Medida Decomposta de Valor Social: uma alternativa baseada na Teoria dos Jogos / Decomposed Social Value Measure: an alternative based on Game Theory / Medida Descompuesta de Valor Social: una alternativa basada en la Teoría de Juegos

Orientação de valor social (OVS) é uma característica individual que expressa o valor que se atribui aos ganhos individuais e aos gerados às outras pessoas, revelando disposição para sacrificar interesses pessoais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo adaptar e reunir evidências de validade para a Decomposed Social Value Orientation Slider Measure, como alternativa a instrumentos tradicionais de autorrelato. A amostra foi composta por 176 respondentes, que responderam à medida adaptada, à Escala de Cooperação e Competitividade e a uma versão impressa do dilema do prisioneiro. Os resultados mostraram que a medida se correlacionou negativamente com atitudes competitivas. Não houve diferenças significativas nos escores de OVS em função das escolhas no dilema dos prisioneiros. São discutidas as propriedades psicométricas do instrumento, as limitações e potenciais usos nas pesquisas sobre dilemas sociais e cooperação.(AU)

Social Value Orientation (SVO) is an individual characteristic that expresses the value one attributes to their own and other people's results, while revealing the disposition to sacrifice personal interests. The present study aimed to adapt and gather evidence of validity for the Social Value Orientation Slider Measure, as an alternative to traditional self-report instruments. Participants (N=176) answered the measure, the Cooperation-Competitiveness Scale, and a printed version of the prisoner's dilemma. The SVO was negatively correlated with competitive attitudes. There were no differences in SVO scores based on the prisoner's dilemma choices. The psychometric properties of the measure and its limitations and potential uses in social dilemma and cooperation research, are discussed.(AU)

La orientación al valor social (OVS) es una característica individual que expresa el valor atribuido a los beneficios individuales y a los beneficios generados a otras personas, revelando una disposición a sacrificar intereses personales. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo adaptar y reunir evidencias de validez para la Decomposed Social Value Orientation Slider Measure, como alternativa a los instrumentos tradicionales de autoinforme. La muestra se conformó por 176 personas, que respondieron a la medida adaptada, a la Escala de Cooperación y Competitividad y a una versión impresa del dilema del prisionero. Los resultados mostraron que la medida se correlacionó negativamente con las actitudes competitivas. No hubo diferencias significativas en las puntuaciones de la OVS en función de las elecciones en el dilema del prisionero. Se discuten las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento, las limitaciones y los usos potenciales en la investigación sobre dilemas sociales y cooperación.(AU)

Does social status matter for resource distribution? / A hierarquia social é importante para a distribuição dos recursos? / ¿La jerarquía social es importante para la distribución de los recursos?

Abstract Resources are distributed unequally depending on the social status (SS) of people. Researchers have often used experiments to explain the role of SS in economic decisions. However, the diverse ways of inducing SS has produced contradictory results. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of SS on the distribution of monetary resources in students aged 18 to 25 years from Córdoba (Argentina). Three experiments using mixed factorial designs were conducted. Different ways of inducing SS and the effect on decisions in different games were examined. In Experiment 1, the effect of two SS induction techniques on the decisions of the Ultimatum Game (UG) and Dictator Game (DG) was compared. In Experiment 2, the effect of SS on the same games, including Social Value Orientation (SVO) and Subjective Social Status (SSS) as covariates was analyzed. In Experiment 3, the role of SS, SVO and SSS in the DG and the Dictator Game Taking (DGT) was examined. In the three experiments, it was not found that SS had any effect on the decisions of the games. However, more rejection and negative valence was observed (Exp. 1: p < .001, n 2 p =.72; Exp. 2: p < .001, n 2 p = .65) for unfair offers than for fair ones (Exp. 2: p < .001). Also, pro-social individuals made fairer offers in the DG (Exp. 2: p < .05) and participants offered more money in the DGT than in the DG (Exp. 3: p = .01). Those findings showed that the effect of SS on behavioral responses is not robust, which highlights the need to obtain new experimental evidence to investigate its role in those decisions.

