Arsenic speciation and valence / 中国中药杂志

As arsenic widely exists in nature and has been used in the pharmaceutical preparations, the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) with arsenic include realgar(As_2S_2 or As_4S_4), orpiment(As_2S_3), and white arsenic(As_2O_3). Among the above representative medicine, the TCM compound formulas with realgar are utilized extensively. Just in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition), there are 37 Chinese patent medicines including realgar. The traditional element analysis focuses on the detection of the total amount of elements, which neglects the study on the speciation and valence of elements. The activity, toxicity, bioavailability, and metabolic pathways of arsenic in vivo are closely related to the existence of its form, and different forms of arsenic have different effects on organisms. Therefore, the study on the speciation and valence of arsenic is of great importance for arsenic-containing TCMs and their compound formulas. This paper reviewed four aspects of the speciation and valence of arsenic, including property, absorption and metabolism, toxicity, and analytical assay.

Procesamiento emocional en niños y adolescentes según sexo / Emotional Processing in Children and Adolescents According to Sex

Resumen Objetivo: analizar el procesamiento emocional en niños, niñas y adolescentes argentinos de edad escolar según sexo. Método: estudio descriptivo-comparativo con un diseño ex post facto, transversal. Participaron en la investigación 67 mujeres y 74 varones escolarizados de entre 7 y 14 años dividido en tres franjas etarias. Para evaluar el procesamiento emocional se utilizaron las 60 imágenes específicas para niños y adolescentes del International Affective Picture System (IAPS), y para medir los juicios evaluativos se utilizó el Self Assessment Manikin (SAM). Resultados: la distribución de las imágenes muestra una correlación moderada negativa entre dos dimensiones afectivas básicas del procesamiento emocional, la valencia afectiva y la activación fisiológica, con valores similares en ambos sexos. Las mujeres puntuaron más bajo que los varones en valencia y arousal, aunque sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Los varones evaluaron los estímulos aversivos con menor grado de activación y los estímulos agradables con mayor activación. En general, se observa mayor agrupamiento de las imágenes desagradables y neutras en las mujeres respecto de las de los varones. Conclusión: en ambos sexos se presentó una relación inversa entre valencia y arousal, evidenciada en mayor activación ante imágenes desagradables, lo cual demostraría una tendencia reaccionaron a las imágenes desagradables con mayor intensidad mientras que los varones, valoraron las imágenes agradables con mayor intensidad.

Abstract Objective: to analyze emotional processing in Argentine school-age children and adolescents according to sex. Method: descriptive-comparative study with an ex post facto, cross-sectional design. 67 girls and 74 schooled boys aged between 7 and 14, participated in the research divided into three age ranges. The 60 specific images for children and adolescents from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) were used to assess emotional processing, and the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) was used to measure evaluative judgments. Results: the distribution of the images shows a moderate negative correlation between valence and arousal, with similar values in both sexes. Women scored lower in valence and arousal compared to men, although without statistically significant differences. The men evaluated the aversive stimuli with a lower degree of activation and the pleasant stimuli with greater activation. In general, a greater grouping of unpleasant and neutral images is observed in women compared to those of men. Conclusion: in both sexes there was an inverse relationship between valence and arousal, evidenced in greater activation in the face of unpleasant images, which would demonstrate an avoidance trend when arousal levels are high. Females reacted to unpleasant images with greater intensity while males rated pleasant images with higher degree.

Interação entre polaridades afetivas e espaciais: preferências no futebol e compatibilidade estímulo-resposta / Interaction between affective and spatial polarities: soccer preferences and stimulus-response compatibility / Interacción entre polaridades afectivas y espaciales: preferencias futbolísticas y compatibilidad estímulo-respuesta

A valência afetiva de estímulos visuais provoca reações de aproximação e afastamento para estímulos positivos e negativos, respectivamente. Na tarefa de Simon, o tempo de reação é menor quando o estímulo e a resposta estão do mesmo lado (condição correspondente) do que quando estão em lados opostos (condição não-correspondente). A diferença entre os tempos de reação é o efeito Simon. Neste trabalho, foi investigado como as valências afetivas dos times Preferido e Rival influenciam o efeito Simon. Os resultados mostraram um maior efeito Simon para o time Preferido, indicando que a valência positiva do Preferido facilita a resposta correspondente.

The affective valence of visual stimuli elicits approach and avoidance reactions to positive and negative stimuli, respectively. In Simon task, the reaction time is shorter when the stimulus and the response are on the same side (corresponding condition) than when they are on opposite sides (non-corresponding condition). The difference between the reaction times is the Simon effect. This work investigated how the affective valences of the Favorite and Rival teams influence the Simon effect. The results showed a bigger Simon effect for the Favorite team, suggesting that the Favorite positive valence facilitates the corresponding response.

