Trombólisis exitosa en la enfermedad cerebrovascular: reporte de un caso / Successful thrombolysis in cerebrovascular disease: a case report

Resumen El factor de riesgo más importante para presentar una enfermedad cerebrovascular (EVC) es la edad. El ictus es la causa más frecuente de discapacidad adquirida en la edad adulta. De acuerdo con la Organización Mundial de la Salud, se estima que en el año 2050, casi la mitad de la población mayor de 65 años podría sufrir o haber sufrido un EVC. Debido a la gran incidencia y al impacto negativo que tiene esta enfermedad, presentamos el caso clínico de una trombólisis exitosa en una paciente con ictus isquémico y crisis hipertensiva en el Servicio de Urgencias. Ponemos de manifiesto la adecuada evaluación con las diferentes escalas existentes, clínicas, radiológicas y pronósticas (NIHSS, Dragon Score, ASPECT, HAT score), así como los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, los cuales son indispensables para administrar una terapia de repercusión intravenosa. Conclusiones En México, los casos reportados con trombólisis exitosa son sólo el 5%. En este caso de éxito, la adecuada actuación en el Servicio de Urgencias de primer contacto impactó de manera positiva en el pronóstico de la paciente, ya que el diagnóstico oportuno y la administración de rTPA (activador tisular del plasminógeno) evitó secuelas importantes y consiguió una mejor calidad de vida -la cual se ve disminuida hasta en 70% de los pacientes que sufren un EVC (según estudios realizados en los EUA)-.

Abstract The most important risk factor for presenting a cerebrovascular disease (CVA) is age. Stroke is also the most frequent cause of disability acquired in adulthood. According to the World Health Organization, it is estimated that by the year 2050, almost half of the population over 65 could suffer or have suffered a CVA. Due to the high incidence and negative impact of this disease, we present a clinical case of successful thrombolysis in a patient with ischemic stroke and hypertensive crisis in the emergency department. We emphasize the adequate evaluation with the different existing clinical, radiological and predictive scales (NIHSS, Dragon Score, ASPECT, HAT score), as well as the inclusion and exclusion criteria, which are indispensable to administer an intravenous reperfusion therapy. Conclusions In Mexico, the cases reported with successful thrombolysis are only 5%. In this successful case, the proper performance in the emergency service impacted positively on the prognosis of the patient, since the timely diagnosis and administration of rTPA avoided important sequelae and provided a better quality of Life, which is decreased in up to 70% of patients suffering from a CVA (according to studies conducted in the USA).

Impact of gender on short- and long-term morbidity and mortality after carotid stent angioplasty in a third-level hospital in Mexico / Impacto del género en la morbilidad y la mortalidad a corto y largo plazo después de la angioplastia carotídea en un hospital de tercer nivel en México

Objective: To describe gender differences in adult patients undergoing carotid angioplasty and its relation to morbidity and mortality at 30 days and 6 months. Material and methods: An observational study from the WHO database comprehending all patients underwent carotid angioplasty in the Department of Hemodynamics Coronary and Peripheral Artery Intervention, Cardiology Hospital 34, IMSS, Monterrey, was conducted in order to ASSESS the differences between genders and their relationship to primary end points within 30 days after the intervention, which were defined as the presence of death related to the procedure, major cerebrovascular event, or myocardial infarction. Results: 279/341 patients/lesions were included for analysis. Within baseline characteristics, women had significantly higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (61.4 versus 45.4%, p = 0.006), prior renal angioplasty (21.9 versus 11.5%, p = 0.015), right carotid condition (65.8 versus 53.7%, p = 0.03), prior stroke (20.2 versus 34.4%, p = 0.007) and higher EuroSCORE (3.13 ± 1.72 versus 2.4 ± 1.26, p < 0.001). The masculine gender was only associated with smoking (69.2 versus 35.1%, p < 0.001). In univariate analysis, the female gender was associated with major fatal and non-fatal stroke (4.4 versus 0.9%, p = 0.031). According to symptomatology and subgroups, we found a significant association between women with asymptomatic Increased risk of major cardiovascular events when compared to asymptomatic diseases (9.5 versus 1.4%, p = 0.004). Conclusions: In our center, women who underwent carotid angioplasty present more comorbidities and higher risk in comparison with the male gender. However, these differences do not impact on most adverse cardiovascular events (MACVE) at 30 days. In the subgroup of asymptomatic patients, the risk of major cardiovascular events is significantly higher in the female gender.