Resumo Os recursos são normalmente distribuídos de maneira desigual em função do status social (SS) das pessoas, razão pela qual diversos pesquisadores utilizam experimentos para explicar o papel do SS nas decisões econômicas. No entanto, as diversas formas de induzir o SS geraram resultados contraditórios. No presente trabalho, investigou-se o efeito do SS na distribuição dos recursos monetários em estudantes de 18 a 25 anos da cidade de Córdoba, na Argentina, por meio de três experimentos com desenhos experimentais mistos. Especificamente, foram avaliadas diferentes técnicas para manipular o SS e seu efeito nas decisões econômicas: no Experimento 1 comparou-se o efeito de duas técnicas de manipulação do SS nas decisões do Jogo do Ultimato (JU) e do Ditador (JD); no Experimento 2 analisou-se o efeito do SS nos mesmos jogos, incluindo a orientação de valores sociais (SVO) e o status social subjetivo (SES) como covariáveis e, no Experimento 3, indagou-se o papel do SS, da SVO e do SES no JD e no Ditador de Tomar (do inglês, Dictator Taking Game). Nos três experimentos observou-se que o SS não teve efeito nas decisões dos jogos. Não obstante, evidenciou-se maior rejeição (Exp. 1: p < .001, n 2 p = .72; Exp. 2: p < .001, n 2 p = .65) e valência negativa para as ofertas injustas do que para as justas (Exp. 2: p < .001). Além disso, descobriu-se que quanto maior a pró-socialidade, maior a quantidade ofertada no JD (Exp. 2: p < .05) e que no JDT se oferece mais dinheiro do que no JD (Exp. 3: p = .01). Os resultados observados evidenciam que o efeito do SS nas respostas comportamentais não é robusto, por isso se destaca a importância de continuar investigando seu papel em tais decisões.

Resumen Los recursos son usualmente distribuidos de manera inequitativa en función del estatus social (ES) de las personas, razón por la cual diversos investigadores utilizan experimentos para explicar el rol del ES en las decisiones económicas; sin embargo, las diversas formas de inducir el ES han generado resultados contradictorios. En el presente trabajo se investigó el efecto del ES en la distribución de los recursos monetarios en estudiantes de 18 a 25 años de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina, por medio de tres experimentos con diseños experimentales mixtos. Específicamente, se evaluaron distintas técnicas para manipular el ES y su efecto en las decisiones económicas: en el Experimento 1 se comparó el efecto de dos técnicas de manipulación del ES en las decisiones del Juego del Ultimátum (JU) y del Dictador (JD); en el Experimento 2 se analizó el efecto del ES en los mismos juegos, incluyendo la orientación de valores sociales (SVO) y el estatus social subjetivo (SES) como covariables; y en el Experimento 3 se indagó el rol del ES, de la SVO y del ESS en el JD y en el Dictador de Tomar (JDT). En los tres experimentos se observó que el ES no tuvo efecto en las decisiones de los juegos. No obstante, se evidenció mayor rechazo (Exp. 1: p < .001, n 2 p = .72; Exp. 2: p < .001, n 2 p = .65) y valencia negativa para las ofertas injustas que para las justas (Exp. 2: p < .001). Además, se encontró que a mayor prosocialidad, mayor cantidad ofertada en el JD (Exp. 2: p < .05), y que en el JDT se ofrece más dinero que en el JD (Exp. 3: p = .01). Los resultados observados evidencian que el efecto del ES en las respuestas comportamentales no es robusto, por lo que se destaca la importancia de continuar investigando su rol en dichas decisiones.

Prospects on the Value Ethics Survey and Future Value Orientation at the Current Stage of Medical Reform in China / 中国卫生经济

Based on the theory of value and value ethics,there were 3 aspects problems as following at the present stage of the health care system reform:paying more attention on the quantity of inpatient services rather than the quality of medical services,taking hospital as the center instead of the close cooperation of various sanitary institutions and inappropriate incentive mechanism.It considered that the next step of the health care system reform of China should make efforts to achieve 3 value goals:to improve people's health level,provide high-quality medical services and service experience and affordable health care costs.To achieve these value goals,it proposed suggestions from five aspects:providing integration services,transforming the functional localization of hospitals,changing the incentive mechanism,improving the medical service quality continually and enhancing the participation of the public.