La valencia afectiva de los estímulos visuales provoca reacciones de aproximación y evitación a estímulos positivos y negativos, respectivamente. En la tarea de Simon, el tiempo de reacción es menor cuando el estímulo y la respuesta están del mismo lado (condición correspondiente) que cuando están en lados opuestos (condición no-correspondiente). La diferencia entre los tiempos de reacción es el efecto Simon. En este trabajo se investigó cómo las valencias afectivas de los equipos Favorito y Rival influyen en el efecto Simon. Los resultados mostraron que el efecto Simon para el equipo Favorito es mayor, lo que sugiere que la valencia positiva del equipo Favorito facilita la respuesta correspondiente.

Working memory capacity for faces with different levels of emotional valence / Capacidade da memória de trabalho para faces de diferentes valências emocionais / Capacidad de la memoria de trabajo para rostros con diferentes niveles de valencia emocional

The capacity of visual working memory (VWM) depends on the complexity of the stimuli being processed. Emotional characteristics increase stimulus complexity and can interfere with the competition for cognitive resources. Studies involving emotional information processing are scarce and still produce contradicting results. In the present study, we investigated the capacity of VWM for faces with positive, negative, and neutral expressions. A modified change-detection task was used in two experiments, in which the number of faces and the emotional valence were manipulated. The results showed that VWM has a storage capacity of approximately two faces, which is fewer than the storage capacity identified for simpler stimuli. Our results reinforce the evidence that working memory can dynamically distribute its storage resources depending on both the amount and the emotional nature of the stimuli. (AU)

A capacidade da Memória Visual de Trabalho (MTV) depende da complexidade dos estímulos que estão sendo processados. As características emocionais aumentam a complexidade do estímulo e podem interferir na competição por recursos cognitivos. Estudos envolvendo processamento de informações emocionais são escassos e ainda produzem resultados contraditórios. No presente estudo, investiga-se a capacidade da MTV para faces com expressões positivas, negativas e neutras. Uma tarefa modificada de detecção de mudança foi usada em dois experimentos, nos quais o número de faces e a valência emocional foram manipulados. Os resultados mostraram que a MTV tem uma capacidade de armazenamento de aproximadamente duas faces, menor que a capacidade de armazenamento identificada para estímulos mais simples. Os resultados reforçam as evidências de que a memória de trabalho consegue distribuir dinamicamente seus recursos de armazenamento em função tanto da quantidade como da natureza emocional dos estímulos. (AU

La capacidad de la memoria de trabajo visual (MTV) puede variar dependiendo de la complejidad de los estímulos procesados. Las características emocionales aumentan la complejidad del estímulo y pueden interferir con la competencia por los recursos cognitivos. Los estudios que relacionan el procesamiento de informaciones emocionales son todavía escasos y aún producen resultados contradictorios. En el presente estudio, investigamos la capacidad de la MTV de rostros con valencia emocional positiva, negativa y neutra. Se utilizó una tarea de detección de cambios modificada en dos experimentos, en los que se manipuló la cantidad de rostros y niveles de valencia emocional. Nuestros resultados refuerzan la evidencia de que la memoria de trabajo es capaz de distribuir dinámicamente sus recursos de almacenamiento dependiendo tanto de la cantidad, como de la naturaleza emocional de los estímulos. (AU)

How effective are 3D anaglyph stimuli? An analysis in emotional recognition / Quão eficazes são os estímulos de anáglifos 3D? Uma análise no reconhecimento emocional / ¿Qué eficacia tienen los estímulos anaglifos 3D? Un análisis del reconocimiento emocional

The aim of this study was to examine the role of virtual environments in visual recognition. A classic and economically accessible technique was chosen: anaglyph. A battery of images that differed in their emotional charge was developed. The emotional valence of the new stimulus was evaluated using the SAM battery. 2D and anaglyph modalities were also tested. 32 subjects participated in the first study and 42 subjects in the recognition task. The results: i) Participants were more accurate in classic 2D environments compared to 3D, ii) participants were more efficient in the negative 3D condition compared to the rest of the emotional conditions in this category, while the neutral environment was the most efficient for 2D. It is suggested that coding information would be simpler for a 2D stimulus, however, effects as robust as emotional charge would manifest more clearly in a deeper presentation (AU).

O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar o papel dos ambientes virtuais no reconhecimento visual. Foi escolhida uma técnica clássica e economicamente acessível a todos: o anáglifo. Foi desenvolvida uma bateria de imagens que diferiam em sua carga emocional. Avaliou-se a valência emocional do novo estímulo por meio da bateria SAM. As modalidades 2D e anáglifo também foram testadas. Participaram 32 sujeitos no primeiro estudo e 42 sujeitos na tarefa de reconhecimento. Os resultados: i) Os participantes foram mais precisos nos ambientes 2D clássicos em comparação com os 3D; ii) os participantes foram mais eficientes na condição negativa 3D em comparação com o resto das condições emocionais nessa categoria, enquanto o ambiente neutro foi o mais eficiente para 2D. Sugere-se que a codificação da informação seria mais simples para um estímulo 2D, no entanto, efeitos tão robustos quanto a carga emocional se manifestariam mais claramente em uma apresentação mais profunda (AU).

