Glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto y factores de riesgo aterosclerótico: hallazgos por eco-Doppler orbitario / Primary open angle glaucoma and atherosclerotic risk factors: orbital echo-Doppler findings

Objetivo: Determinar los hallazgos por eco-Doppler orbitario en pacientes con glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto según factores de riesgo aterosclerótico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo y transversal en 300 órbitas de 150 pacientes con diagnóstico de glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto. A todos los casos se les realizó tonometría de contorno dinámico y tomografía de coherencia óptica. Se identificaron mediante interrogatorio y por el laboratorio clínico los factores de riesgo aterosclerótico: hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, dislipidemia, obesidad y consumo excesivo de alcohol. Se les realizó ultrasonido orbitario y Doppler carotídeo, y solo en caso de resultar normales se procedió a evaluar mediante eco-Doppler las arterias oftálmica, central de la retina y ciliares posteriores temporales. Resultados: La edad media de los sujetos estudiados fue de 62,3 años. El 55,3 por ciento correspondió al sexo femenino y el 47,3 por ciento al color blanco de la piel. El número de factores de riesgo mostró una correlación lineal moderada, positiva y significativa con el índice de resistencia, mientras que con las velocidades dicha correlación resultó ser negativa. Todos los factores de riesgo expresaron efectos dañinos sobre la hemodinámica del flujo ocular, la presión intraocular y el grosor de las capas de fibras neurorretinianas temporales. Tras ajustar para la edad, esta negativa influencia continuó siendo relevante en la mayoría de los casos. Conclusiones: Los aspectos vasculares del glaucoma deben integrarse a la práctica clínica de esta afección, lo que ayudará a que el enfoque sea más completo, y redundará en un mejor pronóstico de la enfermedad(AU)

Objective: Determine the orbital echo-Doppler findings in patients with primary open angle glaucoma according to atherosclerotic risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted of 300 orbits of 150 patients diagnosed with primary open angle glaucoma. All the cases underwent dynamic contour tonometry and optical coherence tomography. Interrogation and clinical laboratory testing led to identification of the following atherosclerotic risk factors: arterial hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus type 2, dyslipidemia, obesity and excessive alcohol consumption. Orbital and carotid Doppler ultrasounds were performed, and only if they were normal they would be followed by echo-Doppler evaluation of the ophthalmic, central retinal and posterior temporal ciliary arteries. Results: Mean age of the study subjects was 62.3 years. 55.3 percent were female and 47.3 percent had white skin. The number of risk factors showed a moderate, positive and significant linear correlation with the resistive index, and a negative correlation with the velocities. All the risk factors expressed harmful effects on ocular flow hemodynamics, intraocular pressure and the thickness of temporal neuroretinal fibers. After adjusting for age, this negative influence continued to be relevant in most cases. Conclusions: The vascular aspects of glaucoma should be incorporated into the clinical management of this condition. This will make the approach more thorough and help achieve a better diagnosis(AU)

A study of prevalence of migraine in stroke patients and its association with ischemic versus hemorrhagic stroke: a cross sectional study

Background: Migraine is characterized by recurrent attacks of disabling headache and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Up to one third of patients also have neurological aura symptoms. It has been suggested that migraine can be a risk factor for stroke. Migraine affects three times the number of women than men. The incidence of stroke in men is two times that of women. It is shown in several studies that women aged 35 to 45 years old are at increased risk of ischemic stroke who had migraine with or without aura.Methods: The present cross sectional study was conducted in 350 consecutive patients of stroke who were attended OPD and admitted in wards of the Department of Medicine, M.G.M. Medical College and MY Hospital, Indore, MP, India, during period from December 2017 to December 2018.Results: The highest percentage of respondents i.e. 68% belonged to male group followed by 32% of respondents who were females. The highest percentage of respondents i.e. 66.6% had ischemic stroke while, 33.4% had hemorrhagic stroke. The highest percentage of respondents i.e. 90.9% had no Migraine while, 9.1% had Migraine. The highest percentage of respondents i.e. 31.2% had weekly reoccurrence, followed by forth nightly (25%) and lowest was 3.1% of daily recurrence. The association of type of stroke with sex group of patient’s history of headache which found to be significant (p ?0.05). The association of type of stroke with sex group of patient’s history of various cerebro-vascular risk factors which found to be significant (p<0.05). Patients having hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke also had HTN in 47% and 12.4% patients respectively.Conclusions: In this study it is concluded that migraine can be established as a risk factor for ischemic stroke. Early diagnosis and treatment with available medication can be helpful in prevention or decreasing risk for developing stroke.

Efectividad y durabilidad de la endarterectomía carotidea a largo plazo / Effectiveness and durability of long-term carotid endarterectomy

Introducción: Los accidentes cerebrovasculares constituyen un problema de salud mundial con tendencia creciente; en la actualidad es la tercera causa de muerte. Objetivo: Describir la efectividad y durabilidad de la endarterectomía carotidea a largo plazo en la enfermedad carotidea extracraneal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, ambispectivo en 44 pacientes sometidos a un total de 52 endarterectomías carotideas realizadas en el servicio de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular del Hospital Docente Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras. A todos se les realizó un seguimiento clínico con ultrasonografía doppler. El período de tiempo analizado fue de ocho años. Se tuvo en cuenta las variables: sexo, edad, factores de riesgo asociados, categoría clínica, localización topográfica de las lesiones, complicaciones tardías, tiempo de permeabilidad y resultados posquirúrgicos. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino (68,2 por ciento). Las lesiones carotideas asintomáticas y sintomáticas representaron el 50 por ciento respectivamente. El hábito de fumar y la dislipidemia fueron los factores de riesgo más frecuentes. Hubo predominio de las complicaciones tardías (55,8 por ciento) con relevancia de la restenosis carotidea (n= 21). El tiempo promedio de permeabilidad primaria del sector revascularizado fue de cinco años. El 86,5 por ciento de los pacientes seguidos a largo plazo mostraron resultados posquirúrgicos satisfactorios al no presentar eventos neurológicos isquémicos o lesiones carotideas con repercusión hemodinámica. Conclusiones: La endarterectomía carotidea es un procedimiento seguro con baja morbilidad y mortalidad perioperatorias que garantiza una reducción significativa en las tasas de enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica en el seguimiento a largo plazo con baja incidencia de complicaciones vasculares y neurológicas tardías(AU)