Objetivo: Describir las diferencias de género en pacientes adultos sometidos a angioplastia carotídea y su relación con la morbimortalidad a 30 días y seis meses. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional de la base de datos que comprende los casos sometidos a angioplastia carotídea en el Departamento de Hemodinámica e Intervención Coronaria Periférica del Hospital de Cardiología No. 34, IMSS, Monterrey. Se analizaron las diferencias entre géneros y su relación con los puntos finales primarios dentro de los 30 días posteriores a la intervención, los cuales fueron definidos como la presencia de muerte relacionada con procedimiento, evento vascular cerebral o infarto agudo de miocardio. Resultados: Se incluyeron 279/341 pacientes/lesiones. Dentro de las características basales se encontró que las mujeres presentaban una mayor prevalencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (61.4 versus 45.4%, p = 0.006), angioplastia renal previa (21.9 versus 11.5%, p = 0.015), afección de carótida derecha (65.8 versus 53.7%, p = 0.03), evento vascular cerebral (EVC) previo (34.4 versus 20.2%, p = 0.007) y EuroSCORE más alto (3.13 ± 1.72 versus 2.4 ± 1.26, p < 0.001). El género masculino sólo se asoció con mayor tabaquismo (69.2 versus 35.1%, p < 0.001). En el análisis univariado, el género femenino se asoció significativamente con EVC (fatal y no fatal) (4.4 versus 0.9%, p = 0.031). Al dividir en subgrupos de acuerdo con la sintomatología, se encontró una fuerte asociación entre las mujeres asintomáticas con más elevado riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares mayores en comparación con el grupo masculino asintomático (9.5 versus 1.4%, p = 0.004). Conclusiones: En nuestro centro, las mujeres sometidas a angioplastia carotídea presentan más comorbilidades y se encuentran en un riesgo mayor en comparación con el género masculino. Sin embargo, estas diferencias no impactan en la incidencia de eventos adversos cardiovasculares mayores (EACVM) a 30 días. En el subgrupo de pacientes asintomáticos el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares mayores es significativamente más alto en el género femenino.

Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Ischemic Stroke: Functional and Vascular Outcomes / 대한뇌졸중학회지

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction, developed in relation to myocardial dysfunction and remodeling, is documented in 15%-25% of the population. However, its role in functional recovery and recurrent vascular events after acute ischemic stroke has not been thoroughly investigated. METHODS: In this retrospective observational study, we identified 2,827 ischemic stroke cases with adequate echocardiographic evaluations to assess LV diastolic dysfunction within 1 month after the index stroke. The peak transmitral filling velocity/mean mitral annular velocity during early diastole (E/e') was used to estimate LV diastolic dysfunction. We divided patients into 3 groups according to E/e' as follows: <8, 8-15, and ≥15. Recurrent vascular events and functional recovery were prospectively collected at 3 months and 1 year. RESULTS: Among included patients, E/e' was 10.6±6.4: E/e' <8 in 993 (35%), 8-15 in 1,444 (51%), and ≥15 in 378 (13%) cases. Functional dependency or death (modified Rankin Scale score ≥2) and composite vascular events were documented in 1,298 (46%) and 187 (7%) patients, respectively, at 3 months. In multivariable analyses, ischemic stroke cases with E/e' ≥15 had increased odds of functional dependence or death at 3 months (adjusted OR [95% CI]: 1.73 [1.27-2.35]) or 1 year (1.47 [1.06-2.06]) and vascular events within 1 year (1.65 [1.08-2.51]). Subgroups with normal ejection fraction or sinus rhythm exhibited a similar overall pattern and direction. CONCLUSIONS: LV diastolic dysfunction was associated with poor functional outcomes and composite vascular events up to 1 year.