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar el papel de los entornos virtuales en el reconocimiento visual. Se eligió una técnica clásica y económicamente accesible: el anaglifo. Se desarrolló una batería de imágenes que diferían en su carga emocional. La valencia emocional del nuevo estímulo fue evaluada a través de la batería SAM. Se probaron las modalidades 2D y anaglifo. 32 sujetos participaron en el primer estudio y 42 sujetos en la tarea de reconocimiento. Los resultados: i) los participantes fueron más precisos en entornos 2D clásicos en comparación con 3D, ii) los participantes fueron más eficientes en la condición 3D negativa en comparación con el resto de las condiciones emocionales en esta categoría, mientras que el entorno neutral fue el más eficiente para 2D. Se sugiere que la codificación de información sería más simple para un estímulo 2D, sin embargo, efectos tan robustos como la carga emocional se manifestarían más claramente en una presentación de mayor profundidad (AU).

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Event-related Current Density Reveals Dissociable Effects of Arousal and Valence on Emotional Picture Processing

BACKGROUND: The processing of emotional visual stimulation involves the processing of emotional and visuoperceptual information. It is not completely revealed how the valence and arousal affect these two aspects. The objective was to investigate the effects of valence and arousal on spatiotemporal characteristics of cortical information processing using distributed source imaging of event-related current density (ERCD). METHODS: Electroencephalograms (64 channels) were recorded from 19 healthy men while presenting affective pictures. Distributed source localization analysis was adopted to obtain the spatiotemporal pattern of ERCD on cortical surface in response to emotional visual stimulation. A nonparametric cluster-based permutation test was used to find meaningful time and space without prior knowledge. RESULTS: Significant changes of ERCD in 400–800 ms among positive, negative, and neutral emotional conditions were found in left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and right inferior temporal cortex (ITC). In the PCC, the stimuli with higher arousal levels showed more negative ERCD than neutral stimuli. In the ITC, the ERCD for negative stimuli was significantly more negative than those of positive and neutral ones. CONCLUSION: Arousal and valence had strong influence on memory encoding and visual analysis at late period. The location and time showing significant change in neural activity according to arousal and valence would provide valuable information for understanding the changes of cortical function by neuropsychiatric disorders.

Valores normativos del sistema internacional de imágenes afectivas en población mexicana: diferencias entre Estados Unidos, Colombia y México / Normative Values of the International Affective Picture System in Mexicans: Differences between USA, Colombia and Mexico

Resumen Uno de los instrumentos con mayor evidencia empírica y versatilidad para el estudio de las emociones y la motivación es el Sistema Internacional de Imágenes Afectivas (International Affective Picture System, IAPS). Sin embargo, no ha sido probado en población mexicana. Por esta razón el presente estudio tuvo por objetivo determinar los valores normativos en valencia, arousal y dominancia para los conjuntos 13, 14, 19 y 20 del IAPS en población mexicana, e identificar las diferencias con países de América (Colombia y Estados Unidos). Participaron 408 estudiantes quienes evaluaron 238 imágenes del IAPS a través del Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). Los resultados mostraron que la distribución de las imágenes en el espacio afectivo bidimensional (valencia-arousal) adoptan la forma esperada de boomerang, coincidiendo con lo encontrado en otras poblaciones. Sin embargo, en población mexicana es más fuerte la relación entre valencia apetitiva y arousal que entre valencia aversiva y arousal. En conclusión, los valores normativos de los conjuntos 13, 14, 19 y 20 pueden ser utilizados en población mexicana para el estudio objetivo de las emociones.

Abstract The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) is an instrument to the study of emotions and motivation with a high empirical evidence and versatility. However, it has not been tested in Mexican population, for that reason the aim of this study was to determine the normative values of valence, arousal and dominance for the IAPS sets of pictures 13, 14, 19 and 20 in Mexican population. Participants were 408 students who assessed 238 images of the IAPS through the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). The results showed that the pictures distribution on the two-dimensional affective space (valence-arousal); take a boomerang form, which is consistent with the findings in other populations. Nevertheless, in the Mexican population there was a stronger relationship between appetitive valence and arousal than the one observe in aversive valence and arousal. In conclusion the normative values in the IAPS sets of pictures 13, 14, 19 and 20 can be used in the study of emotions in Mexican people.

Arousal and Valence Classification Model Based on Long Short-Term Memory and DEAP Data for Mental Healthcare Management / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: Both the valence and arousal components of affect are important considerations when managing mental healthcare because they are associated with affective and physiological responses. Research on arousal and valence analysis, which uses images, texts, and physiological signals that employ deep learning, is actively underway; research investigating how to improve the recognition rate is needed. The goal of this research was to design a deep learning framework and model to classify arousal and valence, indicating positive and negative degrees of emotion as high or low. METHODS: The proposed arousal and valence classification model to analyze the affective state was tested using data from 40 channels provided by a dataset for emotion analysis using electrocardiography (EEG), physiological, and video signals (the DEAP dataset). Experiments were based on 10 selected featured central and peripheral nervous system data points, using long short-term memory (LSTM) as a deep learning method. RESULTS: The arousal and valence were classified and visualized on a two-dimensional coordinate plane. Profiles were designed depending on the number of hidden layers, nodes, and hyperparameters according to the error rate. The experimental results show an arousal and valence classification model accuracy of 74.65 and 78%, respectively. The proposed model performed better than previous other models. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed model appears to be effective in analyzing arousal and valence; specifically, it is expected that affective analysis using physiological signals based on LSTM will be possible without manual feature extraction. In a future study, the classification model will be adopted in mental healthcare management systems.