Introduction: Cardiovascular events constitute a global health problem with a growing tendency. Nowadays, they represent the third cause of death. Objective: To describe the effectiveness and durability of long-term carotid endarterectomy in the extracranial carotid disease. Methods: A descriptive, ambispective study was conducted in 44 patients subjected to 52 carotid endarterectomies that were performed in the service of Angiology and Vascular Surgery of Hermanos Ameijeiras Teaching-Clinical- Surgical Hospital. A clinical follow-up was performed with Doppler ultrasonography to all the patients. The period analyzed was eight years. The variables considered were: sex, age, associated risk factors, clinical category, topographical localization of the lesions, late complications, time of permeability and postsurgical results. Results: Male sex predominated (68,2 percent). Asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid lesions represented 50 percent respectively. The smoking habit and dyslipidemia were the most common risk factors. There was predominance of late complications (55,8 percent) being notable the carotid restenosis (n = 21). The average time of primary permeability of the revascularized sector was five years. 86,5 percent of the patients followed in the long term showed satisfactory postsurgical results by not presenting ischemic neurological events or carotid lesions with hemodynamic impact. Conclusions: Carotid endarterectomy is a safe procedure with low morbidity and peri-operative mortality that ensures a significant reduction in ischemic cerebrovascular disease´s rates in long-term follow-up with low incidence of late vascular and neurological complications(AU)

Analysis of the vascular risk factors for the elderly with mild cognitive impairment in community / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the effects of vascular risk factors on cognitive function among the elderly in community. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1 269 elderly people ( aged 65 and over) who were randomly selected from three communities. Through face-to-face interview, cognitive function was assessed by mini-mental state examination(MMSE),and blood samples were collected for labo-ratory examination. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the vascular risk factors affecting cogni-tive function. Results Age (( 73. 1 ± 6. 6), ( 71. 3 ± 4. 9),t=4. 603,P<0. 05),education level ( χ2=12. 727,P<0. 05),hypertension (χ2=9. 106,P<0. 05) and LDL-C (χ2=5. 157,P<0. 05) were significantly different in the elderly with or without mild cognitive impairment(MCI). After controlling age,gender and ed-ucation,the logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension(β=0. 378,P=0. 006,OR(95%CI)=1. 44 (1. 10-1. 91)),systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg( β=0. 350,P=0. 011,OR( 95% CI)= 1. 42( 1. 08-1. 86),1 mmHg=0. 133 kPa),and high LDL-C( β=0. 355,P=0. 014,OR(95%CI)=1. 43( 1. 08-1. 89)) were the risk factors of MCI in the elderly in the community. Hypertension alone or high LDL-C (β=0. 365, P=0. 029,OR(95%CI)=1. 44(1. 04-2. 00)) alone was risk factor for mild cognitive impairment in the eld-erly in the community. The risk of mild cognitive impairment in the elderly with hypertension and high LDL- C was 2. 00 times higher than that in the healthy elderly ( β=0. 696,P<0. 05,OR( 95%CI)= 2. 00( 1. 36-2. 97)). Conclusion Mild cognitive impairment in the elderly is closely related to hypertension and elevat-ed LDL-C levels. Multiple vascular risk factors can further increase the risk of cognitive impairment.

Analysis of the vascular risk factors for the elderly with mild cognitive impairment in community / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective@#To explore the effects of vascular risk factors on cognitive function among the elderly in community.@*Methods@#A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1 269 elderly people (aged 65 and over) who were randomly selected from three communities.Through face-to-face interview, cognitive function was assessed by mini-mental state examination(MMSE), and blood samples were collected for laboratory examination.Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the vascular risk factors affecting cognitive function.@*Results@#Age ((73.1±6.6), (71.3±4.9), t=4.603, P<0.05), education level (χ2=12.727, P<0.05), hypertension (χ2=9.106, P<0.05) and LDL-C (χ2=5.157, P<0.05) were significantly different in the elderly with or without mild cognitive impairment(MCI). After controlling age, gender and education, the logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension(β=0.378, P=0.006, OR(95%CI)=1.44(1.10-1.91)), systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg(β=0.350, P=0.011, OR(95%CI)=1.42(1.08-1.86), 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), and high LDL-C(β=0.355, P=0.014, OR(95%CI)=1.43(1.08-1.89)) were the risk factors of MCI in the elderly in the community.Hypertension alone or high LDL-C (β=0.365, P=0.029, OR(95%CI)=1.44(1.04-2.00)) alone was risk factor for mild cognitive impairment in the elderly in the community.The risk of mild cognitive impairment in the elderly with hypertension and high LDL-C was 2.00 times higher than that in the healthy elderly (β=0.696, P<0.05, OR(95%CI)=2.00(1.36-2.97)).@*Conclusion@#Mild cognitive impairment in the elderly is closely related to hypertension and elevated LDL-C levels.Multiple vascular risk factors can further increase the risk of cognitive impairment.

