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Acoustic drying allows the utilization of lower temperatures than conventional methodology in the drying process.Vacuum drying is one of the most energy demanding processes. Water evaporation also takes place at lower temperatures under vacuumand hence the product processing temperature can be significantly lower, offering higher product quality. Cordyceps militarisis a well-known entamophagus fungus with wonderful health benefits such as adaptogenic, aphrodisiac, anti-oxidant, anti-aging, neuroprotective, nootropic, immunomodulatory, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective role by its phytochemical constituents. This study focused on the synergistic effects of acoustic and vacuum drying on antioxidant properties of Cordyceps militaris. We noticed that acoustic drying at power 800 W in frequency 40kHz combined with vacuum drying at pressure -0.8 bar were suitable for dehydration of this valuable material. From this approach, a combination of acoustic and vacuum drying created a synergistic effect consuming less energy than single drying method because it can be performed at low temperature while maintaining the product quality and wholesomeness. Moisture content is partly removed by acoustic drying and further dehydration in a vacuum dryer to reduce moisture to a stable level
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Objective: In order to explore suitable drying technology for yam slices, the effects of three different drying methods, namely medium and short infrared wave drying, air impingement drying, pulsed vacuum drying, on drying kinetics and quality attributes of yam slices were investigated. Methods: The moisture ratio, drying rate curves along with the change of drying time and relationship between dry basis moisture content and drying rate of yam slices were studied under three drying methods. Additionally, the effects of the three drying technologies on color parameters (L*, a*, b*), rehydration ratio, allantoin and extract contents were investigated. Results: All drying process of the three drying methods for yam slices belonged to the falling rate period without constant drying stage, and the shortest drying time was only 120 min obtained under air impingement drying temperature of 70 ℃, air velocity of 15 m/s. The effective moisture diffusivities were 7.52 × 10-10, 1.19 × 10-9 and 1.30 × 10-9 m2/s for pulsed vacuum drying, medium and short infrared wave drying and air impingement drying, respectively. The three drying methods were comprehensively evaluated based on seven indexes including rehydration ratio, drying time, extract and allantoin content, etc. The comprehensive scores of medium and short infrared wave drying, pulsed vacuum drying and air impingement drying were 0.29, 0.59, and 0.70, respectively, which indicated that air impingement drying obtained the highest score. Conclusion: Comprehensive evaluation results showed that the best drying method for yam slices drying is air impingement drying and the air impingement. This study provides a theoretical basis for the exploration of suitable drying technology and drying conditions for yam slices dehydration.
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Objective: To evaluate the pilot technological process of Compound Banlangen Liyan Granules (CBLG). Methods: According to the indexes of six effective ingredients loss amount, accumulated loss rate, and HPLC characteristic spectrum similarity, the process quality of four key processes was evaluated and compared, such as microfiltration of ceramic membrane, vacuum concentration of extract, vacuum drying of concrete, and atmospheric drying of granules. Results: It was found that the total loss rates of glycyrrhizic acid, harpagoside, (R,S)-epigoitrin, liquiritin in two batches were 50.06%—66.99%, and angoroside C, adenosine were 35.49%—41.90%. The total content of the six effective ingredients of each material within the same batch of the two pilot batches from high to low were as follows: extract solution before membrane filtration > extract solution after membrane filtration > concentrate extract solution > dried concrete powder > granules of finished product. The comparison among four key processes loss rates was as follows: vacuum drying of concrete > ceramic membrane microfiltration > vacuum concentration of extract, atmospheric drying of granules. Loss amount of concrete vacuum drying process of the two pilot batches were 0.545 9 and 0.737 5 mg/g, and the process was the major loss process. The total loss rates of the two pilot batches were 48.15%, 50.85%, respectively. The HPLC characteristic spectrum similarity of each material within the same batch of the two pilot batches decreased from 0.998 to 0.818 with increasing process. The HPLC characteristic between the two batches of finished products was good (the similarity was 0.999). Conclusion: The consistency of the finished product quality between two batches was good. The study provided a basis for pilot production process control of CBLG. In the modernization and standardization study of traditional Chinese medicine preparation process, mild process of low temperature and short time heating should be applied as far as possible. It can reduce the effective components loss of original extract (decoction of herbal medicine) in the preparation process and maintain the quality and efficacy consistency of traditional Chinese medicine preparation and original extract (decoction of herbal medicine).