Value orientation and system innovation in reform of public hospitals / 中华医院管理杂志

An exploration of the value orientation of public hospital reform,probes into an innovation of the existing system in the principles ofnature of public welfare,popularity of public welfare,and commonweal.Based on a discussion on whether the nature of public welfare decides value orientation,it is proposed that popularity of public welfare should be the orientation of such a reform;and the commonweal by socialization means ought to be the strategy for the value orientation,focusing on the resources,supervision and operation requirements of public hospitals.

Una revisión sistemática sobre emociones morales y dilemas sociales / A systematic review on social dilemmas and moral emotions

El creciente interés por parte de la economía comportamental en las emociones y la carencia de revisiones sobre la temática motivaron este trabajo, cuyo objetivo fue analizar la evidencia empírica sobre el rol de las emociones morales en situaciones de dilemas sociales. Los artículos revisados (n = 17) se obtuvieron de las bases de datos EBSCO, ScienceDirect y OVID. Se analizaron los siguientes aspectos de los artículos: objetivos, muestra, juego o tarea experimental, y resultados. Un grupo de investigaciones se focalizó en la influencia de las emociones morales en la cooperación, empleando principalmente el juego Give-Some o el Juego del Ultimátum. Otro grupo de investigaciones se centró en el rol de la empatía-altruismo en las conductas de ayuda, utilizando tareas de distribución. El análisis de los resultados evidencia que la culpa y la vergüenza incrementan la tendencia a la cooperación, mientras que emociones como la ira y el disgusto la dificultan. Además, la inducción de empatía fomentó el comportamiento altruista y las conductas de ayuda. Esta revisión ofrece elementos útiles a ser considerados en futuros trabajos de investigación...

The growing interest in the role of emotions in behavioral economics, and the absence of reviews on this subject have motivated this work, which purpose was analyze the empirical evidence on the role of moral emotions in social dilemmas situations. The reviewed articles (n = 17) were obtained from EBSCO, OVID and ScienceDirect. We analyzed the following aspects: objectives, sample, experimental game or task, and results. A group of studies was focused on the influence of moral emotions on cooperation, using mainly the Give-Some game or the Ultimatum Game. Another group of studies was focused on the role of empathy-altruism in helping behaviors, using distribution tasks. The analysis of results shows that guilt and shame increase the tendency to cooperate, while emotions like anger and disgust diminish it. Furthermore, the induction of empathy promoted altruistic behavior and helping behaviors. This review provides useful elements to be considered in future research...

Parents'marital relationship and intergenerational transmission of value orientation of marriage and love in college students / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To investigate relationship between parents'marital relationship and intergenerational transmission of value orientation of marriage and love among college students.Methods:Totally 712 families inclu-ding a college student and his/her parents from 9 universities were surveyed.The Marital Health Test (MHT)was used to assess parents'marital relationship and transmission of value orientation of marriage and love from father and mother.The structural equation modeling and stepwise multiple regression were used to analysis the relationship between parents'marital relationship and intergenerational transmission of value orientation of marriage and love a-mong college students.Results:Moderate correlations (r =0.24 -0.58,Ps <0.01 )were found between parents'marital relationship and transmission of value orientation of marriage and love from father and mother.Path analysis suggested that paths from parents'marital relationship to paternal transmission and maternal transmission were statis-tically significant (path coefficient was 0.59 and 0.75).Grouping regression analysis showed that the influences of parents 'marital relationship of same-sex transmission (R2 =0.49,0.35 ) were greater than opposite-sex transmission.Conclusions:The findings indicate that parents'marital relationship could facilitate the intergeneration-al transmission of value orientation of marriage and love.Moreover,the influences of parents'marital relationship of same-gender transmission may be greater than opposite-sex transmission.

Investigation research in value orientation during occupational choice and occupational development of nursing students with different background / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To understand the characteristic of value orientation during occupational choice and occupational development of nursing students with different background. Methods The study was non-experimental and descriptive with questionnaires. Results The correlation coefficients on 15 work value scales in different background students ranged from 0.561 to 0.940, P value ranged from 0.01 to 0.05. And the coefficients were significant. But there were significant differences on some scales in 15 work value of students who were different in grade, sex, family or areas and so on. Conclusions Nursing stu-dents with different background place emphasis on the same work value and ignore the same others because of the same social-cultural background. But there are some differences in recognition degree of some work val-ue in nursing students with different background.