A preliminary report on physical activity patterns among children aged 8–14 years to predict risk of cardiovascular diseases in Malwa region of Punjab

Objective To determine the pattern of physical activity specific to age and gender among young Indian school going girls and boys aged 8-14 years. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Private and government sponsored schools in Patiala and Mansa District of Punjab, India. Participants: Two hundred thirty four school going girls and boys aged 8–14 years. Methodology A structured questionnaire recorded the various forms of daily physical activity, sedentary activity as well as physical activity level of all the participants. The energy expenditure was also calculated using the standard metabolic equivalent index. Results There is a significant difference between mean weights of participants belonging to different physical activity levels (p < .04). In comparison to boys, the girl participants have significant lower values of physical activity duration as well as total metabolic equivalent expenditure (p < .05). The total duration of moderate/vigorous physical activity declined in both girls and boys as the age increased. Conclusion Physical activity among children in Northern regions of India is on decline as their age increases especially among girls. It is important to determine physical activity duration in early age groups and motivate children for daily physical activity.

Estado nutricional y factores de riesgo vascular en pacientes ingresados en el Centro de Atención al Diabético de La Habana / Nutritional state and vascular risk factors of patients admitted to the Center of Diabetic Care in Havana

Introducción: la obesidad y la diabetes constituyen una asociación frecuente y letal, que a su vez, también se relacionan con otros factores que incrementan el riesgo cardiovascular. Objetivo: caracterizar el estado nutricional e identificar factores de riesgo vascular en personas con diabetes ingresadas en el Centro de Atención al Diabético de La Habana. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal. Se revisaron 1 916 historias clínicas, y las variables estudiadas fueron: tipo de diabetes, índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de la cintura, hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo, hipercolesterolemia, control glucémico y excreción urinaria de albúmina. Resultados: el 88,2 por ciento de los pacientes tenían diabetes tipo 2; de ellos, 74,5 por ciento eran sobrepeso u obesos, 62,5 por ciento tenían circunferencia de cintura incrementada, hipertensión el 67,2 por ciento, descontrol glucémico el 55,2 por ciento, hipercolesterolemia el 50,6 pr ciento, tabaquismo el 44,4 pore ciento y excreción urinaria de albúmina el 27,6 por ciento. El 11,8 por ciento tenía diabetes tipo 1, de ellos 66,4 por ciento eran normopesos; con descontrol glucémico 57,5 por ciento, con sobrepeso u obesidad 33,7 por ciento, con excreción urinaria de albúmina el 31,4 por ciento, con hipercolesterolemia el 29,9 por ciento, con tabaquismo el 28,7 por ciento, con hipertensión el 23,9 por ciento y el 21,2 por ciento tenía incrementada la circunferencia de la cintura. Conclusiones: la mayoría de los pacientes tenían diabetes tipo 2 y sobrepeso, con predominio de la obesidad abdominal. La asociación de varios factores de riesgo fue muy frecuente, independientemente del tipo de diabetes. Se deben diseñar estrategias efectivas para el tratamiento integral de la diabetes y los factores de riesgo asociados(AU)

Introduction: obesity and diabetes is a frequent and lethal association that, in turn, is related to other factors increasing the cardiovascular risks. Objective: to characterize the nutritional state and to identify vascular risk factors in diabetic persons who were admitted to the Center of Diabetic Care in Havana. Methods: cross-sectional and descriptive study that reviewed 1 916 medical histories and the studied variables were type of diabetes, body mass index, waist circumference, blood hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, glycemic control and urinary excretion of albumin. Results: in the study group, 88.2 percent of patients suffered type 2 diabetes, 74.5 percent of them was overweighed or obese; 62.5 percent had increased waist circumference; 67.2 percent were hypertensive; 55.2 percent had no glycemic control; 50.6 percent had hypercholesterolemia; 44.4 percent were smokers and 27.6 percent had urinary excretion of albumin. Type 1 diabetes was present in 11.8 percent ; 66.4 percent of the latter were normoweighed; 57.5 percent had no glycemic; 33.7 percent were overweighed or obese; 31.4 percent showed urinary excretion of albumin; 29.9 percent hypercholesterolemia; 28.7 percent were smokers and 23.9 percent hypertensive whereas 21.2 percent had increased waist circumference. Conclusions: most of patients had type 2 diabetes and overweight, with abdominal obesity. The association of several risk factors was very common, regardless of the type of diabetes. Effective strategies must be designed to treat diabetes and the associated risk factors in a comprehensive way(AU)

Correlation of different Framinghan vascular risk factors and cognitive impairment / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To evaluate the relationship between different Framinghan vascular risk factor and cognitive impairment in the middle-aged and elderly.methods 71 participants from Physical Examination Center,Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University were consecutively recruited from March 2016 to May 2016.Framingham Cardiovascular Disease Risk Profile (FCVDRP),Framingham Stroke Risk Profile (FSRP) and Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Profile (FCHDRP) were respectively used to evaluate the vascular burden of the participants.Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and digital sign conversion test (DST) were used to evaluate the cognitive function of the participants.Partial correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation between FCVDRP,FSRP and FCHDRP scoring methods and cognitive function.Result s(1)After adjusting for education years,with the increase of vascular burden scores,the scores of MMSE (FCVDRP:low-risk group (28.29±1.38),mid-risk group(27.40±1.73),high-risk group (26.72±1.93);FSRP:low-risk group (28.00±1.60),mid-risk group (26.26±2.46),high-risk group (27.2±2.04);FCHDRP:low-risk group (27.74±1.73),mid-risk group (27.46±2.00),high-risk group (27.18±1.59)) and DST (FCVDRP:low-risk group (29.24±5.54),mid-risk group (27.40±1.73),high-risk group (26.72±6.76);FSRP:low-risk group (30.09±5.61),mid-risk group (25.11±7.55),high-risk group (23.53±5.60);FCHDRP:low-risk group (30.37±6.41),mid-risk group (25.46±6.76),high-risk group (26.82±5.99)) were significantly decreased(all P<0.05).(2)The Result s of partial correlations analysis showed that the scores of FSRP were significantly correlated with MMSE (r=-0.249) and DST (r=-0.291)(both P<0.05).Conclusion Aggregation of vascular risks factors may aggravate cognitive impairment in middle-aged and elderly people.Compared to FCVDRP and FCHDRP,FSRP assessment may be more significantly associated with vascular cognitive impairment.