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Objective To optimize the vacuum drying process of extract paste of Huangqi Baihe Granules (HBG) and evaluate the physical quality of powder. Methods With drying temperature, vacuum degree, and material thickness as independent variables, the comprehensive evaluating indexes of content of calycosin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, hesperidin, crude polysaccharide, ethanol extraction amount, and drying rate as response values, Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology and G1-entropy method were used to optimize the vacuum drying process. The similarity of fingerprints between extract powder dried by the optimized technology and extract paste was compared. Additionally, the properties of powder were evaluated comprehensively with nine physical indicators, including relative homogeneity index, bulk density, tap density, interparticle porosity, compressibility, Hausner ratio, angle of repose, moisture content, and hygroscopicity. The physical fingerprint of powder were established to evaluate the quality consistency of different batches of extract powder. Results The optimal drying parameter was as follows: the drying temperature was 68 ℃, the vacuum degree was 0.07 MPa, the material thickness was 6 mm. Three verification experiments were carried out under these conditions and the average comprehensive evaluating indexes of vacuum drying was 91.05, which was close to the model prediction 91.87, and the relative error was 0.89%. Compared with the extract paste, the similarity of fingerprint of extract powder were more than 0.91. The similarity of chemical and physical fingerprint of three batches of extract powder were higher than 0.99. Conclusion The optimized vacuum drying technology of extract paste of HBG is stable and feasible.
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Objective: To determine the water content and water phase distribution of Xiancao prescription effervescent granules by a more rapid, accurate and non-destructive low-field NMR instrument. Methods: The standard curve equation of water content and FID signal amplitude was fitted by calibrating the FID signal amplitude of four different mass of manganese chloride solutions. Three parts of Xiancao prescription effervescent granules were obtained by dry and wet granulation to test their FID signals and calculated the water content of dry and wet granulation by the fitting standard curve equation; Then the results were compared according to decompression drying of pharmacopeia standard. Results: The water content of effervescent tablets was convenient and rapid, and the result was stable and accurate. Compared with the standard decompression drying method, the water content measured by low field NMR instrument was less than 0.3%. Conclusion: Due to the decompression drying method can’t be Xiancao prescription effervescent granules within the bound water completely dry, sum of effervescent granules particles inside bound water and free water instrument is measured by low-field NMR, which can clearly show an effective method for the study of physical properties of three different phase water molecules in the process of drug manufacturing.
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Objective: From the viewpoint of content changes of chemical composition, the effects of different drying methods and conditions on the quality of extracts from Shenpu Penyan Granule (SPG) were investigated. Evidence was provided for the optimization of dessication technology. Methods: Extracts from SPG were dried by belt vacuum drying, spray drying, plank decompression drying, and drying under normal pressure, respectively. The moisture capacity and contents of peoniflorin, polygonin and tetrahydropulmatine in samples by different drying methods were determined. The content differences of three indexes chemical constituents and the clustering conditions in different groups of samples were compared by analysis of variance and cluster analysis. The maximal correlation between the components and drying technology parameters was determined by principal component analysis. Results: The moisture capacity of different dry extracts were similar to each other. The contents of peoniflorin, polygonin, and tetrahydropulmatine in samples by different drying methods were obviously different. Those components in samples prepared by belt vacuum drying were the highest, those by spray drying were the second highest, and those by drying under normal pressure at 100℃ were the lowest. Cujus, the index chemical constituents in samples were destroyed minorly by belt vacuum drying and spray drying, while those were destroyed majorly by plank decompression drying and drying under normal pressure. The samples prepared by belt vacuum drying and spray drying were classified in the same group, while those prepared by plank decompression drying and drying under normal pressure were classified respectively in different groups. The contents of peoniflorin, polygonin, and tetrahydropulmatine were sensitive to the technology parameters change of four kinds drying methods, it was important to monitor the content change of the materies. Conclusion: The effects of different drying methods and conditions on the quality of extracts from SPG should not be ignored. Determination of the index chemical constituents is a rapid detection method to evaluate the optimization of drying technology for extracts from SPG.
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The drying technology is one important part in the preparation process of Chinese materia medica pills. However, the quality of dried CMM pills is directly determined by selection of drying method and optimization of process parameters. The paper summarized the principle and technical feature of drying methods for CMM pills which were widely used in industry, such as hot air box drying, vacuum drying, and microwave box drying. The application prospect of some new drying technology for CMM pill as well as equipment was introduced. Problems of limited selection of drying process, low degree intelligent drying equipment, and poor adaptability of equipment existed on drying process of CMM pills. The drying equipment of CMM pills will meet the requirement of GMP production and be more intelligent by in-depth studying on drying mechanism, fusion of new technology on precise sensing, and computer intelligent control technology.
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Objective To compare the different dehydrations of microwave-vacuurn drying and high temperature drying on contents of the major effective in fructus momordicae.Methods Using two different drying methods for processing of fructus momordicae, the mogroside Ⅴ, vitamin C in dried products which was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to a main indicator for comparing different drying methods.Results The contents of mogroside Ⅴ in fructus momordicae which processed by microwave-vacuum drying, microwave-vacuum drying after ripening treatment and high temperature drying were 1.14％, 1.19％ and 0.60％;the contents of vitamin C were 0.21％, 0.30％ and 0.000 06％.Conclusion The processing method of microwave-vacuum drying to keep active components is obviously better than which of high temperature drying.