The mediational role of distracting stimuli in emotional word recognition

Abstract Emotions are considered distractions that often prompt subsequent actions. In this way, the aim of this work was to examine the role of distracting stimuli on the relationship of RT and accuracy. In order to do that, a word recognition task was carried out in which emotional valence was manipulated. More precisely, a mediational model, testing how changes in distracting stimuli mediate RT predicting accuracy across emotional conditions, was carried out. The results suggest that changes in task demands should distract from the secondary task to the extent that these task demands implicate and affect accuracy. Moreover, the distracting task seems to mediate between accuracy and the target task under emotional stimuli, showing the negative distracting condition to be the most remarkable effect. Furthermore, neutral distracting latencies did not affect accuracy. Understanding the mechanisms by which emotion impairs cognitive functions has important implications in several fields, such as affective disorders. However, the effects of emotion on goal-directed cognitive processing remain unclear.

Consideraciones teórico-metodológicas para la implementación de un folleto sobre valencia léxica en Inglés con Fines Médicos / Theoretical-methodological considerations for the implementation of a booklet on lexical valence in English for Medical Purposes

La competencia léxica como parte de la competencia comunicativa contempla una serie de elementos entre los cuales el dominio de la valencia léxica constituye uno de los factores que permite distinguir los hablantes nativos de un idioma de aquellas personas que lo estudian como idioma extranjero o segunda lengua. Este artículo expone algunas consideraciones metodológicas para la implementación de un folleto sobre valencia léxica en Inglés con Fines Médicos para el perfeccionamiento del tecnolecto de los estudiantes de 5to año de la carrera de Medicina, elaborado a partir de las necesidades cognoscitivas expresadas por parte de alumnos y profesores. El folleto facilita la adquisición y práctica de términos que enriquecen el tecnolecto; de esta forma se contribuye a un aprendizaje contextualizado, rápido y más eficaz por parte de los estudiantes. Además del carácter práctico de la propuesta, su fundamentación teórica puede servir de referencia para la elaboración de otros folletos.

Lexical competence, as part of communicative competence, takes into account a series of elements among which mastering lexical valence is one of the factors allowing to distinguish native language speakers from people who study a foreign or a second language. The article presents methodological considerations for the implementation of a booklet on lexical valence in English for Medical Purposes which, developed from students and professors' cognitive needs, aims to improve fifth year medical students' technolect. It makes terms enriching technolect easier to practice and to acquire; therefore contributing to a contextualized, fast and more efficient learning by students. Apart from the practical character of the proposal, its theoretical basis can be used as reference for the development of other booklets.

Modulating Effects of Emotional Valence on Recognition Memory for High-Arousal Pictures / Efectos moduladores de la valencia emocional sobre la memoria de reconocimiento para imágenes de alto arousal

ABSTRACT The main aim of this paper was to provide new evidence on the effects of valence on recognition memory of emotional pictures, on the basis of rigorous experimental control of stimulus material. Valence was manipulated using pleasant and unpleasant pictures, keeping arousal constant at a high level. A reference condition with a neutral value in both dimensions was also included. We found greater discrimination and a more conservative response bias, as well as slower recognition decisions, for pleasant pictures. Also worthy of mention is the high positive correlation between response times and discrimination measures just for such pictures. These results would be consistent with an adaptive interpretation based on motivation and personal relevance of emotional information.

RESUMEN El principal objetivo del presente trabajo fue aportar nueva evidencia sobre los efectos de la valencia en el reconocimiento de imágenes de contenido emocional, a partir de un riguroso control experimental del material estimular. Se manipuló la valencia a niveles agradable y desagradable, manteniendo constante el arousal a un nivel alto. Se incluyó también una condición de referencia con un valor neutro en ambas dimensiones. Se encontró una mejor discriminación, un sesgo de respuesta más conservador y un reconocimiento más lento para las imágenes agradables. Además, solo para estas imágenes existió alta correlación positiva entre tiempos de respuesta y discriminación. Estos resultados serían consistentes con una interpretación de carácter adaptativo basada en la motivación y relevancia personal de la información emocional.