A study of vascular risk factors and distribution characteristics in young acute lacunar infarction with intracranial large artery stenosis / 重庆医学

Objective To explore the independent risk factors and distribution of intracranial arterial stenosis in young pa‐tients with acute lacunar infarction .Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 30-45 year‐old young patients with lacunar infarction who were admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University .The patients were divided in‐to two groups according to their skull blood vessel examination :intracranial arterial stenosis group and intracranial arterial stenosis group .Results There were 28 cases of intracranial large artery stenosis and 17 cases without stenosis in 45 young patients ,it was found that the levels of triglyceride ,low density lipoprotein cholesterol and carotid artery plaque in the intracranial arterial stenosis were significantly less than those of the intracranial artery stenosis (P0 .05) .Simple ante‐rior circulation stenosis in 12 cases ,simple posterior circulation stenosis in 8 cases ,only the anterior and posterior circulation in‐tracranial artery stenosis ,vascular risk factors were not statistically significant ( P> 0 .05 ) .Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that LDL cholesterol was an independent risk factor of intracranial arterial stenosis .Conclusion With intracranial artery stenosis in young patients with lacunar cerebral infarction prone to progressive stroke ,young patients with cerebrovascular infarc‐tion should be examined .

Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en usuarios de un programa comunitario de actividad f¡sica / Quality of life related to users of a communitary health program of phycal activity

Introducción:en Colombia existen pocos es- tudios que den cuenta de la percepción de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) en usuarios de los programas de actividad física (AF). Objetivo: determinar la percepción de CVRS de los usuarios de un programa de AF en un municipio colombiano. Metodología:estudio transversal descriptivo. Participaron 1076 suje- tos, con promedio edad 56,6 años DE 12,8; el 88,3% mujeres. Se evaluaron variables socio- demográficas, factores de riesgo cardiovascular, niveles de AF y la percepción de la CVRS. Se realizó el análisis univariado, bivariado (U de Mann-whitney y Kruskal Wallis) y multivariado exploratorio (regresión lineal). Significancia estadística p<0,05. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1076 participantes, promedio edad 56,6 anos DE 12,8; el 88,3% mujeres. Los puntajes de CVRS variaron entre 65 y 70,2 con valores m s bajos en la dimension “ambiental” y mas alta en la “fisica”. Las variables que se asociaron a deterioro de la percepcion de CVRS fueron: dimension “fisica” (ser hombre, mayor edad, educacion baja, viudo, desempleado, fumar, ser hipertenso y tener diabetes mellitus); dimension psicologica (mayor edad, educacion baja, desempleado, fumador; dimension “social” (educacion baja); dimension “ambiental” (vivir en  area rural, educacion baja, desempleado y obesidad por % de grasa). Conclusion: La percepcion de CVRS se deteriora con variables sociodemograficas como el ser hombre, tener mayor edad, poseer un bajo nivel educativo, estar desempleado y padecer enfermedades como el tabaquismo, la hipertension arterial y la diabetes mellitus, con mayor afectacion en las dimensiones fisica y psicologica.

Introduction: There are in Colombia a few studies that give an account of Health- Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) in the programs of physical activity (PA) users. Objective: To determine the HRQOL perception among users of a PA program within a Colombian town. Methodology: transversal, descriptive study. Socio-demographic variables were evaluated, cardio-vascular risk factors, levels of PA and HRQOL perception. Univariate analysis were done, bivariate (U of Mann – whitney and Kruskal Wallis) and exploratory multivariate (lineal regression). Statistical significance p ˂0,05. Results: 1076 participants were included, average 56,6 years of age SD 12,8; 88.3% were women. The HRQOL scores varied between 65 and 70,2 with lower values among the environment dimension and the highest on the physical. The associated variables to the decline of the HRQOL perception were: physical dimension (to a man, adult, low educational background, widower, unemployed, smoker, hypertensive, and to have diabetes mellitus); psychological dimension (adult, low educational background, unemployed, smoker); social dimension (low educational background); environmental dimension (to live in a rural area, low educational background, unemployed and obesity percentage of fat). Conclusion: The HRQOL perception decayed with socio-demographic variables like to a man, being an adult, to have a low educational background, being an unemployed and to suffer from illnesses like smoking, high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus, affecting the physical and psychological dimensions.