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BACKGROUND: It is known that the offensive odor of shoes is due to contaminated bacteria. Therefore, the foul odor can be eliminated if these bacteria are sterilized. There is an effective method to sterilize contaminated shoes, which involves vacuum drying evaporate water at a relatively low temperature. This dehydrates the bacteria rapidly, and sterilizes shoes without damage. OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to analyse the contaminated bacteria of shoes and to evaluate the bactericidal effect and rapid dehydration by heating and vacuum drying. METHODS: Contaminated bacteria were isolated from the soles and foul odor shoes of 15 volunteers by swab sampling method. Three strains of Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and S. epidermidis were used to find an effective sterilization method. Vacuum drying or wet heating of bacterial suspension was conducted by a vacuum dryer at various temperatures and exposure times. The treated bacteria were rehydrated and were cultured on nutrient agar petri dishes. The viability was expressed as colony forming unit (CFU) of experimental group divided by that of control group. RESULTS: S. aureus was isolated from the soles and shoes of 7 volunteers, and S. epidermidis from 5 volunteers. In 3 volunteers, both S. epidermidis and S. aureus were isolated. When S. epidermidis and S. aureus were dried for one hour by vacuum drying, the viability decreased as temperature increased, however, no sterilization was noted even at 90 degrees C for 8 hours. Moreover, under vacuum drying at 90 degrees C for 15 minutes, viability was reduced by 10%. The number of bacteria was reduced by 90% after 30 minutes of wet heating at 60 degrees C, or 15 minutes wet heating at 65 degrees C. However, sterilization was only accomplished by wet heating at 60 degrees C for one hour. Therefore, wet heating appears to be effective in reducing and sterilizing S. aureus and S. epidermidis, compared to vacuum drying. Sterilization was not obtained by vacuum drying at a moderate temperature. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that wet heating for one hour at 60 degrees C, followed by vacuum drying at a moderate temperature would be an effective way to sterilize contaminated bacteria, dry shoes and inhibit the offensive odor within shoes.
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Agar , Bacteria , Dehydration , Heating , Hot Temperature , Odorants , Shoes , Staphylococcus , Stem Cells , Sterilization , Vacuum , VolunteersABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Tinea pedis and candidiasis of the feet is the most common type of dermatomycosis. Contaminated shoes may play an important role in spread and relapse of tinea pedis and candidiasis of the feet. However there is no effective method to sterilize contaminated shoes. Since vacuum drying can evaporate water in relatively low temperature, it is thought to be able to dehydrate rapidly and to sterilize shoes without damaging them. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate the fungicidal effect of rapid dehydration by vacuum drying. METHODS: The suspension of Trichophyton (T.) rubrum, T. mentagrophytes and Candida (C.) albicans was made with distilled water. Vacuum drying or wet heating of the suspension was conducted in the vacuum dryer at various temperature and time. The treated fungi were rehydrated and were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar petri dish. The viability was determined as colony forming unit (CFU) of experimental group divided by that of control group. RESULTS: When C. albicans was dried for one hour by vacuum drying, the viability decreased as temperature increased, but no sterilization was noted even at 80degrees C. Under vacuum drying at 50degrees C for one hour, viability decreased below 3% and there was no difference in the viability between one hour of the treatment and more than one hour. In T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, C. albicans, the number of fungi was reduced by 90% under the condition of one hour vacuum drying at 50degrees C. Wet heating was more effective than vacuum drying in reducing and sterilizing C. albicans. Sterilization was done under the condition of wet heating of one hour at 50degrees C or wet heating over 30 minutes at 60degrees C. The higher concentration of C. albicans was, the stronger resistance against the heat and dehydration was observed. Combined teatment with wet heating for one hour followed by vacuum drying for one hour at 50degrees C was effective way to sterilize C. albicans. CONCLUSION: These results suggest combined treatment with wet heating and vacuum drying can effectively sterilize shoes without damage and prevent the feet from spread and relapse of tinea pedia and candidiasis of the feet.
Subject(s)
Agar , Candida , Candidiasis , Dehydration , Dermatomycoses , Disinfection , Foot , Fungi , Glucose , Heating , Hot Temperature , Recurrence , Shoes , Stem Cells , Sterilization , Tinea , Tinea Pedis , Trichophyton , Vacuum , WaterABSTRACT
AIM: To investigate law of vacuum drying process and provide basic technical supports for drying process and design of drying machine. METHODS: A batch-drying experiment system was used to continuously record the mass and temperature of the drying sample,then the key effective factors and characteristics of different phase of drying process were obtained based on the analysis of the recorded experimental data. RESULTS: The influence of process parameters on evaporation rate varied in different period of drying process. CONCLUSION: In order to improve the efficiency of the integrated drying process,it's necessary to apply appropriate technical methods according to the characteristics of the process.