Caracteristicas de la respuesta emocional generada por las palabras: un estudio experimental desde la emoción y la motivación / Characteristics of emotional response generated by words: an experimental study from emotion and motivation

Resumen Los estudios experimentales de la emoción y la motivación se han desarrollado de forma más frecuente con imágenes, sonidos y videos, sin embargo, son pocos los trabajos que han estudiado la respuesta emocional y motivacional ante las palabras, las cuales son estímulos que guían significativamente nuestra interacción social. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue identificar la capacidad que tienen las palabras para generar estados emocionales y las posibles diferencias entre hombres y mujeres. Para esto se llevó a cabo un estudio con 232 personas y se utilizaron 15 palabras con contenido afectivo, las cuales fueron evaluadas en las dimensiones de valencia, arousal y dominancia. Los resultados muestran que las palabras agradables, en especial aquellas con contenido sexual generan una valencia apetitiva, alto arousal y alta dominancia, y las palabras desagradables generan una valencia aversiva, bajo arousal y baja dominancia. Solo se encontraron diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en la valencia de las palabras desagradables y el arousal de las palabras agradables.

Abstract The experimental studies of emotion and motivation have developed more often with pictures, sounds and videos; however, few studies have addressed the emotional and motivational response to the words, which are stimuli that guide significantly our social interaction. Therefore, the objective of this research was to identify the words capacity to generate emotional states and differences between men and women. For this we conducted a study with 232 persons and used 15 words with affective content which were evaluated in the dimensions of valence, arousal and dominance. The results show that pleasant words, especially those with sexual content generate an appetitive valence, high arousal and high dominance, and unpleasant words generate an aversive valence, low arousal and low dominance. Significant differences between men and women only found in valence of unpleasant words and in arousal of the pleasant words.

Modulación del reflejo de sobresalto en población colombiana: evidencia de la interacción entre emoción y motivación / Modulation of Startle Reflex in Colombian Population: Evidence of the Interaction between Emotion and Motivation

El objetivo de esta investigación fue comprobar el fenómeno de priming motivacional, observado a través de la modulación del reflejo de sobresalto en población colombiana. Participaron 73 estudiantes universitarios (38 hombres y 35 mujeres), los cuales fueron expuestos a 21 imágenes del Sistema Internacional de Imágenes Afectivas y a un estímulo sonoro de sobresalto de 105 dB. Se midió la electromiografía del músculo orbicular del ojo para evaluar la magnitud del reflejo de sobresalto. A través de un ANOVA de medidas repetidas, se encontró que la valencia de las imágenes modula la magnitud del reflejo de sobresalto (p < 0.0001, η² = 0.41) independientemente del sexo de los participantes. Se concluye que el fenómeno de priming motivacional también se presenta en esta población y que la metodología de la modulación del reflejo de sobresalto puede ser utilizada de forma confiable en ella.

The objective of this research was to test the phenomenon of motivational priming observed through the modulation of the startle reflex in Colombian population, involved 73 university students (38 men and 35 women) who were exposed to 21 pictures of the International Affective Pictures System and a sound startle stimulus of 105 dB. Electromyography of the orbicularis oculi of the eye was measured to assess the magnitude of the startle reflex. Through repeated measures ANOVA we found that the pictures valence modulates the magnitude of the startle reflex (p < 0.0001, η² = 0.41) and that modulation does not depend on the sex of the participants. It is concluded that motivational priming phenomenon occurs also in this population and this methodology can be used reliably in this population.

Affective spatial compatibility task(AFFSCT): theory and applications / Tarefa de compatibilidade espacial afetiva (TCEA): teoria e aplicações / Tarea de compatibilidad espacial afectiva (TCEA): teoría y aplicaciones

Emotional stimuli are processed very efficiently, influencing physiological and behavioral responses as well as attention, perceptual processes and sensory-motor integration. In a previous work, we introduced a new paradigm, the Affective Spatial Compatibility task (AffSCt), to study whether the affective valence of the stimulus influences spatial compatibility effects. By using figures of soccer players of Favorite and Rival Teams as positive and negative valence stimuli, we found a normal Spatial Compatibility effect for the Favorite team and a reversed one for the Rival team. Here, we analyzed the time course of inhibitory and facilitatory effects of emotional valence by the Vincentization method. We found that for Favorite team, the facilitatory effect for the compatible condition, as compared to the incompatible one, increases as a function of the reaction time. In contrast, for Rival team, an opposite trend was found, in which inhibitory effect beEmotional stimuli are processed verycomes stronger for slower responses. We suggest that AffSCt is a powerful technology for investigating approach/avoidance effects and that it may be useful for diagnosing and following up the treatment of affective and behavioral disorders, such as anxiety, panic and ADHD. Potential applications in social psychology and consumer studies are also considered.