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms (NPS) in patients with pure Vascular Dementia (VaD) and Mixed Dementia (MD) from a memory outpatient clinic in southeast Brazil / Sintomas Cognitivos e Psicológicos nas Demências (SCPD) em pacientes com demência vascular isolada ou demência mista em ambulatório especializado no sudeste do Brasil

Vascular Dementia (VaD) and Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI) are increasingly common worldwide. Nevertheless, the clinical-neuropsychiatric profile of these patients at presentation is still poorly characterized in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to characterize the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms, as well as the clinical and cognitive profile of patients with VaD and VCI in our tertiary University outpatient cognitive clinic. METHODS: We reviewed data on 253 patients diagnosed with VaD or VCI at our center between January 1996 and December 2005, located in an industrial region of the state of Sao Paulo, southeast Brazil. We excluded 19 patients who did not complete the medical investigation or who did not meet the clinical or neuroimaging criteria for vascular dementia. We collected socio-demographic data, educational level, vascular risk factors, behavioral and neuropsychological symptoms and cognitive complaints at presentation. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-four cases were included in this analysis. The mean age was 67.77±10.35 years; 72% were males and 82% had less than four years of education (average 2.84±2.96 years). The initial Clinical Dementia Rating score was 2 & 3 in 68%. A total of 185 patients had neuropsychiatric symptoms distributed in main categories as follows: psychosis (52.6%), hallucinations (23.5%), psychomotor agitation (22.5%), depression (17.5%) and apathy (17.5%). Hypertension and previous stroke were the most prevalent risk factors. CONCLUSION: We found a high prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms. The clinical-neuropsychiatric profile of patients presenting to cognitive clinics in developing countries may differ greatly to that of more developed nations. These characteristics may have implications for public health strategies.

Demência Vascular (DV) e comprometimento cognitivo vascular (CCV) são diagnósticos cada vez mais relatados em todos os continentes. Entretanto, o perfil dos sintomas comportamentais e psicológicos das demências (SCPD) nos pacientes com DV é ainda pouco descrito e caracterizado, nos países em desenvolvimento. OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência dos SCPD, o perfil de manifestações neuropsiquiátricas e cognitivas, nos pacientes com DV no ambulatório de Neurologia Cognitiva e Comportamental (ANCC), do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo em Ribeirão Preto (HCRP-FMUSP). MÉTODOS: Revisamos os prontuários de 253 pacientes diagnosticados com DV ou CCV atendidos entre janeiro de 1996 e dezembro de 2005. Excluímos 19 pacientes que não completaram a investigação diagnóstica, não preencheram os critérios clínicos do DSM-IV, e neuroimagem não disponível para análise. Coletamos dados sócio-demográficos, nível de escolaridade, fatores de risco vascular, e SCPD da consulta de admissão. RESULTADOS: 234 pacientes foram incluídos nesta análise. A idade média global foi de 67,77±10,35; com 38% de mulheres; escolaridade de 2,84±2,96 anos; MEEM inicial 13,22±7,00, e 68% de CDR 2 & 3. 79% de pacientes com SCPD foram divididos nas seguintes categorias: psicose (52,6%), alucinações (23,5%), agitação (22,2%), depressão (17,5%) e apatia (17,5%) foram às manifestações mais prevalentes. Hipertensão Arterial e AVC prévio foram os fatores de risco de maior prevalência. CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se elevada prevalência de SCPD em DV. O perfil destas alterações neuropsiquiátricas na DV mostrou uma tendência na direção de sintomatologia psicótica, devendo ser objeto de mais pesquisas, pois os padrões em nações desenvolvidas podem ser substancialmente diferentes.

Epidemiología de los factores de riesgo vascular en mujeres climatéricas: Experiencia de un consultorio multidisciplinario de climaterio en un hospital público de Buenos Aires / Epidemiology of Vascular Risk Factors in Climacteric Women.: Experience of a Multidisciplinary Climacteric Clinic at a Public Hospital in Buenos Aires

Introducción En las mujeres, la aparición de eventos vasculares se incrementa luego de la menopausia. Para disminuir su impacto en relación con la morbimortalidad, se deben detectar y controlar los factores de riesgo vascular. Objetivos Analizar los factores de riesgo vascular en mujeres climatéricas. Investigar las diferencias de estos factores entre las premenopáusicas y las posmenopáusicas. Evaluar la presencia de hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus y/o dislipidemia en asociación con la edad y/o la posmenopausia. Material y métodos Estudio de corte transversal de mujeres que consultaron consecutivamente al Consultorio Multidisciplinario de Climaterio entre 2004 y 2009 por síntomas relacionados con alteraciones y/o cese de la menstruación. Se evaluaron: edad, presión arterial, perímetro de la cintura (PC), índice de masa corporal (IMC), glucemia, colesterol total, C-HDL, C-LDL, triglicéridos, síndrome metabólico (SM), sedentarismo, tabaquismo (TBQ) y síntomas depresivos. Resultados Se analizaron 440 mujeres, edad 51,4 ± 5,2 años, mediana 51,0 años; el 62,5% eran posmenopáusicas. Se halló hipertensión arterial en el 22,1%, diabetes mellitus en el 4,2%, colesterol total = 200 mg/dl en el 67,7%, C-HDL < 50 mg/dl en el 20,6%, hipertrigliceridemia en el 28,5%, PC > 88 cm en el 45,0%, PC > 80 cm en el 75,1%, IMC > 25 en el 64,5%, SM en el 19,4%, sedentarismo en el 51,7%, TBQ en el 22,5% y síntomas depresivos en el 69,8%. Las posmenopáusicas tuvieron más colesterol total y menor peso. Aquellas con más de 5 años de amenorrea presentaron mayor colesterol total y mayor peso. Las fumadoras fueron más jóvenes. La hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus y la dislipidemia se asociaron con la mayor edad y no con la posmenopausia. Conclusiones Se observaron prevalencias elevadas de dislipidemia, sobrepeso, sedentarismo y síntomas depresivos. La hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus y la dislipidemia se asociaron con el envejecimiento.