A comparison between efficacy of treatment with a single loading dose and a regular dose of rosuvastatin before percutaneous coronary intervention in elderly patients with coronary artery disease / 中国中西医结合急救杂志

Objective To investigate the efficacy of treatment with a single loading dose of rosuvastatin before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for prevention of complications after surgery in elderly patients underwent PCI with coronary artery disease.Methods 216 elderly patients with coronary artery disease admitted to Department of Cardiology of Tianjin First Center Hospital were divided into two groups at random (108 patients per group). Within 24 hours before PCI, the patients of loading dose group received a loading dose of rosuvastatin 20 mg, while the patients of regular dose group received a regular dose of rosuvastatin 5 mg, and after surgery, both groups received rosuvastatin 5 mg/d orally. The serum creatinine (SCr), endogenous creatinine clearance rate (CCr), cardiac Troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) and hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) before and after PCI were detected, and the incidences of contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) and myocardial infarction were calculated in both groups. The patients were followed up for 1 year after PCI, and the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) was observed.Results There were no statistically significant differences in the levels of SCr, CCr, cTnI, CK-MB or hs-CRP before PCI between two groups (allP > 0.05). While after PCI in two groups, the levels of SCr, cTnI, CK-MB and hs-CRP were higher than those before PCI, but CCr was lower than that before PCI, and the changes in regular dose group were more significant as compared with loading dose group [SCr (μmol/L): 89.52±21.79 vs. 83.45±19.17, cTnI (μg/L): 0.49±0.23 vs. 0.35±0.18, CK-MB (μg/L): 5.98±1.16 vs. 3.05±0.71, hs-CRP (mg/L): 8.31±0.06 vs. 2.46±0.02, CCr (mL/min): 62.61±19.54 vs. 73.48±20.14, allP 0.05].Conclusion A single loading dose of rosuvastatin given before PCI in elderly patients with coronary cardiac disease can protect renal function and myocardium, reduce the incidences of CIN, myocardial infarction and the occurrence of MACE at early stage after PCI.

Rehabilitación neuropsicológica en un caso de afasia motora aferente / Neuropsychological Rehabilitation in a Case of Afferent Motor Aphasia / Reabilitação neuropsicológica num caso de afasia motora aferente

Objetivo. Las alteraciones derivadas del daño cerebral, como los síndromes afásicos, pueden desencadenar disfunciones en diferentes niveles de la actividad del paciente. La neuropsicología de Luria ha sido la disciplina dedicada a la caracterización funcional y al análisis rehabilitatorio de los síndromes afásicos. Con frecuencia, a este análisis se incorporan datos recogidos con técnicas neurolingüísticas y de neuroimagen (TAC, fMRI). Presentar un método de rehabilitación que, basado en los principios de Luria, demuestre la ventaja de utilizar una evaluación y un programa de rehabilitación relacionados con un diagnóstico para la creación de tratamientos para la afasia motora aferente. Método. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de caso en una paciente de 30 años de edad con reciente evento vascular cerebral, con evaluación pre y postratamiento. La evaluación inicial incluyó el diagnóstico neuropsicológico, para el cual se utilizó una batería de evaluación neuropsicológica para valoración de lenguaje. Durante un periodo de 16 semanas, se aplicó un programa de intervención rehabilitatoria neuropsicológica basado en las dificultades de articulación identificadas durante la evaluación inicial y dividido en un total de cuatro fases, con un objetivo específico cada una. Resultados. Se observó aumento en la habilidad para articular fonemas, disminución en las parafasias literales y un incremento en el lenguaje expresivo verbal del sujeto. Conclusión. La valoración asociada al trastorno de lenguaje específico de afasia motora aferente y el diseño de un tratamiento adecuado a las características de esta alteración ayudaron a corregir las dificultades de punto y modo de articulación observadas en este sujeto, así como a la reorganización de habilidades de pensamiento más complejas.