Os estímulos emocionais são processados de forma muito eficiente, influenciando as respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais, bem como a atenção, a percepção e a integração sensório-motora. Em um trabalho anterior, propusemos um novo paradigma, a Tarefa Afetiva de Compatibilidade Espacial (AffSCt), para estudar se a valência afetiva do estímulo influenciaria os efeitos de compatibilidade espacial. Ao usarmos figuras de jogadores de futebol dos times Favorito e Rival como estímulos de valência positiva e negativa, respectivamente, encontramos um efeito de compatibilidade espacial normal para o time Favorito e um invertido para o time Rival. No presente trabalho, foi analisado o desenvolvimento temporal dos efeitos inibitórios e facilitatórios da valência emocional pelo método da Vincentização. Descobrimos que, para o time Favorito, o efeito facilitatório na condição compatível em relação à incompatível aumenta em função do tempo de reação. Em contraste, para o time Rival, uma tendência oposta foi encontrada, em que o efeito inibitório se torna mais forte para as respostas mais lentas. Sugere-se que a AffSCt é uma tecnologia poderosa para investigar comportamentos de aproximação/afastamento, podendo ser útil na avaliação diagnóstica e acompanhamento terapêutico de transtornos emocionais e comportamentais, como o de ansiedade generalizada, síndrome de pânico e transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade. Também são consideradas as aplicações potenciais em psicologia social e estudos de consumidor.

Los estímulos emocionales se procesan de manera muy eficiente e influyen en las respuestas fisiológicas y de comportamiento, así como en la atención, la percepción y la integración sensorio-motora. En un trabajo previo, que presentó un nuevo paradigma, la tarea afectiva de compatibilidad espacial (AffSCt), para estudiar si la valencia afectiva de los estímulos influyen en los efectos de la compatibilidad espacial. Mediante el uso de las figuras de los jugadores de fútbol de los equipos favorito e rival como estímulos positivo y negativo de valencia, respectivamente, se observó un efecto ordinario de compatibilidad espacial para el equipo favorito y un efecto invertido para el equipo rival. En este estudio, hemos examinado la evolución temporal de los efectos inhibitorios y facilitatorio de la valencia emocional por el uso de la Vincentización. Hemos encontrado que, para el equipo favorito, el efecto facilitatorio aumenta para la condición compatible, respecto la incompatible, con el tiempo de eacción. En contraste, para el equipo rival, una tendencia inversa se encontró, en el que el efecto inhibidor se vuelve más fuerte para las respuestas más lentas. Se sugiere que AffSCt es una poderosa tecnología para investigar los comportamientos de aproximación/retirada que puede ser útil para diagnosticar y seguir el tratamiento de trastornos afectivos y conductuales como ansiedad, pánico y déficit de atención/trastorno de hiperactividad. También son consideradas aplicaciones potenciales del método en la psicología social y en los estudios de consumo.

Reconhecimento de expressões faciais e cenas de valência emocional apresentadas em alta restrição temporal / Recognition of facial expressions and scenes of emotional valence presented at high temporal constraint / Reconocimiento de expresiones faciales y escenas de valencia emocional presentadas con alta restricción temporal

Este estudo investigou o reconhecimento de flashes de imagens de conteúdo afetivo de diferentes modalidades (faces e cenas) e valências emocionais (agradáveis, desagradáveis e neutras). Os resultados evidenciaram que a diferença de saliência perceptual entre os estímulos pode se sobrepor aos efeitos da valência emocional. O reconhecimento de cenas e de faces agradáveis não se diferenciou; o mesmo aconteceu para cenas e faces desagradáveis. Por outro lado, as valências apresentaram diferenças: imagens agradáveis foram reconhecidas mais rapidamente em relação às desagradáveis e faces agradáveis foram mais reconhecidas que as neutras. Suspeita-se, conforme literatura existente, que imagens desagradáveis apresentadas rapidamente enfraqueçam a ativação da amígdala e intensifiquem a ativação do córtex pré-frontal, que realiza um processamento de informações utilizando um tempo maior...

This study investigated the recognition of affective images flashes of different stimuli modalities (faces and scenes) and emotional valences (pleasant, unpleasant and neutral). Results showed that the difference among stimuli's perceptual salience can overlap the effects of emotional valence. As the recognition between pleasant scenes and faces, unpleasant ones did not differ. On the other hand the emotional valences showed differences: pleasant images were recognized faster compared to unpleasant images and pleasant faces were more recognized than neutral faces. Taking into account literature these results suggest that unpleasant images rapidly presented weaken activation in the amygdala and intensify it in the prefrontal cortex, which takes longer to process information...

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el reconocimiento de flashes de imágenes con contenido afectivo de diferentes modalidades (rostros y escenas) y valencias emocionales (agradables, desagradables y neutras). Los resultados mostraron que la diferencia de saliencia perceptiva entre los estímulos se puedes obre poner a los efectos de la valencia emocional. No hubo diferencia entre el reconocimiento de escenas y de rostros agradables; lo mismo ocurrió para escenas y rostros desagradables. Por otra parte, las valencias presentaron diferencias: imágenes agradables fueron reconocidas más rápidamente en comparación a las desagradables, y caras agradables fueron más reconocidas que las neutras. Según la literatura existente, inferimos que imágenes desagradables presentadas rápidamente debilitan la activación de la amígdala e intensifican la activación del córtex pre-frontal, que realiza el procesamiento de información en un tiempo mayor...