Background Cardiovascular events in women increase after menopause. In order to reduce their impact on morbidity and mortality, vascular risk factors should be detected and controlled. Objectives The aim of the study was to analyze cardiovascular risk factors in climacteric women comparing differences between pre and postmenopausal women, and to evaluate the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and/or dyslipidemia in association with age and/or postmenopause. Methods This crosssectional study included all the women who consecutively attended the Multidisciplinary Climacteric Clinic for symptoms related to alterations and/or cessation of menstruation between 2004 and 2009. Age, blood pressure, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides, metabolic syndrome (MS), sedentarism, smoking and depression symptoms were evaluated. Results A total of 440 women, 62.5% postmenopausal, with mean age 51.4 ± 5.2 years, and median age 51.0 years were analyzed. Hypertension was found in 22.1% of women, diabetes in 4.2%, total cholesterol = 200 mg/dL in 67.7%, HDL-C < 50 mg/dL in 20.6%, hypertriglyceridemia in 28.5%, WC > 88 cm in 45.0%, WC > 80 cm in 75.1%, BMI > 25 in 64.5%, MS in 19.4%, seden-tarism in 51.7%, smoking in 22.5% and depression symptoms in 69.8%. Postmenopausal women had higher total cholesterol levels and lower weight. Those with more than 5 years of amenorrhea had both higher total cholesterol and weight. Smokers were younger. Hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia were associated with older age but not with postmenopause. Conclusions Dyslipidemia, overweight, sedentarism and depression symptoms were prevalent across all groups. Hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia were associated with aging.

Impact of Vascular Risk Factors, Axial Medial Temporal Atrophy, White Matter Hyperintensity on Cognitive Outcome in Alzheimer's Diseases

BACKGROUND: There is epidemiologic evidence to support vascular disease as a possible cause of Alzheimer's dementia (AD). The primary aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of vascular risk factors (vRFs) with respect to various clinical measures, such as axial-rated medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA), ischemic white-matter changes, and cognition. The secondary aim was to determine the most significant clinical measure associated with cognitive outcome. METHODS: The study subjects comprised 198 probable AD and 38 subjective memory impairment-no cognitive impairment controls (SMI-NCI), for whom medical data including history vRF-related blood tests, clinical dementia evaluation, cognitive assessment, and brain MRI, were available. The grading of white-matter hyperintensities (WMHs) was achieved using Fazekas' method. MTA was graded by two neurologists independently based on axial T1-weighted MRI images. The prevalence of risk factors for Koreans aged > or =65 years was reviewed for comparison. RESULTS: All vRFs except smoking were more severe in the AD group than in both the SMI-NCI group and Koreans aged > or =65 years, but the high prevalence of vRFs had no impact on WMH lesions, axial MTA, or cognitive outcome. Both white-matter changes and MTA were significantly worse in AD than in SMI-NCI (p<0.001). The degree of MTA was negatively correlated with WMH grade (p<0.001), but the severity of clinical dementia was correlated only with increased axial MTA in AD (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living and Clinical Dementia Rating scores, p<0.001; Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes score, p<0.005). CONCLUSIONS: WMHs and axial MTA were significantly more severe in the AD group than in the SMI-NCI subjects. The findings of this study indicate that worsening of cognitive dysfunction in AD appears to be driven by MTA, which is evident even in axial MTA visual grading, irrespective of WMH severity and the presence of vRFs.

Vascular Dementia

Vascular dementia (VaD) is a dementia syndrome produced by vascular damage to the brain and increases in incidence with advancing age. Early Identification and diagnosis of VaD is particularly importent since its course may be modifiable through controlling vascular risk factors. VaD is heterogeneous and consists of several syndromes : multi-infarct dementia, strategic single infarcts dementia, and subcortical vascular dementia. The diagnosis of VaD is based on several features 1) dementia, 2) evidence of cerebrovascular disease, and 3) temporal relationship between dementia and cerebrovascular disease. Treatment of VaD includes control of vascular risk factors, prevention of further vascular injury and treatment of cognitive impairment. Cholinesterase inhibitors provide symptomatic benefits in treatment of VaD.

Factores pronósticos de recuperación funcional en pacientes con infarto cerebral crónico de territorio carotídeo / Prognostic factors of functional recovery in patients with chronic cerebral infarction of carotid part

Introducción: Se realizó un estudio observacional prospectivo de los pacientes con diagnóstico de infarto cerebral de territorio vascular carotídeo, de perfil crónico, que ingresaron en la Clínica de Lesiones Estáticas Encefálicas del Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica. Objetivo: Determinar el pronóstico de recuperación funcional en pacientes con infarto cerebral, en tratamiento de rehabilitación intensivo, Métodos: Se estudiaron 80 pacientes del Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica (año 2007-2010), durante 4 sem. Se crearon 2 grupos, según la presencia de recuperación funcional, utilizando el índice de Barthel. Se realizaron comparaciones según edad, sexo, factores de riesgo vascular y condición neurológica y funcional inicial. Resultados: La edad promedio de los casos recuperados fue de 58,04 años (±12,18), superior a la de los casos no recuperados, de 51,09 años (±11,19) (t pareada p= 0,01), El sexo y los factores de riesgo no mostraron asociación con la recuperación funcional (X² p= 0,05). La recuperación funcional resultó significativa para pacientes moderados según la escala escandinava para ictus (36,73 por ciento X²p= 0,000) y severos según índice de Barthel (51,02 por ciento X²p= 0,000). Conclusión: La condición neurológica y funcional constituye un buen predictor de respuesta al tratamiento