Objective. Brain-damage derived impairments, such as aphasic syndromes, can result in several levels of dysfunction in the subject's activity, such as aphasic syndromes. Neuropsychology is the discipline which is dedicated to the functional characterization of the rehabilitatory analysis of the aphasic syndromes. Frequently, data obtained with the help of neurolinguistics and neuroimaging techniques (CAT, fIRM) are used in neuropsychology. Using case analysis, to present a rehabilitation method based on Luria's principles which demonstrate the advantage of using an assessment and rehabilitation diagnosis-related program for the creation of treatment in afferent motor aphasia syndromes. Method. To achieve this goal a method of a case study was carried out on a 30 year old patient with a recent vascular cerebral event, with initial assessment and diagnosis, using a neuropsychological assessment battery designed for language evaluation, in individual sessions, and a final assessment over a period of sixteen weeks. A neuropsychological rehabilitation intervention program was designed, based on the articulation impairments identified during the first assessment, divided in a total of four phases, each one with a specific objective. Results. The patient showed an improvement in phoneme articulation skills, also a reduction in literal paraphasic symptoms, and an increase in the verbal expressive language of the subject. Conclusion. The motor afferent language specific assessment, and the design of a suitable treatment for the characteristics of this disorder, helped in the correction of the position and mode articulation difficulties observed in this subject, as well as reorganization of higher complex thinking skills.

Escopo. As alterações derivadas do dano cerebral, como os síndromes afásicos, podem desencadear disfunções em diferentes níveis da atividade do paciente. A neuropsicología de Luria tem sido a disciplina dedicada à funcional e análise reabilitatorio dos síndromes afásicos. Com frequência, a este análise são incorporados dados colhidos com técnicas neurolinguísticas e de neuroimagem. (TAC, fMRI). Apresentar um método de reabilitação baseado nos princípios de Luria que demostra a vantagem de utilizar uma avaliação e um programa de reabilitação relacionado ao diagnóstico para a criação de tratamentos para a afasia motora aferente. Metodologia. Foi levado a cabo um estudo de caso numa paciente de 30 anos de idade com recente evento vascular cerebral com avaliação pre e postratamento. A avaliação inicial incluiu o diagnóstico neuropsicológico, para o que foi utilizada uma bateria de avaliação neuropsicológica para valoração da linguagem. Durante um período de 16 semanas, foi aplicado um programa de intervenção reabilitatória neuropsicológica baseado nas dificuldades de articulação identificadas durante a avaliação inicial, dividido num total de quatro fases com um escopo específico cada uma. Resultados. Foi observado um aumento na habilidade para articular fonemas, diminuição nas parafasias literais e um incremento na linguagem expressiva verbal do sujeito. Conclusão. A valoração associada ao transtorno da linguagem específica de afasia motora aferente e o desenho de um tratamento adequado para as características de esta alteração ajudaram a corrigir as dificuldades de ponto e modo de articulação observadas neste sujeito, assim como a reorganização de habilidades de pensamento mais complexas.

Malformaciones arteriovenosas - segunda parte. revisión y análisis estadístico de 52 MAVs tratadas durante el período de 2000-2010 / Arteriovenous malformations - part two. review and statistical analysis of 52 MAVs treated during the period 2000-2010

