Genome-wide CNV analysis reveals variants associated with high-altitude adaptation and meat traits in Qaidam cattle

BACKGROUND Qaidam cattle are local breeds that habitats in northwest China. It has many excellent characteristics, such as high cold and roughage tolerance, low oxygen adaptability, and tender meat quality. Copy number variation (CNV) can induce phenotypic changes in animals by a variety of effects, and thus affects the biological functions of the animals. To explore the molecular mechanism of its adaptation to extreme cold weather and muscle fat development, the CNV variations in the genome of three Qaidam cattle were detected by whole-genome sequencing, in this study. RESULTS : A total of 16,743 CNVs and 9498 copy number variable regions (CNVRs) were obtained after the screening, which accounts for 2.18% of the bovine genome. The CNVR length detected ranged from 0.3 KB to 10.77 KB, with a total length of 58.17 MB and an average length of 6.12 KB/ CNVR. Through functional enrichment of CNVR related genes, LDHB, and ME1 genes were screened as the key genes for Qaidam cattle to adapt to the cold and low oxygen environments, whereas KIT and FGF18 genes might be related to the coat color and growth. In the CNVR overlapped with QTLs, variation in CAPN1 and CAST genes might be closely related to the tender meat quality of Qaidam cattle. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, this study provides new genetic insights on the environmental adaptability and important economic traits of Qaidam cattle

COMPARACIÓN ENTRE EL POTENCIAL DE LAS REGIONES VARIABLES DEL 16s RDNA PARA LA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE Lactobacillus spp. (LACTOBACILLIACEAE) / COMPARING THE POTENTIAL FOR IDENTIFICATION OF Lactobacillus spp. OF 16s RDNA VARIABLE REGIONS

El 16s rDNA es utilizado para la identificación bacteriana dada su tasa de variación entre especies. Algunas de las regiones variables de la subunidad ribosomal son más informativas que otras por lo cual en este estudio se evalúa el potencial de identificación aportado por cada región y combinaciones entre ellas. Se extrajeron las regiones variables V1 a la V8 del 16s rDNA de diferentes cepas y especies de Lactobacillus y se analizaron mediante los paquetes de STAP (ss-RNA Taxonomy Assigning Pipeline) y RDP (Ribosomal Database Project) multiclassifier. Adicionalmente se evaluaron árboles filogenéticos de máxima verosimilitud. Nuestros resultados muestran que la mayoría de regiones variables logran dar una correcta clasificación hasta género, sin embargo no son suficientes para clasificar hasta especie usando STAP. La región que presenta el mayor número de amplímeros es V5V6, sin embargo es la que presenta la mayor cantidad de falsos negativos. La que presenta el mayor número de verdaderos positivos es V1V3 (especie) para STAP y V5V8(género) para RDP. Las filogenias evaluadas mostraron que la topología de referencia se puede obtener con diferentes combinaciones de regiones variables e.g., V1V3 y V1V8. El estudio experimental de las cepas contenidas en un tampón comercial mostró que el amplicón V1V8 y el V1V3 dan una misma clasificación correcta. Proponemos la región V1V3 como la región mínima para clasificación correcta de Lactobacillus spp.. En conclusión, la región mínima para clasificar especies del género Lactobacillus es la V1V3, la cual es útil para estudios metagenómicos de muestras de probióticos.

16s rDNA is used for bacterial identification because its variation rate between species allows differentiation. The gene for this ribosomal subunit has 9 variable regions and some of them give more information than others. We were interested in evaluating the potential for species identification of each region and their combinations. We extracted the V1 to V8 regions of 16s rDNA from different strains and species of Lactobacillus and analyzed them using STAP (ss-RNA Taxonomy Assigning Pipeline) and RDP (Ribosomal Database Project) multiclassifier packages. Phylogenetic trees obtained by maximum likelihood analyses were compared. Classification results show that many regions give the correct genus classification using RDP and STAP, however they are not enough to classify up to the level of species. V5V6 region presents the highest quantity of informative fragments but also present the highest rate of false negatives. V1V3 region presents the highest rate of true positives (species) using STAP and the region V5V8 in RDP (genus).The phylogenetic result shows that the reference topology could be obtained using different combination of regions as V1V3 and V1V8.The experimental validation was done using commercial strains from a probiotic tampon. Sequencing analysis show that the V1V3 region gives the same information and result as the complete 16s rDNA; the three isolated strains correspond to the strains indicated in the product. We conclude that the V1V3 region is the minimum required region to classify Lactobacillus spp. in the correct way and this region is useful in metagenomics to analyze probiotics samples.