Effects of affective valence on a mixed Spatial Correspondence Task: a reply to Proctor (2013)

The present study investigated the influence of emotional valence on the spatial stimulus-key location correspondence effect in three experiments using the Affective Spatial Correspondence task (AffSCt). We initially reanalyzed the results of Conde et al. (2011) according to the model proposed by Proctor (2013). In that study, compatible and incompatible responses were chosen according to the participants' team preference. In one block, the volunteers had to press a key on the same side for the Favorite team and on the opposite side for the Rival team. In another block, a reverse code was used. We found that responses were faster for the Favorite-compatible/Rival-incompatible condition (614 ms) compared with the Favorite-incompatible/Rival-compatible condition (691 ms). The same experimental arrangement was replicated in another Brazilian city, and similar results were found. Additionally, we employed non-affective "fake" soccer teams as a control condition, and no mapping-rule effect was observed. Finally, a final experiment that used the same design but different non-affective stimuli (yellow and blue bars) was performed to provide further evidence that the valence effect in the present experimental paradigm only occurs with affective stimuli. As expected, non-affective stimuli did not produce an overall advantage for any mapping rules, corroborating earlier findings with similar mixed designs. The results confirmed the previous findings and validity of the AffSCt as a methodology to investigate the effects of emotional valence on stimulus-response correspondence. However, we are unable to provide a conclusive explanation to support the several hypotheses proposed previously in our paper and by Proctor (2013)...

Investigating the association between valence and elevation with an implicit association task that requires upward and downward responding / Investigando la asociación entre la valencia y la elevación con una tarea de asociación implícita que requiere respuestas ascendentes y descendentes

In three experiments (total N = 96), we investigated the origins of effects of associations between affective valence and spatial elevation (or verti-cality). To that end, we used a congruence measure. We used spatial and affective stimuli, like the words "up" and "happy". Spatial stimuli had to be categorized as elevated or less elevated and affective stimuli as positive or negative. Critically, in congruent conditions, associated spatial and affective stimuli required the same response and less associated stimuli required different responses, whereas in incongruent conditions, associated spatial and affective stimuli required different responses, but less associated stimuli required the same response. The results supported the assumption that valence-elevation associations exist in semantic memory: faster responses in congruent than incongruent conditions were observed with (I) words (Experiments 1 and 2), (II) pictures and words (Experiment 3), and (III) increased as a function of the centrality of the spatial meaning for the spatial words (Experiments 1 vs. 2). We discuss the implications of our results for the Implicit Association Test (IAT).

En tres experimentos (N = 96) se investigaron los orígenes de los efectos de las asociaciones entre la valencia afectiva y la elevación espacial (o verticalidad). Para tal fin, se utilizó una medida de congruencia. Se usaron estímulos espaciales y afectivos, como las palabras "arriba" y "feliz". Los estímulos espaciales tenían que ser categorizados como elevados o menos elevados y los estímulos afectivos como positivos o negativos. En las condiciones congruentes, los estímulos asociados espacial y afectivamente requerían la misma respuesta y los estímulos menos asociados diferentes respuestas, mientras que en las condiciones incongruentes, los estímulos asociados requerían respuestas diferentes, y los estímulos menos asociados la misma respuesta. Los resultados apoyaron la hipótesis de que existen asociaciones de valencia-elevación en la memoria semántica. Se observaron respuestas más rápidas en las condiciones congruentes que en las incongruentes con (1) palabras (Experimentos 1 y 2), (II) imágenes y palabras (Experimento 3), y (III) incrementando en función de la centralidad del significado espacial de las palabras espaciales (such as the present one a Experimentos 1 vs 2). Se discuten las implicaciones de nuestros resultados para el Test de Asociación Implícita (IAT).

Processing of affective faces varying in valence and intensity in shy adults: an event-related fMRI study

Recent behavioral and electrocortical studies have found that shy and socially anxious adults are hypersensitive to the processing of negative and ambiguous facial emotions. We attempted to extend these findings by examining the neural correlates of affective face processing in shy adults using an event-related fMRI design. We presented pairs of faces that varied in affective valence and intensity. The faces were morphed to alter the degree of intensity of the emotional expressive faces. Twenty-four (12 shy and 12 non-shy) young adult participants then made same/different judgments to these faces while in an MR scanner. We found that shy adults exhibited greater neural activation across a distinct range of brain regions to pairs of faces expressing negative emotions, moderate levels of emotional intensity, and emotional faces that were incongruent with one another. In contrast, non-shy individuals exhibited greater neural activation across a distinct range of brain regions to pairs of faces expressing positive emotions, low levels of emotional intensity, and emotional faces that were congruent with one another. Findings suggest that there are differences in neural responses between shy and non-shy adults when viewing affective faces that vary in valence, intensity, and discrepancy.