Objetivo: Describir nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de las MAVs analizando: tamaño, tipo de MAV más frecuentes, relación entre aneurismas arteriales y/o venosos asociados con eventos de sangrado crisis comiciales y déficit neurológico. Material y Métodos: la población de estudio se constituyó por 52 pacientes con MAVs la cual fue analizada y estudiada mediante examen neurológico pre y postoperatorio, TC cerebral, IRM cerebral y arteriografía de 4 vasos de cuello, la totalidad fue tratada mediante cirugía convencional en nuestro servicio durante el periodo comprendido entre los años 2000 a 2010. Resultados: las MAVs más frecuentes fueron grado 2: 30,76% y grado 3: 30,76%. De la totalidad de la muestra el 50% presentaron aneurismas arteriales o venosos asociados. El 32,69% de los pacientes portadores de aneurismas sean estos arteriales o venosos debutaron con eventos vasculares hemorrágicos. Del total de las MAVs, el 59,61% debutó con sangrado, 26,92% con crisis convulsivas y el 13,46% con déficit neurológico no relacionado con crisis comiciales o eventos vasculares hemorrágicos, de estas últimas el 71,42% correspondieron al grupo comprendido por las MAVs grado III y IV. Conclusión: el evento vascular hemorrágico fue la presentación más frecuente 59,61% (31 casos). La presencia de aneurismas asociados representa un factor predisponente para dicho debut. Las crisis comiciales y el déficit neurológico siguen en orden de frecuencia al evento hemorrágico como forma de comienzo, en concordancia con la bibliografía las crisis comiciales prevalecieron en los grados II y III. Las MAVs que sangraron con mayor frecuencia fueron las grado I y V.

Purpose: To describe our experience in treating AVMs based on size, most frequent types of AVMs, the relationship between arterial and/or venous aneurysms associated with bleeding events, epileptic seizures and neurological deficit. Method: we present 52 patients with AVMs treated at our Department in the 2000 – 2010 period.Results: the most frequent AVMs were grade 2 in 30.76% of the cases and grade 3 in 30.76% of them. Of the total number of all the cases, 50% presented associated arterial or venous aneurysms. 32.69% of the patients with either arterial or venous aneurysms presented hemorrhagic vascular events as an early symptom. Of the total number of AVMs, 59.61% of the cases showed bleeding, 26.92% of them showed seizures and 13.46% showed neurological deficit not related to seizures or hemorrhagic vascular events. Of the latter group, 71.42% corresponded to AVMs grade III and IV.Conclusion: hemorrhagic vascular event was the symptom most frequently observed: 31 cases (59.61%). Associated aneurysms are predisposing factors to such events. Epileptic seizures and neurological deficit are the second most common events after hemorrhagic ones as early symptoms. We agree with the authors consulted that epileptic seizures corresponded mostly to grade II and III. The AVMs that bled more frequently were grade I and V.

Oral Beraprost Sodium as a Prostaglandin I<SUB>2</SUB> Analogue for Vascular Events in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease : Meta-Analysis of Two Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trials / 薬剤疫学

Objective : To evaluate the effect of beraprost sodium (beraprost) on the vascular events occurring in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled, randomized trials.<BR>Design : Meta-analysis<BR>Methods : Among the clinical trials of beraprost in patients with intermittent claudication associated with PAD, placebo-controlled, randomized trials with vascular events as outcome measures were selected. Two trials met the criteria, each of which was a comparative trial of beraprost (40 μg t.i.d.) and placebo (t.i.d.), with a six-month follow-up period.<BR>Results : With both trials combined, the analysis included 594 patients in the beraprost group and 590 in the placebo group. The risk ratio was 0.608 (95%CI : 0.41 to 0.90, p =0.012), demonstrating the efficacy of beraprost on all vascular events. The risk ratio for lower limb deterioration was 0.598 (95% CI : 0.34 to 1.06, p =0.079), which was similar to that for all vascular events. A statistically insignificant but similar result was also obtained for cardio/cerebrovascular events with a risk ratio of 0.619 (95%CI : 0.36 to 1.07, p = 0.085). Heterogeneity between the two studies was not found for any of the events.<BR>Conclusion : The results demonstrated the efficacy of beraprost on the vascular events in patients with PAD. The potential benefit of beraprost on vascular events will require evaluation in a larger prospective investigation.