relación con una intervención quirúrgica y que se manifiesta durante el postoperatorio inmediato o tardío. Su evolución puede ser diversa, de menor a mayor gravedad. La incidencia de esta complicación en cirugía mínimamente invasiva es semejante a la cirugía convencional. Objetivos: actualizar los estudios del tema sobre la profilaxis de la enfermedad tromboembólica en cirugía laparoscópica. Desarrollo: las técnicas de mínimo acceso han incorporado procederes de elevada complejidad, similares a los realizados por cirugía abierta que poseen alto riesgo de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa. En la literatura se plantean diversos métodos de profilaxis. Con la evidencia existente sean elaborado recomendaciones especificas para diferentes intervenciones realizados por vía laparoscópica según la estratificación de riesgo. Conclusiones: en pacientes con factores de riesgo o propuestos para intervenciones prolongadas de de cirugía laparoscópica se deben emplear, los métodos mecánicos y las HBPM a las dosis adecuadas al nivel de riesgo.

Introduction: the perioperative venous thromboembolic disease is the one that occurs in surgery and is observed in the immediate or late postoperative period. Its evolution can be diverse, from low to high severity. The incidence of this complication in minimally invasive surgery is similar to that of the conventional surgery. Objectives: to update the studies of the topic about the thromboembolic disease prophylaxis in laparoscopic surgery. Development: minimal access techniques have incorporated high complexity procedures, similar to the ones carried out by open surgery that are at high risk of venous thromboembolic disease. There are different prophylaxis methods in literature. With the present evidence, specific recommendations have been elaborated for different interventions performed laparoscopically according to the risk stratification. Conclusions: in patients with risk factors or scheduled for long laparoscopic surgery, mechanic methods and adequate doses of LMWH according to the risk level should be used.

Venous thromboembolism risk & prophylaxis in the acute hospital care setting (ENDORSE), a multinational cross-sectional study: Results from the Indian subset data.

Background & objectives: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major health problem with substantial morbidity and mortality. It is often underdiagnosed due to lack of information on VTE risk and prophylaxis. The ENDORSE (Epidemiologic International Day for the Evaluation of Patients at Risk for Venous Thromboembolism in the Acute Hospital Care Setting) study aimed to assess the prevalence of VTE risk in acute hospital care setting and proportion of at-risk patients receiving effective prophylaxis. We present here the risk factor profile and prophylaxis pattern of hospitalized patients who participated in ENDORSE study in India. Methods: In this cross-sectional study in India, all patients (surgical >18 yr, medical >40 yr) from 10 hospitals were retrospectively studied. Demographics, VTE risk factors and prophylaxis patterns were assessed according to the 2004 American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) evidence-based consensus guidelines. Results: We recruited 2058 patients (1110 surgical, 948 medical) from 10 randomly selected hospitals in India between August 2006 and January 2007. According to the ACCP criteria, 1104 (53.6%) patients [surgical 680 (61.3%), medical 424 (44.7%)] were at-risk for VTE. Chronic pulmonary disease/heart failure and complete immobilization were the most common risk factors before and during hospitalization, respectively. In India, 16.3 per cent surgical and 19.1 per cent medical at-risk patients received ACCP-recommended thromboprophylaxis. Interpretation & conclusions: Despite a similar proportion of at-risk hospitalized patients in India and other participating countries, there was major underutilization of prophylaxis in India. It necessitates increasing awareness about VTE risk and ensuring appropriate thromboprophylaxis.

Effectiveness and Necessity of Early Postoperative Rehabilitation for Total Hip Arthroplasty / The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine

When treating coxarthrosis, each treatment method including conservative treatment, osteotomy, or artificial joint replacement, has an optimal stage for treatment of the disease. Joint preservation surgery has a good result for cases in the early stage, but total hip arthroplasty (THA) is selected for advanced stage hip osteoarthritis, and in Japan, more than a 40000 THAs are performed each year. Good postoperative results lasting up to 15 years are reported today, but, on the other hand, postoperative problems still clearly exist. Deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism (VTE/PTE) are given as perioperative problems, and postoperative dislocation and postoperative range of motion of the hip joint are given as the problems that most relate to ADL. These days, information about THA is abundant so that there is extensive demand for the procedure amongst patients, and elevated technique is demanded of the surgeon. The onset of postoperative VTE/PTE as a lethal complication and interest about its prevention have risen these days with the increase in the number of artificial joint replacements performed in Japan. This time, we introduce a postoperative THA rehabilitation schedule and report the results of our postoperative complication prevention efforts carried out in our hospital. When THA of late years is thought about, for a patient, it is natural that the long-term results are good, and the postoperative satisfaction degree from an early stage is the demand that it is necessary. In consideration of these things, the range of hip motion needed about the origin and preventing dislocation that were one element of long-term satisfaction since only a short-term of normal ADL movement was investigated, and this was viewed from the aspect of joint stability against postoperative dislocation by difference in the approach method of surgery. Finally, we also discussed the importance of early rehabilitation after surgery for the prevention of VTE/PTE as a serious complication of surgery.

Enfermedad tromboembólica venosa: ¿una patología frecuente poco reconocida? / Venous thromboembolic disease: a rare pathology?

El tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP), es el resultado de la obstrucción de la circulación arterial pulmonar por un émbolo procedente en la mayoría de los casos (95%) del sistema venoso profundo de las extremidades inferiores (grandes venas proximales), en menor frecuencia de las pélvicas. Otros orígenes pueden ser: vena cava, cavidades cardíacas derechas, aurícula izquierda (fibrilación auricular), válvulas cardíacas (endocarditis), ventrículo derecho (necrosis) y miembros superiores. Son poco frecuentes los émbolos formados por tumores, aire, fibrina, líquido amniótico, medula ósea y cuerpos extraños. OBJETIVO El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la frecuencia y la incidencia de la Trombosis venosa profunda (TVP) diagnosticada en el servicio de Medicina I del Hospital de Clínicas y Unidad de Terapia Intensiva del Instituto Nacional de Tórax, en la ciudad de La Paz - Bolivia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS Se incorporaron a la investigación todos los pacientes mayores de 16 años que fueron dados de alta o fallecieron en el servicio de Medicina I del Hospital de Clínicas y la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva del Instituto Nacional de Tórax durante un período de 24 meses, comprendido entre el 1 de junio del 2004 al 30 de junio del 2006 que tenían como diagnósticos de egreso tromboembolismo venoso (TEV), tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP), infarto de pulmón y/o trombosis venosa profunda (TVP). Estos diagnósticos de TEV, de acuerdo a la Clasificación Estadística Internacional de Enfermedades y Problemas Relacionados con la Salud (CIE-10), correspondían a: embolia de pulmón con y sin corazón pulmonar agudo (I-26), flebitis y tromboflebitis (I-80) y tromboflebitis de otros vasos profundos de los miembros inferiores (I-82) RESULTADOS El diagnóstico de TEV se confirmó objetivamente en el 22% de estos enfermos, la relación varón/mujer fue de 1/2. La frecuencia de TEV para el período en estudio fue 0.92%. Los 9 pacientes con el diagnóstico de TEV fueron distribuidos en dos grupos según el momento de aparición del cuadro clínico. 5 pacientes (57.22%) tenían signos y/o síntomas de TEP o TVP cuando ingresaron en los hospitales o los desarrollaron durante los primeros cuatro días de internación, y 4 enfermos (42.77%) los presentaron a partir del quinto día de internación. El 30.98% de los pacientes que desarrollaron una TEV intrahospitalaria tenían indicada profilaxis con ASA durante la internación, aunque no es posible asegurar que ésta se hubiera cumplido en forma correcta. Un paciente (6.62%) con TEV, internado, desarrollo a enfermedad en el curso de un tratamiento anticoagulante adecuado. Seis pacientes (68.07%) tuvieron TVP y 2 (18.67%) TEP. En un paciente (12%) se confirmó la presencia simultánea de TEP y TVP. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria global de los pacientes con TEV, atribuida a la TEV u otras causas, fue 19% (2 pacientes). Los pacientes que ingresaron en los hospitales con el diagnóstico de TEV tuvieron una mortalidad significativamente más baja que la del grupo que desarrolló la enfermedad durante la internación (0.5% vs. 30.98% respectivamente, p=0.004). Aquellos pacientes que por la gravedad del cuadro clínico (n=2) debieron ser internados en unidades de cuidados intensivos tuvieron una mortalidad de 43.75%. La incidencia de TEV fue 0.15%; IC 95%, 0.37 a 0.42 y alcanzó su valor más elevado (0.80%;IC 95%: 0.78% a 0.82%) durante la sexta década de la vida. La incidencia fue mayor en el sexo femenino (88.8%; IC95%: 0.44 a 0.49%). Entre los factores de riesgo identificados en esta población con TEV, clasificados de acuerdo al riesgo relativo indirecto de los mismos. Los más frecuentes fueron: reposo en cama durante más de 3 días y antecedente de TEP o TVP. La frecuencia de presentación de éstos fue diferente según la TEV hubiera sido adquirida en la comunidad o durante la internación, pero solamente el antecedente de TEP o TVP fue significativamente más frecuente en aquellos pacientes que ingresaron al hospital con TEV (p=0.007). CONCLUSIÓN La TEV es una enfermedad que puede prevenirse. No obstante, sólo un tercio de los enfermos que desarrollaron TEV en el Hospital de Clínicas y Unidad de Terapia Intensiva del INT tenían indicado tratamiento o profilaxis con ASA y warfarina.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the result of obstruction of the arterial circulation from pulmonary embolus, in most cases (95%), the deep venous system of the lower extremities (large proximal veins) in less frequent the pelvis. Other sources include: vena cava, righ heart, left ventricle (necrosis) and upper limbs. Emboli are rare tumors composed of, air, fibrin, amniotic fluid, bone marrow and foreign bodies. OBJETIVE The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and incidence of venous thrombosis (DVT), objectively diagnosed in the service of Medicine I, University Hospital and Intensive Care Unit, National Institute of Thorax, the city of La Paz-Bolivia. MATERIAL AND METHODS They joined the investigation all patients over 16 who were discharged or died in the service of Medicine I, University Hospital and the Intensive Care Unit, National Institute of chest for a period of 24 months between the 1 June 2004 to June 30, 2006, and had discharge diagnoses as service venous thromboembolism (VTE), pulmonary embolism (PE), acute lung and/or deep vein thrombosis (DVT). These diagnoses ofVTE, according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10), corresponding to: pulmonary embolism with acute pulmonary and cored (I-26), phlebitis and thrombophlebitis (I-80) and trhomboembophlebitis of other deep vessels of lower limbs (I-82). RESULTS The diagnosis of VTE was confirmed objectively in 22% ofthese patients, the male/ female ratio was V2. The frequency of VTE for the study period was 0.92%. The 9 patients with the diagnosis of VTE were divided into two group according to time of onset of symptoms. 5 patients (57.22%) had sings and/or symptoms of DVT or pulmonary embolism when admitted to hospitals or developed during the first four days of hospitalization, and 4 patients (42.77%) presented after the fifth day of hospitalization. The 30.98% ofpatient who developed VTE prophylaxis hospital ASA had indicated during hospitalization, although it is not possible to ensure that it had been performed correctly. One patient (6.62%) with VTE, boarding, development of illness in the course of anticoagulant treatment. Six patient (68.07%) had DVT and 2 (18.67%) TEP. In one patient (12%) confirmed the simultaneous presence of PE and DVT. Overall hospital mortality of patient with VTE attributed to other causes, was 19% (2 patients). Patients admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of VTE had a significantly lower mortality than the group that developed the disease during hospitalization (0.5% vs 30.98% respectively, ) p=0.004. Those patient by severity of symptoms (n=2) had to be hospitalized in intensive care units had a mortality rate of 43.74%. the incidenceof VTE was 0.15%, 95% IC, 0.37 to 0.42 and reached its highest value (0.80%, 95% IC, 0.78% to 0.82%) during the sixth decade oflife. The incidence was higherin females (88.8%, 95% IC 0.44 to 0.49%). Among the identified risk factors for VTE in this population, classified according to the relative risk of them indirect. The most frequent were: bed rest for more than 3 days and history of DVT or pulmonary embolism. The frequency of occurrence of these was different depending on the VTE was acquired in the community or during hospitalization, but only a history of DVT or pulmonary embolism was significantly more frequent in those patients admitted to hospital with VTE (p=0.007). CONCLUSION VTE is a preventable disease. However, only one third of patient developed VTE in the University Hospital and Intensive Care Unit of INT, had indicated treatment or prophylaxis with ASA and warfarin .