College Students' Value Orientation of Career Choice and Job-seeking Self-efficacy / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:This study explored the relationship between college students'value orientation of career choice and job-seeking serf-efficacy.Methods:The investigative questionnaire of college students' value orientation of career choice and job-seeking self-efficacy scale were applied to 189 college students.Results:(1)At the individual value orientation aspect,the scores of male students were higher than females(93.0?5.3/91.7?4.7,P=0.029). But the scores of female students were higher than males(80.6?5.1/82.1?4.0,P=0.043)on the society value o- rientation.(2)At job-seeking self-efficacy aspect,the scores of male students scores were higher than females(60.3?8.3/57.7?11.0,P=0.048)and the scores of students from city were higher than that of students from town and rural area(62.4?8.5/58.3?9.0,57.2?11.2,P=0.009);(3)The explanation proportions of value orientation of career choice canonical correlations for job-seeking self-efficacy variance were 1.0%and 1.1%;while,the expla- nation proportions of job-seeking self-efficacy canonical correlations for value orientation of career choice variance were 1.9%and 0.6%.Conclusions:(1)Male students are more inclined to individual value orientation,female students are more inclined to society value orientation.(2)Male students have higher self-efficacy than female,students from small town or rural area have lower self-efficacy than students from cities;(3)canonical correlation could explain ob- servational variables of college students' value orientation and job-seeking self-efficacy well,but college students ' value orientation of career choice and job-seeking self-efficacy can not account for each other.

Seeking the common end of both doctors' and patients' value orientation / 中华医院管理杂志

How to handle the relationship between doctors and patients is currently a hot spot of society. The author first expounds the fundamental propositions in the theories of the science of value. Then, using the theories of the science of value, he first describes the relationship between the object and subject of value, viz. who comes first, the patients or the staff, arguing that in the mind of the hospital director there should always be an unbiased balance of value benefiting both sides. Then he describes the realistic form in which value exists, viz. which is more important, the value of utility or the value of effectiveness, arguing that the hospital director should lay equal emphasis on the staffs value of utility and the patients value of utility, thus satisfying both sides. Thirdly, the author describes value accounting and the cost of value, viz. the dual unity of the values of effects and effectiveness, arguing that creating value while paying cost indicates the dual nature of the practice of hospital administration. Hence the need to lower cost as much as possible and create greater value.

Ethical Consideration about the Medical Health Reform and the Government Responsibility / 中国医学伦理学

Based on summing up the mainstream opinion of the reasons of the failure of medical health reform and analyzing typical cases,this article promulgates the following content.The medical health reform' s failure are due to the clinical decision-made in seeking interest and the health policy of exuding the commercialization.The forming mechanism is the two reasons work together.The essence is the medical health service is not suited to people's healthy demand which grows day by day and the level of economic development.This refracts the absentation of the government responsibility ethics,which does not present or work.The basic goal of the medical health service to maxi mize the public benefit,which is the dominant value orientation in the medical health service.Certainly it is also the right orientation of the government responsibility ethics in medical health reform.

Reflection on the Duty and Function of the Humanistic Social Science Magazine / 中国医学伦理学

Humanistic social science magazine can reflect the achievement of academic subject and promote the communication between different subjects.The magazine's academic duty is to record the process of the development of the academic subject and guide the development.Its social duty is to rectify the mistake of the unhealthy philosophy of life,and help shape the healthy morals.The key to achieve it is that the editor should find valuable articles,publish different kinds of paper bravely,and write articles frequently.

Mutual Benefit and Win-win:the Economic Ethical Basis of Harmonious Physician-patient Relationship / 中国医学伦理学

It was undoubted that doctor-patient relationship was becoming more and more worse,and this condition lead the doctors,patients,governments feel ve ry awkward.Every related side would be Faliures.Nowadays,the tensional doctor patient relationsh i p is a result of improper value choice and institutional arrangement in the back ground of market economy and high technology development.Building a harmonious doctor patient relationship and become double win is a key issue to affect medical service.It needs government,hospital,doctor and patient to work together.Therefore,we should promote the harmony of doctor-patient relationship in the respects of value choice and institutional arrangement.The action of benefiting others at the medical market includes benefiting for others unselfish and benefiting for others for self under the condition of market economy.Seeking patients' interests even at the expense of the professionals' own interests is the most essential moral criterion and professional obligation.