ABSTRACT
From 1996 to 2014, 14 foals from nine farms in Jeju were diagnosed with a Rhodococcus equi infection. Clinically, most foals showed characteristic respiratory signs, including hyperthermia and dyspnea. The seasonal occurrence of R. equi infection in foals was higher in summer, such as June (eight foals; 57.1%) and July (four foals; 28.6%), than in the other seasons. The major cases of R. equi infections were observed among two-month-old (eight foals; 57.1%) and three-month-old (three foals; 21.4%) foals. Histopathologically, bronchopneumonia, abscess, and granulomatous pneumonia were the most prevalent lesions in the lungs of foals. Colonic ulcers and submucosal abscesses were found in a foal. Some foals showed granulomatous lymphadenitis and abscesses in the mesenteric and other lymph nodes. According to the polymerase chain reaction using 10 tissue samples of foals and nine R. equi isolates, the vapA gene was detected in 11/11 (100%) foals. Immunohistochemical staining using the anti-VapA monoclonal antibody was applied to detect the R. equi VapA antigen in the organs of foals. R. equi VapA antigens were demonstrated in most lungs and some mesenteric and hilar lymph nodes of 13 foals. Isolated virulent R. equi VapA bacteria showed high sensitivity to gentamicin, quinolones, rifampin, and vancomycin.
Subject(s)
Abscess , Agriculture , Bacteria , Bronchopneumonia , Colon , Dyspnea , Fever , Gentamicins , Immunohistochemistry , Lung , Lymph Nodes , Lymphadenitis , Pneumonia , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Quinolones , Rhodococcus equi , Rhodococcus , Rifampin , Seasons , Ulcer , VancomycinABSTRACT
The req_39680 gene, associated to a putative efflux system, was detected in 60% (54/90) of R. equi isolates by PCR. The phenotypic expression of efflux mechanism was verified in 20% of the isolates using ethidium bromide. For the first time, the expression of efflux mechanism was demonstrated in R. equi.
Subject(s)
Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics , Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism , Rhodococcus equi/genetics , Rhodococcus equi/metabolism , Biological Transport, Active , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Ethidium/metabolism , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
A rodococose é uma doença de distribuição mundial causada pelo Rhodococcus equi, responsável por taxas elevadas de mortalidade e grandes perdas econômicas relacionadas à pneumonia grave em potros com menos de seis meses de idade. Essa revisão inclui a etiologia, epidemiologia e patogenia da doença com atenção especial à proteína de superfície VapA, seu principal determinante de virulência. As principais manifestações clínicas são apresentadas, bem como os métodos diagnósticos e as suas aplicações, incluindo as novas estratégias em desenvolvimento. Da mesma maneira, as medidas terapêuticas mais utilizadas são também discutidas, abordando principalmente o uso de antibióticos capazes de penetrar nas formações abscedantes.
Rodococosis is a disease that has a worldwide distribution caused by Rhodococcus equi. In foals under six months high mortality and great econimic losses are related to this bacterial pneumonia. This review includes the ethiology, epidemiology and pathogenesis of the disease with focus on the role of VapA, a surface protein, as the major determinant of virulence. The clinical manifestations are reviewed and diagnostic methods and their applications are commented, including new strategies that are still being developed. Likewise, the most common clinical therapies are discussed specially those using antibiotics that are known to penetrate in abcesses.