Venous thromboembolism in 13 Indonesian patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery.

Aim To estimate the incidence of VTE in Indonesian patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery and not receiving thromboprophylaxis. Methods This was an open clinical study of consecutive Indonesian patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery, conducted in 3 centers in Jakarta. Bilateral venography was performed between days 5 and 8 after surgery to detect the asymptomatic and to confi rm the symptomatic VTE. These patients were followed up to one month after surgery. Results A total of 17 eligible patients were studied, which a median age of 69 years and 76.5% were females. Sixteen out of the 17 patients (94.1%) underwent hip fracture surgery (HFS). The median time from injury to surgery was 23 days (range 2 to 197 days), the median duration of surgery was 90 minutes (range 60 to 255 minutes), and the median duration of immobilization was 3 days (range 1 to 44 days). Thirteen out of the 17 patients were willing to undergo contrast venography. A symptomatic VTE was found in 9 patients (69.2%) at hospital discharge. Symptomatic VTE was found in 3 patients (23.1%), all corresponding to clinical signs of DVT and none with clinical sign of PE. These patients were treated initially with a low molecular weight heparin, followed by warfarin. Sudden death did not occur up to hospital discharge. From hospital discharge until 1-month follow-up, there were no additional cases of symptomatic VTE. No sudden death, bleeding complication, nor re-hospitalization was found in the present study. Conclusion The incidence of asymptomatic (69.2%) and symptomatic (23.1%) VTE after major orthopedic surgery without thromboprophylaxis in Indonesian patients (SMART and AIDA), and still higher than the results of the Western studies. A larger study is required to establish the true incidence, and more importantly, that the use of thromboprophylaxis in these patients is warranted.

Desafios na profilaxia do tromboembolismo venoso: abordagem do paciente crítico / Challenges in prevention venous thromboembolism: critical ill patient approach

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O tromboembolismo venoso (TEV), que inclui a trombose venosa profunda (TVP) e o tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) são complicações comuns em pacientes críticos. A ocorrência de TEV acarreta um substancial aumento da morbimortalidade dos pacientes internados em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI). CONTEÚDO: A maioria dos pacientes críticos apresenta alto risco para ocorrência de complicações tromboembólicas, entretanto, a prevenção do TEV muitas vezes não é realizada de maneira adequada para este grupo de pacientes. A heparina de baixo peso molecular (HBPM) parece ser o método mais eficiente para a prevenção do TEV em pacientes de UTI. Entretanto, é patente a escassez de estudos voltados para esta população, cujas particularidades levam a recomendações específicas em relação ao diagnóstico e tratamento. CONCLUSÕES: Esta revisão faz uma análise do risco, discute os principais trabalhos publicados a respeito da profilaxia e sugere estratégias para a diminuição da ocorrência de TEV nos pacientes críticos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Venous thromboembolism (VTE), with includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is a common complication in critically ill patients, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. CONTENTS: Most patients treated in intensive care units (ICU) face a high risk of thromboembolic complications. Despite these considerations, the prevention of VTE may not be as high a priority in ICU patients as it is in other high-risk patient groups. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) may be the optimal prophylaxis in most ICU patients, but there is a lack of sufficient data including the paucity of VTE consensus and guidelines documents pertaining to critically ill patients. CONCLUSIONS: This article reviews background, current options, and recommendations regarding VTE in intensive care population emphasizing special diagnostic and treatment considerations in the ICU setting.