Introduction: An observational and prospective study was done to the patients with diagnostic of chronic cerebral infarction of carotid vascular part, which were studied at the Clinic of Statics Encefalic Injury from the International Center Neurological Restoration. Objective: To determine the functional recovery prognosis in patients presenting with cerebral infarction under intensive rehabilitation treatment. Methods: Eighty patients were studied from the International Center of Neurological Restoration (2007-2010) for 4 weeks. Two groups were created according to presence of a functional recovery using the Barthel index. Comparisons according to age, sex, vascular risk factors and the neurological and functional initial condition were made. Results: The mean age of recovered cases was of 58,04 years (±11,19) (matched t p= 0.01). Sex and risk factors have not association with the functional recovery (X² p= 0,05). The functional recovery was significant for moderate patients according the Scandinavian scale for ictus (36,73 percent X² p= 0,000) y severe according the Arthel index (51,02 percent X² p= 0,000). Conclusion: The neurological and functional condition is a good predictor of the response to treatment

Accidente cerebrovascular isquémico en mayores de 80 años / Acute ischemic stroke in patients aged 80 or older

En los pacientes de edad avanzada, el perfil de factores de riesgo vascular y el subtipo de accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) es diferente en comparación con pacientes más jóvenes. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir el perfil de factores de riesgo y subtipo de ACV isquémico en nuestra población de pacientes ancianos. Incluimos a pacientes mayores de 80 años con diagnóstico de ACV isquémico y ataque isquémico transitorio (AIT) entre junio de 2003 y junio de 2006. De 535 pacientes con eventos cerebrovasculares isquémicos, en 366 casos el diagnóstico fue de ACV y 169 de AIT. El 33.5% (179 pacientes) fueron mayores de 80 años. La edad media fue de 84.4 ± 4.4 años. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron: hipertensión arterial 82.7%, dislipemia 40.2% y fibrilación auricular 24.6%. El subtipo de ACV que se presentó con mayor frecuencia fue la enfermedad de pequeñas arterias en un 41.7%, seguido por el evento cardioembólico en el 19.7%, enfermedad de gran arteria 6%, otras causas en el 0.8%. De los factores de riesgo vasculares tradicionales, los más significativos fueron hipertensión e hipercolesterolemia. Estos datos son coincidentes con estudios epidemiológicos previos y explican la mayor incidencia de infartos lacunares.

Young and old age stroke groups have different vascular risk profiles for cerebral ischemic events. The objective of the study was to describe the risk factor profile and stroke subtype in this population of very elderly people. We included patients over 80 years old with diagnosis of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack registered between June 2003 and June 2006. We described the demographic data and subtype of ischemic stroke. Of 535 patients with cerebrovascular ischemic events, the final diagnosis was stroke in 366 cases and transient ischemic attack in 169. Of these patients 33.5% were over 80 years old (179). The mean age was 84.4 ± 4.4 years. The most frequent risk factors were: hypertension 82.7%, dyslipemia 40.2% and atrial fibrillation 24.6%. Stroke subtype was: large artery disease 6%, cardioembolic stroke 19.7%, small artery disease 41.7%, and other causes 0.8%. Among traditional risk factors for stroke in our very elderly patients, the most significant were hypertension and dyslipemia. This agrees with previous epidemiological studies. The high incidence of small artery disease in our patients may be explained by the risk factor profile.

El papel de la rivastigmina en la demencia de origen vascular / The definition of its role in vascular dementia

Vascular dementia represents the second most common type of dementia. The classification of vascular dementia broadly follows three clinico-pathological processes: multi-infarct dementia, single strategic infarct dementia and subcortical dementia. Currently, no established standard treatment for vascular cognitive impairment exists. Reductions in acetylcholine and acetyltransferase activity are common to both Alzheimer's disease and vascular cognitive impairment raising the possibility that cholinesterase inhibitors may also be beneficial for the latter. This review has been conducted to assess the efficacy of rivastigmine in the treatment of people with vascular cognitive impairment. From existing trial data there is some evidence of benefit of rivastigmine in vascular cognitive impairment. However, this conclusion is based on studies which had small numbers of patients, which sought to compare rivastigmine to treatments other than placebo or which used data extrapolated post hoc from large studies involving patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular risk factors of unclear significance. From these perspectives, one can conclude that large placebocontrolled, double blind and adequately randomised trials are needed before firm conclusions can and should be drawn. The methodology of such trials should acknowledge the biological and clinical features unique to vascular cognitive impairment and its subtypes

La demencia vascular representa el segundo tipo más frecuente de demencia. La clasificación de la demencia vascular sigue tres procesos clínico-patológicos generales: demencia multiinfarto, demencia por infarto único ubicado en una zona estratégica y demencia subcortical. Actualmente no existen tratamientos estandarizados establecidos para los trastornos cognitivos de causa vascular. La disminución de la actividad de la acetilcolinesterasa es una estrategia habitualmente utilizada tanto para el tratamiento de los pacientes que presentan enfermedad de Alzheimer como para aquellos con trastornos cognitivos de causa vascular. En consecuencia, es posible que los inhibidores de la colinesterasa sean una opción conveniente. La presente revisión se llevó a cabo con el propósito de evaluar la eficacia de la rivastigmina para el tratamiento de los individuos que presentan trastornos cognitivos de origen vascular. De acuerdo con los datos provenientes de diferentes estudios, la rivastigmina sería útil para tratar pacientes con deterioro cognitivo de origen vascular. No obstante, esta conclusión se efectuó sobre la base de estudios en los cuales se incluyó un número reducido de pacientes, se buscó comparar la rivastigmina con agentes diferentes del placebo o se extrapolaron datos a partir de estudios de gran magnitud efectuados con pacientes que presentaban enfermedad de Alzheimer y factores de riesgo vasculares de relevancia poco clara. Desde ese punto de vista, se puede concluir que es necesario realizar estudios de gran tamaño, controlados con placebo a doble ciego y adecuadamente aleatorizados antes de poder alcanzar conclusiones sólidas. La metodología empleada en dichos estudios debería responder a las características biológicas y clínicas particulares del deterioro cognitivo vascular y sus subtipos