Normas de alerta e valência para 908 palavras da Língua Portuguesa / Norms of arousal and valence for 908 Portuguese words

Normas de valência e alerta para 908 palavras foram coletadas utilizando-se a escala de julgamento SAM (Self-Assessment Manikin). Participaram do estudo 4.359 estudantes universitários oriundos de quatro universidades. Os resultados identificaram palavras em todos os quadrantes do espaço afetivo sugerindo que estas podem ser classificadas nas dimensões emocionais alerta (desde palavras relaxantes até mais alertadoras) e valência (desde palavras desagradáveis até agradáveis). A confiabilidade média das normas de valência (r = 0,97) e alerta (r = 0,94) foram altas e significativas. Os resultados de alerta ou valência não estiveram associados ao sexo, idade e frequência de ocorrência das palavras em materiais escritos, sugerindo que estes fatores podem ser considerados ortogonais.

Norms of arousal and valence for 908 Portuguese words were collected using SAM (Self-Assessment Manikin). In this study 4359 undergraduates from four universities participated. Words from each of the affective space quadrant were identified suggesting that they can be categorized along the arousal (from relaxing to more arousing words) and valence (from unpleasant to pleasant words) emotional dimensions. The reliability of the norms for valence (r = 0,97) and arousal (r = 0,94) was high and significant. Results showed that arousal and valence were not associated with sex, age or printed word frequency indicating that the factors can be considered orthogonal.

Validación colombiana del sistema internacional de imágenes afectivas: evidencias del origen transcultural de la emoción / Colombian validation of the international affective picture system: evidence of cross-cultural origins of emotion / Validação colombiana do sistema internacional de imágens afetivas: evidências da origem transcultural da emoção

En Colombia no existen instrumentos validados para medir de forma fiable las dimensiones de la emoción basados en el uso de imágenes afectivas. Por esta razón, el objetivo de esta investigación fue validar en la población colombiana cuatro conjuntos de imágenes del International Affective Picture System (IAPS), y comparar los resultados con los de la población española y estadounidense con el fin de contribuir a la validación transcultural del instrumento. Los participantes fueron 404 personas (175 hombres y 229 mujeres) que evaluaron, mediante el Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), 238 imágenes pertenecientes a los conjuntos 13, 14, 19 y 20 del IAPS. Los resultados muestran una distribución de las imágenes en el espacio afectivo delimitado por las dimensiones de valencia y arousal en forma de boomerang similar a lo encontrado en países como Estados Unidos, España y Bélgica. Se observa una mayor dispersión y menor inclinación en el polo positivo que en el polo negativo y diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en la dimensión de arousal, siendo mayor la activación en ellas. Por último, se comparan estos resultados con los encontrados en otros países, y se identifican diferencias en las dimensiones de arousal y dominancia, pero no en valencia, lo cual apoya el modelo bioinformacional en el cual se afirma que la valencia es la dimensión principal sobre la cual se organizan las emociones. Con esta investigación se demuestra que el IAPS es un instrumento válido y fiable para medir las emociones.

There is a lack of validated instruments in Colombia for measuring the dimensions of emotional states in a reliable way. For this reason, this study was aimed at validating four sets of images of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS)in a Colombian sample and comparing the results with those found in Spanish and American samples in order to contribute to the instrument's cross-cultural validation. Participants were 404 people (175 men and 229 women) who assessed, through the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), 238 images belonging to sets 13, 14, 19 and 20 of the IAPS. Results showed the classical boomerang-shaped distribution of the pictures within the affective space, demarcated by the valence and arousal dimensions. These results are consistent with those found in other countries such as the United States, Spain, and Belgium. There is a greater dispersion and less inclination in the positive pole than in the negative pole and significant differences between men and women in the arousal dimension, showing a greater activation in women. Finally, these results are compared with those found in other countries and differences are identified in the dimensions of arousal and dominance, but not in valence. This supports the bio-informational model which states that valence is the main dimension around which emotions are organized. This research shows that the IAPS is a valid and reliable instrument to measure emotions.

Na Colômbia não existem instrumentos validados para medir de forma confiável as dimensões da emoção baseados no uso de imagens afetivas. Por esta razão, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi validar na população colombiana quatro conjuntos de imagens do International Affective Picture System (IAPS), e comparar os resultados com os da população espanhola e estadunidense com o objetivo de contribuir à validação transcultural do instrumento. Os participantes foram 404 pessoas (175 homens e 229 mulheres) que avaliaram mediante o Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), 238 imagens pertencentes aos conjuntos 13, 14, 19 e 20 do IAPS. Os resultados mostram uma distribuição das imagens no espaço afetivo delimitado pelas dimensões de valência e arousal em forma de bumerangue similar ao encontrado em países como Estados Unidos, Espanha e Bélgica. Observa-se uma maior dispersão e menor inclinação no polo positivo que no polo negativo e diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres na dimensão de arousal, sendo maior a ativação nelas. Por último, comparam-se estes resultados com os encontrados em outros países, e identificam-se diferenças nas dimensões de arousal e dominância, mas não em valência, que apoia o modelo bioinformacional no qual se afirma que a valência é a dimensão principal sobre a qual se organizam as emoções. Com esta pesquisa demonstra-se que o IAPS é um instrumento válido e confiável para medir as emoções.