The Prevalence of Risk Factors for Vascular Disease in Parkinson's Disease; Comparison with Normal Controls and Disease Controls

Background: Data on the relationship between Parkinson's disease (PD) and stroke have been conflicting, some studies showing a reduced risk of stroke during life because of low prevalence of vascular risk factors, and others indicating an increased risk of strokerelated death. The objective of this study is to determine the frequency of vascular risk factors in PD in relation to an unaffected control group and ischemic stroke patient group. Methods: We performed a case-control study on 206 consecutive PD patients, 207 ischemic strokes patients (served as "Disease" controls) and 138 age and sex matched normal subjects (served as controls), calculating multivariate risk estimates (odd ratio) for a series of established risk factors for vascular disease. Results: We found that (1) cigarette smoking (smoker, 0.078, CI=0.034-0.178; ex-smoker, 0.031, CI=0.011-0.088), and diabetes mellitus (0.340, CI=0.169-0.682) were significant less frequent in PD patients than controls, (2) cigarette smoking (smoker, 0.230, CI= 0.094-0.561; ex-smoker, 0.132, CI=0.050-0.348), hypertension (0.283, CI=0.175-0.459), diabetes mellitus (0.257, CI=0.136-0.486), previous stroke (0.063, CI=0.020-0.191), heart disease (0.344, CI=0.176-0.673) than ischemic stroke patients, respectively. Conclusion: We found the significant negative association of a series of vascular factors with PD, indicating a protective effect of PD against ischemic stroke.

Clinical Review of Dementia Inpatients in Geriatric Hospital: Focused on the Change in Cognitive Function According to the Vascular Risk Factors

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that vascular risk factors may involved in Alzheimer's disease as well as vascular dementia. The main purpose of our study is to review the clinical characteristics of dementia inpatients and to investigate how much vascular risk factors influence the cognition of dementia inpatients for 1 year. METHODS: Between July and August in 2004, 69 dementia inpatients meeting DSM-IV criteria were examined with reviewing their charts carefully and inteviewing them directly. MMSE-K(Mini-Mental State Examination-Korean version) was used to evaluate the cognitive function of dementia inpatients. Vascular risk factors included in this study were DM, hypertension, cholesterol, homocysteine, Apolipoprotein E. RESULTS: Of the 69 dementia inpatients, 33 cases were Alzheimer's disease, 18 cases vascular dementia, 7 cases mixed dementia, 5 cases alcoholic dementia, 5 cases dementia due to brain trauma and 1 case parkinson's disease with dementia, respectively. The mean MMSE-K scores of dementia inpatients were 10.7 points at the time of admission and 9.4 points after about 1 year. Average annual rate of decline in the MMSE-K was 2.2 points in dementia inpatients with Alzheimer Disease. In comparison between dementia inpatients with vascular risk factors(DM, hypertension, cholesterol, homocysteine, APOE epsilon4 genotype) and those without vascular risk factors, there were no differences in average annual rates of decline in the MMSE-K between two groups at each vascular risk factor. According to the presence of APOE epsilon4 genotype, in spite of no difference in age, there was significant difference in the mean MMSE-K scores between two groups at the time of admission. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that Vascular risk factors(DM, hypertension, cholesterol, homocysteine, APOE epsilon4 genotype) do not influence the rates of decline in cognition of dementia inpatients significantly.

Clinical Review of Dementia Inpatients in Geriatric Hospital: Focused on the Change in Cognitive Function According to the Vascular Risk Factors

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that vascular risk factors may involved in Alzheimer's disease as well as vascular dementia. The main purpose of our study is to review the clinical characteristics of dementia inpatients and to investigate how much vascular risk factors influence the cognition of dementia inpatients for 1 year. METHODS: Between July and August in 2004, 69 dementia inpatients meeting DSM-IV criteria were examined with reviewing their charts carefully and inteviewing them directly. MMSE-K(Mini-Mental State Examination-Korean version) was used to evaluate the cognitive function of dementia inpatients. Vascular risk factors included in this study were DM, hypertension, cholesterol, homocysteine, Apolipoprotein E. RESULTS: Of the 69 dementia inpatients, 33 cases were Alzheimer's disease, 18 cases vascular dementia, 7 cases mixed dementia, 5 cases alcoholic dementia, 5 cases dementia due to brain trauma and 1 case parkinson's disease with dementia, respectively. The mean MMSE-K scores of dementia inpatients were 10.7 points at the time of admission and 9.4 points after about 1 year. Average annual rate of decline in the MMSE-K was 2.2 points in dementia inpatients with Alzheimer Disease. In comparison between dementia inpatients with vascular risk factors(DM, hypertension, cholesterol, homocysteine, APOE epsilon4 genotype) and those without vascular risk factors, there were no differences in average annual rates of decline in the MMSE-K between two groups at each vascular risk factor. According to the presence of APOE epsilon4 genotype, in spite of no difference in age, there was significant difference in the mean MMSE-K scores between two groups at the time of admission. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that Vascular risk factors(DM, hypertension, cholesterol, homocysteine, APOE epsilon4 genotype) do not influence the rates of decline in cognition of dementia inpatients significantly.